七氟醚通过影响外周血miR-340水平逆转脓毒症大鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能抑制状态的机制

摘要 目的：探究七氟醚通过影响外周血miR-340水平逆转脓毒症大鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能抑制状态的机制。方法：60只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠根据研究目的将大鼠分为对照组、脓毒症组和七氟醚组。通过RT-PCR分析各组大鼠外周血miR-340以及促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达水平。统计各实验组大鼠的存活率。通过血琼脂平板对各组大鼠腹腔液和血液中的细菌进行计数。通过使用荧光显微镜测量吞噬率和吞噬指数。通过蛋白印迹分析p65和NF-κB的蛋白表达。结果：脓毒症组miR-340水平较对照组升高（P<0.05）,七氟醚组miR-340水平较脓毒症组降低（P<0.05）。三组不同时间点存活率相比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;第4 d、8 d脓毒症组大鼠存活率较对照组大鼠降低（P<0.05）,七氟醚组大鼠存活率较脓毒症组升高（P<0.05）。脓毒症组IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,七氟醚组IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达较脓毒症组降低（P<0.05）。脓毒症组腹腔液和血液中的细菌数量较对照组升高（P<0.05）,七氟醚组腹腔液和血液中的细菌数量较脓毒症组减少（P<0.05）。血琼脂平板对各组大鼠腹腔液和血液中的细菌进行计数,脓毒症组腹腔液和血液中的细菌数量较对照组升高（P<0.05）,七氟醚组腹腔液和血液中的细菌数量较脓毒症组减少（P<0.05）。脓毒症组p65和NF-κB的蛋白表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,七氟醚组p65和NF-κB的蛋白表达较脓毒症组降低（P<0.05）。结论：miR-340参与了脓毒症大鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能调节,七氟醚通过降低外周血miR-340水平减少内毒素诱导的大鼠促炎细胞因子的释放,并恢复巨噬细胞吞噬功能。     

布地奈德通过干预线粒体钙单转运蛋白影响哮喘大鼠气道上皮细胞自噬和屏障功能的机制

摘要 目的：探究布地奈德通过干预线粒体钙单转运蛋白影响哮喘大鼠气道上皮细胞自噬和屏障功能的机制。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠作为研究对象,并根据实验目的分为3组：对照组（正常大鼠,生理盐水干预,n=10）,哮喘组（通过OVA诱导大鼠哮喘模型,n=10）,布地奈德组（气雾剂布地奈德用于治疗过敏性哮喘的大鼠,n=10）。通过钙测定试剂盒和蛋白印迹分析大鼠气道上皮细胞中Ca²⁺的吸收和MCU蛋白表达;TEER和TRITC 荧光分析检测大鼠气道上皮中的屏障功能;免疫组化分析分气道上皮细胞屏障功能相关因子ZO-1、E-cadherin的蛋白表达;ELISAF分析BALF上清液中炎性因子IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平;二氢乙锭衍生物和蛋白印迹分析BALF中ROS含量和caspase-3活性。结果：哮喘组较对照组Ca²⁺浓度降低,MCU蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）,布地奈德组较哮喘组Ca²⁺浓度升高,MCU蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）。哮喘组较对照组TEER降低,TRITC升高（P<0.05）,布地奈德组较哮喘组TEER升高,TRITC降低（P<0.05）。哮喘组较对照组ZO-1、E-cadherin的蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）,布地奈德组较哮喘组ZO-1、E-cadherin的蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）。哮喘组较对照组IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平升高（P<0.05）,布地奈德组较哮喘组IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平降低（P<0.05）。对照组组支气管和肺泡结构未见异常,与对照组相比哮喘组大鼠表现出肺泡间隔增厚,可见的肺毛细血管水肿,以及肺毛细血管和肺泡间隙中的大量炎性细胞浸润（P<0.05）,与哮喘组相比,布地奈德组显著减轻肺部病变的严重程度（P<0.05）。哮喘组较对照组LC3B II/I、ATG5、Beclin-1 和LC3II 的表达升高（P<0.05）,布地奈德组较哮喘组LC3B II/I、ATG5、Beclin-1 和LC3II 的表达降低（P<0.05）。哮喘组较对照组ROS含量和caspase-3活性升高（P<0.05）,布地奈德组较哮喘组ROS含量和caspase-3活性降低（P<0.05）。结论：布地奈德通过调节MCU表达介导气道上皮细胞的屏障完整性和自噬水平,缓解哮喘气道炎症,改善哮喘症状。     

大鼠脊髓小胶质细胞P2X4的表达和糖尿病病理性神经痛大鼠炎症反应和疼痛阈值的关系

摘要 目的：探究大鼠脊髓小胶质细胞P2X4的表达和糖尿病病理性神经痛大鼠炎症反应和疼痛阈值的关系。方法：通过高脂饮食结合链脲佐菌素注射诱导糖尿病病理性神经痛大鼠模型并分为3组：对照组（正常大鼠,腹腔注射载体柠檬酸盐缓冲液0.25 mL/kg）,模型组（糖尿病病理性疼痛模型,同上注射,n=15）和抑制剂组（大鼠糖尿病病理性模型,过鞘内导管注射米诺环素）,共28 d。通过MWT评估对机械刺激的手掌反应。通过双极针电极检测实验大鼠的运动神经传导速速。通过蛋白印迹分析P2X4和BDNF蛋白表达。通过RT-PCR分析炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和NLRP3的mRNA表达。通过蛋白印迹分析p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK的蛋白表达。结果：第2week、4week和6week,模型组MWT较对照组降低（P<0.05）,抑制剂组MWT较模型组升高（P<0.05）。第2 week,个实验组大鼠MNCV比较无差异（P>0.05）,第4week和第6week,模型组MNCV较对照组降低（P<0.05）,抑制剂组MNCV较模型组升高（P<0.05）。模型组P2X4和BDNF蛋白表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,抑制剂组P2X4和BDNF蛋白表达较模型组降低（P<0.05）,模型组P2X4和BDNF mRNA表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,抑制剂组P2X4和BDNF mRNA表达较模型组降低（P<0.05）。模型组IL-1β、TNF-α和NLRP3的mRNA表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,抑制剂组IL-1β、TNF-α和NLRP3的mRNA表达较抑制剂组降低（P<0.05）。模型组p-p38MAPK蛋白表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,抑制剂组p-p38MAPK蛋白表达较模型组降低（P<0.05）,各实验组大鼠p38MAPK蛋白表达无差异（P>0.05）。结论：大鼠脊髓小胶质细胞P2X4-BDNF信号在DNP中起重要作用,并且P2X4在DNP期间激活的脊髓小胶质细胞中表达升高,抑制小胶质细胞激活能显著降低P2X4表达和炎症水平,可防止热痛觉过敏并增加大鼠疼痛阈值。     

田蓟苷对脑小血管病大鼠模型认知功能受损和神经细胞凋亡的影响

摘要 目的：探讨田蓟苷对脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）大鼠模型认知功能受损和神经细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法：将SD大鼠分为Sham组、CSVD组、低剂量田蓟苷组（L-Til组,5 mg/kg/d）、中剂量田蓟苷组（M-Til组,10 mg/kg/d）和高剂量田蓟苷组（H-Til组,20 mg/kg/d）。通过同种系微栓子体外注入法建立CSVD大鼠模型,各组大鼠均治疗4周。治疗结束后对各组大鼠进行Morris水迷宫测试,分离海马组织并进行HE染色、TUNEL染色和尼氏染色。通过免疫组化染色或Western blot检测大鼠海马组织中Bax、Bcl2、cleaved caspase-3、VEGF和细胞核NF-κB p65的表达。使用相应试剂盒检测血清炎症指标（TNF-α和IL-1β）和氧化应激指标（SOD和MDA）水平。结果：与CSVD组比较,L-Til组、M-Til组和H-Til组的逃避潜伏期均缩短,而穿越平台次数均增加（P<0.05）。与CSVD组比较,L-Til组、M-Til组和H-Til组大鼠海马组织TUNEL阳性率降低,而尼氏体光密度增加（P<0.05）;Bax和cleaved caspase-3的表达水平降低,Bcl2水平升高（P<0.05）。与CSVD组比较,L-Til组、M-Til组和H-Til组大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和MDA水平降低,SOD升高（P<0.05）。与CSVD组比较,L-Til组、M-Til组和H-Til组大鼠海马组织中细胞核NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平降低,细胞质VEGF蛋白表达水平升高（P<0.05）。结论：本研究证明田蓟苷可减轻CSVD大鼠的认知功能障碍并抑制神经细胞凋亡,田蓟苷对CSVD的治疗机制部分通过减少炎症和氧化应激、促进VEGF的表达和抑制NF-κB信号通路来实现。     

钌络合物通过诱发高尔基体应激在Walker-256荷瘤大鼠中发挥抗肿瘤作用的机制

摘要 目的：探讨钌络合物通过诱发高尔基体应激在Walker-256荷瘤大鼠中发挥抗肿瘤作用的机制。方法：以30只雄性Wistar大鼠为研究对象,通过Walker-256细胞右骨盆肢体皮下注射建立荷瘤大鼠模型,然后根据实验目的将大鼠分为3组,对照组（正常大鼠,PBS干预）,肿瘤模型组（荷瘤模型大鼠,PBS干预）和钌络合物组[荷瘤模型大鼠,管饲法给予5 mg / kg钌络合物溶液（由含2% Tween的PBS溶解）],各10只。通过测厚仪和电子秤分别计算大鼠肿瘤体积及重量;酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒检测大鼠刚脏组织匀浆中氧化应激水平;蛋白印迹和荧光探针DCFH-DA试剂盒分析LC3 II/I表达和ROS活性;蛋白印迹分析高尔基应激相关蛋白GOLPH3、GRASP65的表达;实时定量PCR分析Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3的mRNA表达。结果：钌络合物组较肿瘤模型组肿瘤重量降低（P<0.05）,肿瘤模型组较对照组体重增加降低（P<0.05）,钌络合物组较肿瘤模型组体重增加（P<0.05）。肿瘤模型组较对照组SOD活性和LPO升高（P<0.05）,CAT、GST和GSH活性降低（P<0.05）,钌络合物组较肿瘤模型组LPO降低（P<0.05）,CAT、GST和GSH活性升高（P<0.05）。肿瘤模型组较对照组LC3 II/I蛋白表达和ROS活性升高（P<0.05）,钌络合物组较肿瘤模型组LC3 II/I蛋白表达和ROS活性降低（P<0.05）。肿瘤模型组较对照组GOLPH3、GRASP65的蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）,钌络合物组较肿瘤模型组GOLPH3、GRASP65的蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）。肿瘤模型组较对照组Bax和Caspase-3的mRNA表达升高（P<0.05）,Bcl-2 mRNA表达降低（P<0.05）,钌络合物组较肿瘤模型组Bax和Caspase-3的mRNA表达降低,Bcl-2 mRNA表达升高（P<0.05）。结论：钌络合物通过调节高尔基应激反应,削弱氧化磷酸化从而促进Walker-256细胞死亡发挥抗肿瘤活性。     

达格列净对糖尿病合并心肌缺血大鼠心肌细胞能量代谢及血液流变学的作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨达格列净对糖尿病合并心肌缺血大鼠心肌细胞能量代谢及血液流变学的作用研究。方法：2型糖尿病雌性Goto-Kakizaki大鼠根据实验要求分为三组：对照组,心肌缺血组和达格列净组。通过右颈总动脉血流动力学系统评估大鼠SBP、MAP和DBP;LabScribe 2软件操作的记录系统监测大鼠的心脏收缩舒张功能;TTC染色和组织学分别检测大鼠的心肌梗塞面积百分比和心肌损伤评分;TUNEL测定法测定大鼠心肌细胞凋亡;测定试剂盒和荧光追踪检测大鼠心肌中的ATP含量、ADP / ATP比率、线粒体膜电位MMP;蛋白印迹分析线粒体裂解融合因子线粒体蛋白2（Mitochondrial protein 2,MFN2）,视神经萎缩1（Optic nerve atrophy 1,OPA1）和动力蛋白相关的蛋白1（Dynein-related protein 1,DRP1）的蛋白表达;RT-PCR分析大鼠心肌细胞中能量代谢相关因子PGC1-α和CPT-1的转录。结果：心肌缺血组较对照组的SBP、MAP升高（P<0.05）,达格列净组较心肌缺血组降低（P<0.05）,与对照组相比,心肌缺血组和达格列净组的DBP比较无差异（P>0.05）。心肌缺血组较对照组LVEF降低（P<0.05）,LVIDs、LVPWs和LVPWd升高（P<0.05）,达格列净组较心肌缺血组的LVEF升高（P<0.05）,LVIDs、LVPWs和LVPWd降低（P<0.05）。心肌缺血组较对照组的梗塞面积占比和组织损伤评分升高（P<0.05）,达格列净组较心肌缺血组梗塞面积、组织损伤评分降低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,心肌缺血组TUNEL阳性细胞数量增多（P<0.05）。此外,与心肌缺血组相比,达格列净组的TUNEL阳性细胞数量降低（P<0.05）。线粒体膜电位MMP。心肌缺血组较对照组的ATP含量和MMP降低（P<0.05）,ADP / ATP比率升高（P<0.05）,达格列净组较心肌缺血组ATP含量和MMP升高（P<0.05）,ADP / ATP比率降低（P<0.05）。心肌缺血组较对照组MFN2和OPA1的蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）,DRP1蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）,达格列净组较心肌缺血组MFN2和OPA1的蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）,DRP1蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）。心肌缺血组较对照组PGC1-α和CPT-1的mRNA表达降低（P<0.05）,达格列净组较心肌缺血组PGC1-α和CPT-1的mRNA表达升高（P<0.05）。结论：达格列净给药可减糖尿病合并心肌缺血大鼠的心肌梗死面积,增强心室功能和心肌细胞能量代谢,发挥心脏保护作用。     

沉默信息调节因子2在瑞芬太尼诱发的大鼠切口痛觉过敏中的作用及其机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨沉默信息调节因子2（Sirt2）在瑞芬太尼诱发的大鼠切口痛觉过敏中的作用及其机制。方法：18只SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为I组（切口组,n=6）,RI组（瑞芬太尼+切口组,n=6）和RI+Sirt2过表达组（瑞芬太尼+切口+Sirt2过表达组,n=6）。I组在大鼠足底制作切口痛模型的同时在腹部注射等容量生理盐水30 min,RI组和RI+Sirt2过表达组在足底进行切口痛模型制作的同时并泵注瑞芬太尼30 min,RI+Sirt2过表达组在脊髓水平提前1周注射Sirt2过表达慢病毒处理。各组大鼠分别于泵注瑞芬太尼或生理盐水术前24 h,泵注结束后2 h、6 h、24 h和48 h测定机械刺激缩足反应阈值（MWT）及热缩足潜伏期（TWL）。行为学测试结束后处死大鼠,取L_3-5脊髓节段,采用蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）法检测Sirt2表达,超氧化物歧化酶2（SOD2）活性采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）法测定,超氧阴离子水平和NADPH氧化酶活性采用化学发光法测定。结果：各组大鼠MWT和TWL的时间效应（F=683.602,624.033,均P<0.001）和组别×时间交互效应显著（F=9.142,4.550,均P<0.001）,说明MWT和TWL有随时间变化的趋势并且时间因素的作用有随组别的不同而不同,组间比较差异有统计学意义（F=93.157,25.176,均P<0.001）。与I组比较,RI组T_1-4时MWT降低,TWL缩短（P<0.05）;RI+Sirt2过表达组T₂、T₄时间点MWT降低,T_2-4时间点TWL缩短（P<0.05）。与RI组比较,RI+Sirt2过表达组T_3-4时间点MWT升高,T_2-4时间点TWL延长（P<0.05）。三组大鼠Sirt2蛋白表达比较差异有统计学意义（F=265.643,P<0.001）;与I组比较,RI组和RI+Sirt2过表达组术后48 h脊髓组织Sirt2表达水平减少（P<0.05）;与RI组比较,RI+Sirt2过表达组术后48 h脊髓组织Sirt2表达水平增加（P<0.05）。三组大鼠脊髓组织SOD2活性、NADPH氧化酶活性、超氧化物阴离子表达比较差异有统计学意义（F=13.543,14.813,19.675,均P<0.001）;与I组比较,RI组和RI+Sirt2过表达组术后48 h脊髓组织SOD2活性水平降低,NADPH氧化酶活性和超氧化物阴离子水平增加（P<0.05）;与RI组比较,RI+Sirt2过表达组术后48 h脊髓组织SOD2活性水平增加,NADPH氧化酶活性和超氧化物阴离子减低（P<0.05）。结论：Sirt2通过调节氧化应激水平参与瑞芬太尼诱发切口痛大鼠痛觉过敏过程。     

MiRNA-125a-5p对于脊髓损伤后炎症反应、细胞凋亡及促进神经再生的作用机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨MiRNA-125a-5p对于脊髓损伤（SCI）后炎症反应、细胞凋亡及促进神经再生的作用机制。方法：建立6周龄大鼠SCI模型,将60只大鼠随机分为对照组（n=20）、SCI组（n=20）和MiRNA-125a-5p组（n=20）,对照组仅行椎板切除术,SCI组大鼠鞘内注射等量生理盐水,MiRNA-125a-5p组大鼠鞘内注射MiRNA-125a-5p agomir。采用定量实时聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测各组大鼠MiRNA-125a-5p和核因子kB（NF-kB）的相对RNA表达水平。酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测炎症因子白细胞介素1（IL-1）、趋化因子受体-4（CXCR-4）和单核细胞趋化因子-1（MCP-1）水平的表达。采用蛋白免疫印迹试验检测细胞凋亡蛋白和神经调节因子蛋白的表达情况。采用Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan（BBB）运动能力评定量表评价大鼠神经运动功能。结果：与对照组比较,SCI组MiRNA-125a-5p表达均降低,NF-kB表达均升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与SCI组比较,MiRNA-125a-5p组MiRNA-125a-5p表达均升高,NF-kB表达均降低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,SCI组IL-1、CXCR-4、MCP-1水平均升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与SCI组比较,MiRNA-125a-5p组IL-1、CXCR-4、MCP-1水平均降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,SCI组半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase-3）、聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶（cleaved PARP）蛋白和原癌基因（bcl-2）蛋白表达均升高,神经细胞粘附分子1（NCAM1）、神经胶质蛋白1（NL1）和神经调节蛋白-1（NRG1）蛋白表达均降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与SCI组比较,MiRNA-125a-5p组caspase-3和cleaved PARP蛋白表达均降低,bcl-2、NCAM1、NL1和NRG1蛋白表达均升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,SCI组大鼠神经运动功能评分在第7 d以后显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与SCI组比较,MiRNA-125a-5p组大鼠神经运动功能评分在第7 d以后均升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：MiRNA-125a-5p抑制NF-kB信号通路,降低炎症反应和细胞凋亡,促进神经再生,改善大鼠神经运动功能恢复。     

miR-19靶向PTEN并介导HMGB1影响小鼠动脉粥样硬化进程的机制研究

摘要 目的：探究miR-19靶向PTEN并介导HMGB1影响小鼠动脉粥样硬化进程的机制研究。方法：SPF级C57BL/6J ApoE^-/-雄性小鼠根据研究目的将实验小鼠分为对照组、AS模型组和miR-19抑制剂组。通过RT-PCR分析小鼠主动脉组织中miR-19的mRNA表达。通过蛋白印迹分析小鼠主动脉PTEN、HMGB1和AKT的蛋白表达。通过荧光素酶活性检测miR-19a与PTEN的靶向关系。通过组织学和红油O染色分析小鼠胸腹主动脉和主动脉窦中的AS斑块面积。通过RT-PCR分析小鼠主动脉主动脉弓内膜中促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的mRNA表达。通过蛋白印迹分析主动脉弓内膜中ICAM-1和VCAM-1的蛋白表达。结果：AS模型组miR-19mRNA表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,miR-19抑制剂组miR-19mRNA表达较AS模型组降低（P<0.05）。AS模型组PTEN蛋白表达较对照组降低,HMGB1和AKT蛋白表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,miR-19抑制剂组PTEN蛋白表达较AS模型组升高,miR-19抑制剂组HMGB1和AKT蛋白表达较AS模型组降低（P<0.05）。AS模型组主动脉和主动脉窦的斑块面积较对照组增加（P<0.05）,miR-19抑制剂组主动脉和主动脉窦的斑块面积较AS模型组减少（P<0.05）。AS模型组TNF-α、IL-β、IL-6和CXCL2的mRNA表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,miR-19抑制剂组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-β和CXCL2的mRNA表达较AS模型降低（P<0.05）。AS模型组ICAM-1和VCAM-1的蛋白表达较对照组升高（P<0.05）,miR-19抑制剂组ICAM-1和VCAM-1的蛋白表达较AS模型组降低（P<0.05）。结论：miR-19通过靶向调控PTEN表达激活HMGB1/PI3K/Akt信号通路,这可能会促进VSMCs的异常增殖、迁移和炎症反应,有助于AS的进展。     

小檗碱对缺血性脑梗死大鼠氧化应激/炎症反应、血管生成的作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨小檗碱对缺血性脑梗死大鼠氧化应激/炎症反应、血管生成的作用。方法：选取60只SPF级SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、模型组和小檗碱组各20只。建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。术后及给药后7d采用Longa标准评分评估大鼠神经功能。检测各组大鼠脑组织的抗氧化活性和炎症因子水平。采用免疫组化检测脑缺血再灌注皮质微血管密度（MVD）。采用实时定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测低氧诱导生长因子- 1 （HIF-1 ）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF） mRNA表达水平。采用蛋白免疫印迹试验检测VEGF和HIF-1 蛋白表达水平。结果：模型组和小檗碱组大鼠术后具有神经功能缺损症状表现,Longa评分均高于对照组。给药7 d后,模型组和小檗碱组大鼠Longa评分均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,且小檗碱组大鼠Longa评分低于模型组（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,模型组丙二醛（MDA）水平显著升高,而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）活性显著降低（P＜0.05）。与模型组比较,小檗碱组MDA水平显著降低,而GSH-Px和SOD活性显著升高（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,模型组白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平显著升高（P＜0.05）。与模型组比较,小檗碱组IL-1β、TNF-α水平显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。给药7 d后,模型组和小檗碱组MVD、VEGF mRNA和HIF-1 mRNA表达水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而小檗碱组MVD、VEGF mRNA和HIF-1 mRNA表达水平高于模型组（P＜0.05）。给药7 d后,小檗碱组和模型组VEGF和HIF-1 蛋白表达水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而小檗碱组VEGF和HIF-1 蛋白表达水平高于模型组（P＜0.05）。结论：小檗碱通过抑制氧化应激/炎症反应、促进血管生成从而达到脑保护作用,其机制可能与激活HIF-1 /VEGF信号通路有关。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Psychological Attributes of the Culture of the Ukrainians in the Modern Stage of the Development of Society and Trends in Changes in These Attributes in the Post-Soviet Period

The authors of the article focus on the transition of the former Soviet state of Ukraine to a market economy. One aspect of the analysis is the cultural values and attitudes of the citizens in a new situation. Market economy and entrepreneurship demand new types of motivation and individual values from people. A challenge for social psychology in the country is the further elaboration of methodological basis of research.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the Galloanserae monophyly

The presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (MF) and intermediate filament (IF) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (Japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between species. Variable heterogeneous co-expression of filament systems was also found in the various duct epithelia and periductal tissue types: co-expression of filament systems was the rule rather than the exception. In the duck, neither vimentin nor cytokeratin was present in any of the tissues, whereas actin and desmin (absent in the rete testis) were co-expressed in the efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit (comprising the ductus conjugens, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens). Actin, desmin and vimentin were generally co-expressed in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the quail, domestic fowl and turkey, with vimentin being more strongly immunoreactive than actin and desmin in the epididymal duct unit, but more weakly immunoexpressed in the efferent ducts. Cytokeratin was present and co-expressed with actin, desmin and vimentin in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the domestic fowl and turkey, but not in the quail and duck. The periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal tissue co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin variably in all birds. Luminal spermatozoa of both the turkey and duck were immunonegative for all protein systems, whereas those of the quail and domestic fowl co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin moderately or strongly. The tissues of the reproductive tract of male birds thus contain cytoskeletal protein systems that are variably but mostly co-expressed and whose contractile ability appears necessary and sufficient for transportation through the various excurrent ducts of the voluminous testicular fluid and its high sperm content, characteristic features of male avian reproduction.     

Role of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the function of generalization in the cat

In chronic experiments on cats contribution of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the organization of the processes of generalization and abstraction was studied by means of alternation method. Electrolytic ablation of the nucleus retarded the learning and impeded the initial stages of formation of the generalization function. Mechanisms of thalamic dementia are discussed.