假单性结实无核葡萄胚败育机理研究

以Flame Seedless、大粒红无核和京可晶3个假单性结实无核葡萄品种为试材,对其胚和胚乳的发育进行了细胞学观察,并初步探索了胚败育机理.结果表明:Flame Seedless、大粒红无核和京可晶3个无核葡萄品种胚乳开始败育的时期分别为花后29、42、34 d,胚开始大量败育的时期分别为花后39、51、45 d;假单性结实无核葡萄胚的败育是由于胚乳败育、胚缺乏营养所致.     

葡萄胚珠、胚乳及胚的发育

本文研究了“早玫瑰”和“新玫瑰”葡萄胚珠、胚乳和胚的发育。结果表明：花后3天胚珠即开始迅速生长,共生长的最终大小依品种成熟期的不同而各异。 胚乳游离核在花后33天成为细胞状态。受精后16—21天,合子才开始第一次分裂。当胚乳充满珠心组织时,胚开始迅速发育并—直持续到果实成熟。胚的发育与果实的发育无明显竞争关系。     

葡萄胚珠,胚乳及胚的发育

本文研究了“早玫瑰”和“新玫瑰”葡萄胚珠、胚乳和胚的发育。结果表明:花后3天胚珠即开始迅速生长,其生长的最终大小依品种成熟期的不同而各异。胚乳游离核在花后33天成为细胞状态。受精后16—21天,合子才开始第一次分裂。当胚乳充满珠心组织时,胚开始迅速发育并一直持续到果实成熟.胚的发育与果实的发育无明显竞争关系。     

水稻HDAR细胞胚胎学研究─—不定胚的发生和发育

对水稻HDAR胚胎发育过程的进一步研究表明,水稻HDAR中有2．72％（17／434）的不定胚发生和发育。其不定胚起源于胚珠内的珠心细胞。不定胚起始细胞启动分裂时,胚囊发育至2核或4核时期,8核胚囊时期,胚珠内已形成多细胞不定胚结构。随后不定胚细胞不断分裂并逐渐挤进胚囊。开花传粉后,不定胚利用胚乳提供的营养可以继续发育和分化。不定胚可以和合子胚一起发育,有时合子胚败育,不定胚继续发育并分化。讨论了水稻HDAR中不定胚的发生,及其发生远早于合子胚的意义。     

水稻HDAR细胞胚胎学研究─—不定胚的发生和发育

对水稻ＨＤＡＲ胚胎发育过程的进一步研究表明,水稻ＨＤＡＲ中有２．７２％（１７／４３４）的不定胚发生和发育,其不定胚起源于胚珠内的球心细胞,不定胚起始细胞启动分裂时,胚囊发育至２核或４核时期,８核胚囊时期胚珠内已形成多细胞不定胚结构,随后不定胚细胞不断分裂并逐渐挤进胚囊,开花传粉后,不定胚利用胚乳提供的营养可以继续发育和分化,不定胚可以和合子胚一起发育,有时合子胚败育,不定胚继续发育并分化。讨论了水     

油梨胚和胚乳发育的研究

油梨胚和胚乳发育的研究彭民璋,邓九生,谢荔元（广西农垦职工大学,南宁明阳５３０２２７）油梨（Ｐｅｒｓｅａａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａ）属直生胚珠,细胞型胚乳。花后２天,合子开始分裂,此时胚乳细胞已分裂占居种腔的基部。花后５天,胚发育成具有３－４层细胞的塔形胚,...     

焦核与大核龙眼雌配子体发育、授粉受精及早期胚胎发育的比较研究

利用人工授粉,采用压片法对大核龙眼‘九月乌’和焦核龙眼‘闽焦64-1’、‘闽焦64-2’、‘白核’等的自交与杂交后花粉管的生长特性进行研究,同时应用常规石蜡切片技术对大核与焦核龙眼的雌配子体以及合子胚早期发育进行观察。结果表明,龙眼胚珠在单核胚囊形成前就开始败育,且焦核品种(系)的败育率显著高于大核品种。不同亲本组合的授粉率存在差异,所有授粉组合在授粉36～48 h后均能观察到1个花粉管生长并进入胚囊受精。焦核品种(系)的胚胎在谢花后10 d开始败育,且败育率明显高于大核品种。受精是龙眼子房发育的首要条件,胚珠败育的雌蕊在谢花后10 d不膨大,不能发育形成焦核果实。谢花后10～30 d的早期胚胎败育是形成焦核龙眼的主要原因。焦核品种‘白核’胚乳具有成胚能力。约有24%的‘闽焦64-1’胚珠在胚胎发育过程中,其助细胞、合点端细胞及胚乳发生异常,这可能与早期胚胎败育有关。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｎｄｕｒｕｍＤｅｓｆ．）和珍珠栗（Ｐｅｎｎｉｓｅｔｕｍｇｌａｕｃｕｍｓｙｎ．Ｐ．ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｕｍ）远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的１９２个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,７．８１％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;３．１３％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;１．０４％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为１１．９８％,成胚率为１０．９４％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子     

白桦雌花发育、大孢子发生及胚胎发育的解剖学观察

白桦雌花从开花到雌性器官的成熟需经历1个月左右的时间,解剖学观察表明：四月下旬越冬的雌蕊原基开始了活跃的分裂和分化。子房和柱头开始生长。四月末开花,五月初授粉。此后胚珠开始长大。五月中旬即分化形成珠被,珠心,珠被为单层珠被,胚珠为厚珠心胚珠,胚珠倒生,五月中下旬,珠心内产生大孢子母细胞,一周左右发育为成熟胚囊-七细胞八核胚囊,五月末完成双受精,白桦胚胎发育经过合子,原胚,球形胚,心形胚和鱼雷形胚等时期最后发育成熟,胚乳发育与胚胎同步,即受精的极核进行几次分裂后形成核型胚乳,胚乳核不断增多,在形成心形胚后胚乳细胞形成细胞壁。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)和珍珠栗(Pennisetum glaucum syn.P. americanum)远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的192个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,7.81％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;3.13％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;1.04％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为11.98％,成胚率为10.94％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.