整合素研究新进展

整合素是一类广泛存在于细胞表面的粘连分子．文章介绍了整合素的结构和功能,整合素是由α和β亚基（均属跨膜蛋白）通过非共价键形成异质二聚体分子,可参与细胞与胞外基质、细胞与细胞之间的粘连,并通过酪氨酸蛋白激酶系统和丝氨酸蛋白激酶系统介导细胞的信息传递．细胞恶变时,整合素表达的种类和数量均可发生改变．     

FAP-alpaha在胞外信号传递中与整合素的关系

目的：研究成纤维激活蛋白（Fibroblast Activation Protein,FAP）在促进卵巢癌细胞发生侵袭、迁移、增殖过程中与整合素α3β1、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂受体（uPAR）的关系。方法：1）．免疫共沉淀共同检测整合素α3β1、uPAR在HO-8910PM上是否为二聚体。2）．transwell侵袭实验、迁移实验检测抑制整合素α3β1、uPAR后,卵巢癌细胞系HO-8910PM的侵袭迁移能力;3）．抑制整合素α3β1、uPAR后,再给予FAPet对HO-8910PM侵袭、迁移和增殖的影响。结果：1）．整合素α3β1、uPAR在HO-8910PM细胞外同一个位置表达;2）．抑制整合素α3β1能够明显抑制HO-8910PM的侵袭、迁移、增殖能力,并且可以抑制FAP对肿瘤的作用。3）．PAI—1抑制uPAR后,HO—8910PM的侵袭、迁移、增殖无明显变化,同时对FAP也无明显作用。结论：整合素α3β1和uPAR在HO-8910PM是一个复合体,FAPα,在细胞外是通过整合素α3β1传递信号进入细胞内而不是通过uPAR,整合素α3β1是通过uPAR与肿瘤细胞相连接。     

可溶性纤维连接蛋白可活化RhoA并引起癌细胞骨架相关改变

细胞外基质中的纤维连接蛋白可以使细胞表面的整合素受体聚集起来,引起RhoA介导的信号通路的活化,从而导致细胞骨架的重组和细胞迁移的调节。然而,大部分纤维连接蛋白以可溶形式存在于血浆中,这些可溶性纤维连接蛋白是否有相似的效应仍有待于进一步的研究。实验发现,向细胞培养液中加入可溶性纤维连接蛋白,可使胃癌细胞系SGC-7901中的RhoA由GDP结合的非活性形式转变为GTP结合的活性形式,与其底物结合的量增加,而α5β1整合素的抗体可以阻断这一活化过程;可溶性纤维连接蛋白可诱导细胞聚合体形式的肌动蛋白(F-肌动蛋白)的形成。在人前列腺癌细胞系PC-3中,可溶性纤维连接蛋白可引起细胞从多角形向圆形的形态改变,α5β1整合素的抗体可阻断这一改变。以上结果显示可溶性纤维连接蛋白能与α5β1整合素结合并诱导RhoA介导的信号转导。     

人β-actin蛋白原核表达及其单克隆抗体制备

为获得分泌抗人β-actin蛋白单克隆抗体（McAb）的杂交瘤细胞,通过在大肠杆菌中原核表达人β-actin蛋白,以纯化的人β-actin蛋白作为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠。经过细胞的融合及筛选获得1株能稳定分泌抗人β-actin蛋白McAb的杂交瘤细胞,命名为2B4。采用间接ELISA和Western blot方法对McAb的特异性、稳定性和适用范围进行鉴定。结果显示：蛋白的相对分子质量为43 kDa,可溶于8 mol/L尿素;杂交瘤细胞上清的抗体效价为1×10^5,腹水的抗体效价为1×10^7;间接ELISA结果表明,杂交瘤细胞在体外传20代或液氮冻存3个月后,分泌的抗体效价不变;37℃保存24 h后,抗体的效价开始下降。Western blot结果显示,单克隆抗体识别人、鼠、兔和鱼的β-actin蛋白,与其发生特异性反应。2B4分泌的单克隆抗体可以广泛的应用于细胞生物学和免疫学试验,具有良好的应用价值。     

抗整合素β3胞外区噬菌体抗体库的构建及筛选

用RT-PCR的方法从人胶质瘤BT-325细胞中扩增人整合素β3胞外区,并克隆到载体pET-24a中构建表达载体.表达的人整合素β3胞外区经变性、复性和纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,提取脾脏总RNA,用RT-PCR技术扩增小鼠抗体重链(VH)和轻链(VL)可变区基因,经重叠PCR(SOE-PCR)将VH和VL连接成单链抗体(scFv)基因,并克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,电转化至大肠杆菌TGl,经辅助噬菌体M13KO7超感染,构建噬菌体单链抗体库.通过淘选从该抗体库中筛选特异性识别人整合素β3胞外区的噬菌体单链抗体.结果表明,成功构建了库容为2.6×106的抗人整合素β3胞外区的单链抗体库,初步筛选到了与人整合素β3胞外区特异性结合的单链抗体.     

α_vβ_3整合素与恶性肿瘤侵袭转移关系的研究进展

整合素家族是细胞粘附分子的重要种类之一,主要作用是介导细胞与细胞之间、细胞与细胞外基质之间的粘附效应。医学研究证实整合素家族与肿瘤的侵袭及远处转移等生物学行为密切相关。整合素αvβ3是整合素家族中的一种重要分子,肿瘤血管内皮细胞中αvβ3的表达水平对肿瘤侵袭转移及血管生成有着重要作用,调节αvβ3的表达水平可明显影响肿瘤的侵袭转移及肿瘤组织中新生血管的形成。深入研究整合素αvβ3的分子调节机制可以为肿瘤治疗提供新的治疗靶点。     

脉络膜黑色素瘤中整合素αvβ3表达的研究

目的：整合素αvβ3整合素家族成员之一,是一类跨膜粘附分子,其在多种肿瘤细胞及新生内皮血管细胞中高表达而在成熟血管内皮、上皮细胞及正常细胞中表达较低或无表达。基于这些特征,整合素αvβ3年来成为分子影像研究的热点之一。鉴于整合素αvβ3人眼脉络膜黑色素瘤中是否存在表达尚不可知,本课题拟研究整合素αvβ3人脉络膜黑色素瘤中表达情况,为以整合素αvβ3基础的分子显像提供理论基础。方法：培养人源脉络膜黑色素瘤细胞株OCM-1,使用蛋白免疫印迹方法检测整合素αvβ3OCM-1中表达水平,并使用免疫组化方法检测人脉络膜黑色素瘤病理切片中整合素αvβ3达分布。结果：蛋白免疫印迹实验表明在OCM-1细胞株中存在整合素αvβ3达,其表达水平介于已知高表达整合素αvβ3头颈鳞癌细胞株HEP-2和较低表达整合素αvβ3头颈鳞癌细胞株CNE-1之间,免疫组化方法检测人脉络膜黑色素瘤病理切片中也存在整合素αvβ3达。结论：人脉络膜黑色素瘤中具有整合素αvβ3达,可以为后期研究基于整合素αvβ3分子显像技术提供依据。     

TCR介导“inside-out”信号通路调控整合素的活化

整合素（integrin）是一类重要的跨膜黏附分子,在T细胞定向迁移到淋巴器官、感染或炎症部位以及T细胞与抗原呈递细胞（antigen presenting cell,APC）之间相互作用等过程中起重要作用。T细胞受到抗原或趋化因子等的刺激后,启动细胞内大量的信号传导分子,并形成＂inside-out＂信号通路,导致整合素构像的改变（conformation change）或促进整合素在细胞表面的聚集（integrinclustering）,最终增强整合素的affinity或avidity,促进其与配体结合的能力,提高淋巴细胞间的黏附。近年来的研究已经鉴定出调控整合素活化的多个关键的信号分子及其形成的信号转导复合体。该文主要阐述T细胞受到抗原刺激后,由T细胞受体（T cell receptor,TCR）介导的＂inside-out＂信号通路中关键的信号分子如ADAP、SKAP-55、RapL、Rap1、Talin和Kindlins等如何与上下游信号分子协同作用,调控整合素LFA-1活化的分子机制。     

骨唾液酸蛋白通过整合素αvβ3调控ILK信号通路

旨在探究骨唾液酸蛋白(BSP)是否通过整合素αvβ3对整合素连接激酶(ILK)信号通路进行调控。BSP基因沉默乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,流式细胞仪在细胞水平检测BSP不同水平的细胞株中整合素αvβ3的表达量。Western blotting检测磷酸化ILK水平的变化,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力。与对照组231BO-Scrambled细胞相比,BSP基因沉默组231BO-BSP27细胞中整合素αvβ3的表达水平明显下调(61.32±1.94)%(P<0.01)。整合素αvβ3鼠抗单克隆抗体(LM609)处理前的BSP基因沉默组231BO-BSP27细胞与21BO-Scrambled细胞相比,ILK磷酸化水平下调明显(39.38±1.38)%(P<0.01);LM609处理后的231BO-BSP27细胞与21BO-Scrambled细胞相比,ILK磷酸化水平下调明显(33.78±1.51)%(P<0.01)。向乳腺癌细胞231BO-scrambled和231BO-BSP27中添加LM609,MTT试验结果显示两株乳腺癌细胞的增殖能力均有降低(P<0.05)。BSP通过整合素αvβ3对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞ILK信号通路进行调控,并影响细胞增殖。     

体外鉴定汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白G2与β3整合素的相互作用

根据汉坦病毒76—118株M基因和β3整合素基因序列设计引物,分别以质粒M56和Hela细胞cDNA为模板通过PCR扩增和基因重组获得G2蛋白膜外区81-140片段的GST融合表达质粒以及β3整合素膜外区23～133片段FLAG融合表达质粒。通过SDS—PAGE检测G2片段在BL21表达菌中诱导表达及纯化的效果,Wester blot检测β3整合素片段在真核细胞中的表达。将在BL21裂解上清中表达的G2蛋白N端81～140位氨基酸片段（G2N81～140）纯化后与经过GST蛋白预处理的含有β3整合素片段的细胞裂解上清进行孵育,同时以未做任何转染的HEK293细胞裂解上清和无关蛋白GST～TLM作为阴性对照,通过GST Pull—down验证G2蛋白与β3整合素之间的相互作用。结果显示在Pull—down所获蛋白复合物中检测到β3整合素27-133位氨基酸片段产物的存在。结果表明G2蛋白与β3整合素之间可能存在有直接的相互作用,为β3整合素作为汉坦病毒细胞膜受体提供了进一步证据。     

抗人CD3改形单链抗体的构建、表达及活性测定

ＣＤ３单抗通过多种途径有效地同体的免疫状态,在临床应用中具有极大的潜力。为克服鼠源单抗用于临床的局限性,拟采用抗体工程技术研制抗人ＣＤ３改形单链抗体。首先,将鼠源ＣＤ３单抗ＯＫＴ３轻重链ＣＤＲｓ分别移植到人源抗体ＬＳ１轻链和Ｎｄ重链的框架中,经计算机模拟其空间构象,进行残基替换,确定ＣＤ３改形ＶＬ、ＶＨ氨基酸序列,化学合成改形ＶＬ、ＶＨ基因,将其分别插入至载体ｐＲＯＨ８０中,构建成抗人ＣＤ３改形单     

Production of functionalized single-chain Fv antibody fragments binding to the ED-B domain of the B-isoform of fibronectin in Pichia pastoris

The Pichia pastoris expression system was used to produce functionalized single-chain antibody fragments (scFv) directed against the ED-B domain of the B-fibronectin (B-Fn) isoform which was found to be present only in newly formed blood vessels during tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, scFv antibody fragments recognizing the ED-B domain are potential markers for angiogenesis. We constructed four functionalized scFv antibody fragments for direct labeling with radioactive molecules or toxins or for attachment to liposomes serving as carriers for cytotoxic or antiangiogenic compounds. The C-termini of the scFv antibody fragments contain 1-3 cysteine residues that are separated by a hydrophilic linker (GGSSGGSSGS) from the binding domain and are accessible for site-specific functionalization with thiol-reactive reagents. Plasmid expression, culture conditions, and purification were optimized in 1-L cultures. The scFv antibody fragments were purified by anion exchange chromatography. The yields were 5-20 mg/L culture medium. The large-scale production of one scFv antibody fragment in a 3.7-L fermenter gave a yield of 60 mg. The reactivity of the cyteines was demonstrated by labeling with the thiol-reactive fluorescent dye ABD-F. The four scFv antibody fragments bound specifically to ED-B-modified Sepharose and binding was further confirmed by immunofluorescence on cell cultures using ED-B-positive human Caco-2 tumor cells. Furthermore, we could demonstrate specific binding of scFv-modified liposomes to ED-B-positive tumor cells. Our results indicate that the P. pastoris expression system is useful for the large-scale production of cysteine-functionalized alpha-ED-B scFv antibody fragments.     

Recombinant barley-produced antibody for detection and immunoprecipitation of the major bovine milk allergen, β-lactoglobulin

Recombinant allergens and antibodies are needed for diagnostic, therapeutic, food processing and quality verification purposes. The aim of this work was to develop a barley-based production system for β-lactoglobulin (BLG) specific immunoglobulin E antibody (D1 scFv). The expression level in the best barley cell clone was 0.8–1.2 mg/kg fresh weight, and was constant over an expression period of 21 days. In the case of barley grains, the highest stable productivity (followed up to T2 grains) was obtained when the D1 scFv cDNA was expressed under a seed-specific Glutelin promoter rather than under the constitutive Ubiquitin promoter. Translational fusion of ER retention signal significantly improved the accumulation of recombinant antibody. Furthermore, lines without ER retention signal lost D1 scFv accumulation in T2 grains. Pilot scale purification was performed for a T2 grain pool (51 g) containing 55.0 mg D1 scFv/kg grains. The crude extract was purified by a two-step purification protocol including IMAC and size exclusion chromatography. The purification resulted in a yield of 0.47 mg of D1 scFv (31 kD) with high purity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that 29 % of the purified protein was fully functional. In immunoprecipitation assay the purified D1 scFv recognized the native 18 kD BLG in the milk sample. No binding was observed with the heat-treated milk sample, as expected. The developed barley-based expression system clearly demonstrated its potential for application in the processing of dairy milk products as well as in detecting allergens from foods possibly contaminated by bovine milk.     

Preparation and application of anti-idiotypic antibody against anti-gibberellin A4 antibody.

A monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody was raised against anti-gibberellin A4 (GA4) antibody, which recognizes biologically active gibberellins such as GA1 and GA4 specifically. Amino acid sequences of variable regions of both anti-GA4 and anti-idiotypic antibodies were analyzed. By using the property of the anti-idiotypic antibody to compete with GA1/4 in binding to the anti-GA4 antibody, we successfully applied the anti-idiotypic antibody to ELISA as a tracer for measuring GA1/4. The single-chain Fv (scFv) gene of the anti-idiotypic antibody was constructed, and scFv expressed in E. coli showed binding activity to anti-GA4 antibody. These results suggest the possible application of anti-idiotypic antibody as a handy and stable source of an enzymatic tracer for ELISA by production of fusion protein of the scFv and an appropriate enzyme.     

Pichia pastoris酵母中表达人源中和性抗甲型肝炎病毒scFv-Fc融合抗体的研究

为了探讨人源抗甲型肝炎（甲肝）病毒scFv—Fc融合抗体在酵母中的表达特性,将获得的人源抗甲肝病毒中和性单链可变区抗体（scFv抗体）基因克隆入含信号肽及人IgG1Fc抗体基因的酵母细胞表达载体中,获得了一株中和性人源抗甲肝病毒pPiscFv—FcHA16融合抗体的分泌表达,并对表达产物进行了纯化。同时对表达产物的生物学特性进行了一系列鉴定。表达的pPiscFv—FcHA16融合抗体为具有不同糖基化形式的同源二聚体,与相应的CHO细胞表达的IgG抗体相比,pPiscFv—FcHA16融合抗体仍保持很好的抗原结合活性,以及与中和性鼠抗甲肝病毒单克隆抗体的竞争抑制能力。同时也保持了对甲肝病毒的体外中和活性。这些结果表明,在酵母中表达的单链可变区（scFv）与IgG1Fc区的融合抗体具有很好的生物学活性,有希望用做体外诊断,用纯化相应的抗原,或者可能用于体内预防与治疗。     

Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of a novel single-chain variable fragment antibody against the 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivative of a furaltadone metabolite in Escherichia coli

Furaltadone is an illicit veterinary drug that shows toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects, as does its metabolite 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ)(1). Recombinant antibodies with desirable affinity and specificity that can replace polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are important factors for effective AMOZ immunoassays. In the present study, a novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against the 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivative of AMOZ (NPAMOZ) was prepared and characterized. The scFv gene was cloned into the pET-22b(+) expression vector, and 6His-tagged scFv antibodies expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), which were then purified by nickel nitrilotriacetic acid column chromatography. Characterization of the target protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blotting, and a novel indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (icCLEIA) showed that the scFv antibody was ～27kDa and exhibited HRP-anti-His-tag antibody-recognized activity. The final purity, yield and mg of this scFv antibody after ultrafiltration concentration were 97%, 20% and 29.1mg, respectively. The icCLEIA indicated that the antibody competitively combined with NPAMOZ, exhibiting an IC(50) value of 1.46±0.01 ng/ml (n=6). Cross-reactivity studies revealed that the antibody showed desirable specificity to NPAMOZ and little reactivity to analogs except the parent furaltadone. In summary, these findings suggested that the prepared recombinant scFv antibody can be used for future immunoassay screening for AMOZ.     

Inhibiting β-secretase activity in Alzheimer's disease cell models with single-chain antibodies specifically targeting APP

The Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is produced from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavage of APP first by β-secretase and then by γ-secretase. β-Site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) is the predominant enzyme involved in β-secretase processing of APP and is a primary therapeutic target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. While inhibiting BACE-1 activity has obvious therapeutic advantages, BACE-1 also cleaves numerous other substrates with important physiological activity. Thus, blanket inhibition of BACE-1 function may have adverse side effects. We isolated a single chain variable fragment (scFv) from a human-based scFv yeast display library that selectively inhibits BACE-1 activity toward APP by binding the APP substrate at the proteolytic site. We selected the iBSEC1 scFv, since it recognizes the BACE-1 cleavage site on APP but does not bind the adjacent highly antigenic N-terminal of Aβ, and thus it will target APP but not soluble Aβ. When added to 7PA2 cells, a mammalian cell line that overexpresses APP, the iBSEC1 scFv binds APP on the cell surface, reduces toxicity induced by APP overexpression, and reduces both intracellular and extracellular Aβ levels by around 50%. Since the iBSEC1 scFv does not contain the antibody F_c region, this construct does not pose the risk of exacerbating inflammation in the brain as faced with full-length monoclonal antibodies for potential therapeutic applications.     

Human scFv antibody fragments specific for the epithelial tumour marker MUC-1, selected by phage display on living cells

New anti-cancer agents are being developed that specifically recognise tumour cells. Recognition is dependent upon the enhanced expression of antigenic determinants on the surface of tumour cells. The tumour exposure and the extracellular accessibility of the mucin MUC-1 make this marker a suitable target for tumour diagnosis and therapy. We isolated and characterised six human scFv antibody fragments that bound to the MUC-1 core protein, by selecting a large naive human phage display library directly on a MUC-1-expressing breast carcinoma cell line. Their binding characteristics have been studied by ELISA, FACS and indirect immunofluorescence. The human scFv antibody fragments were specific for the tandem repeat region of MUC-1 and their binding is inhibited by soluble antigen. Four human scFv antibody fragments (M2, M3, M8, M12) recognised the hydrophilic PDTRP region of the MUC-1 core protein, which is thought to be an immunodominant region. The human scFv antibody fragments were stable in human serum at 37 °C and retained their binding specificity. For imaging or targeting to tumours over-expressing MUC-1, it might be feasible to use these human scFv, or multivalent derivatives, as vehicles to deliver anti-cancer agents. Received: 2 November 2000 / Accepted: 11 January 2001     

Molecular design of recombinant scFv antibodies for site-specific photocoupling to β-cyclodextrin in solution and onto solid support

The ability to design and tailor-make antibodies to meet the biophysical demands required by the vast range of current and future antibody-based applications within biotechnology and biomedicine will be essential. In this proof-of-concept study, we have for the first time tailored human recombinant scFv antibodies for site-specific photocoupling through the use of an unnatural amino acid (UAA) and the dock’n’flash technology. In more detail, we have successfully explored the possibility to expand the genetic code of E. coli and introduced the photoreactive UAA p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (pBpa), and showed that the mutated scFv antibody could be expressed in E. coli with retained structural and functional properties, as well as binding affinity. The pBpa group was then used for affinity capture of the mutated antibody by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which provided the hydrogen atoms to be abstracted in the subsequent photocoupling process upon irradiation at 365 nm. The results showed that the pBpa mutated antibody could be site-specifically photocoupled to free and surface (array) immobilized β-CD. Taken together, this paves the way for novel means of tailoring recombinant scFv antibodies for site-specific photochemical-based tagging, functionalization and immobilization in numerous applications.