长时程增强效应与逆信使一氧化氮

长时程增强效应(LTP)是神经元可塑性的反映和记忆过程中神经元生理活动的指标,一氧化氮(NO)在 LTP 产生过程中,可能作为逆信使作用于突触前区,增加递质释放,维持 LTP.     

一氧化氮在糖尿病足创面修复中的研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)是一种内源性气体递质,它可在人体各种细胞、组织和器官中产生.一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)是催化NO产生的关键酶,它分为3个亚型.NO与NOS被应用于治疗糖尿病足溃疡等慢性创面,因其具有调控炎症及清除细菌感染的能力.临床可通过创面组织内源性释放或外源性补给来改变创面微环境中NO含量,从而发挥其最佳疗并效促进创...     

简单而又神秘的生物信使——NO

新近发现一氧化氮(NO)广泛分布于生物体各处,包括中枢及周边神经系统.NO 可作为突触前递质从神经末梢释放,也可作为逆信使从突触后膜释放.另外,NO还参与心血管调节、免疫调节、性行为调节等过程.NO 分子的发现为神经系统突触可塑性、神经发育及某些疾病的药物治疗等问题提供了一种可能的解释和线索.NO可能代表了一类新型的生物信使分子.     

气体递质：古老气体在植物响应温度胁迫中的新角色

9种气体分子硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide)、一氧化碳(carbon monoxide)、乙烯(ethylene)、氢气(hydrogen gas)、氨(ammonia)、甲烷(methane)、氰化氢(hydrogen cyanide)和二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide),是40亿年前地球原始大气的主要成分。如今，这些气体被认为是有机体内的气体递质(gasotransmitter),即内源气体分子。气体递质不仅参与动物呼吸、血压、学习、记忆、炎症反应等许多生理和病理过程的调控，而且在气孔运动、种子的萌发、植物生长发育及响应逆境胁迫中也起着举足轻重的作用。本文基于这9种气体递质在植物中的代谢及响应温度胁迫中的最新研究进展，归纳了它们的一般特性、合成和分解代谢及其相互联系。讨论了抗氧化系统、渗透调节系统、离子平衡系统、水平衡系统、热激蛋白(heat shock protein)、翻译后修饰(post-translational modification)和生物膜的修复与重建，在缓解温度胁迫引发的氧化胁迫、渗透胁迫、离子胁迫、水分胁迫、...     

经典递质与肽递质在电场诱发蟾蜍胃窦部收缩中的相互关系

实验采用中华大蟾蜍(Bulo gargarizans)离体胃窦部胃段,观察了经典递质之间以及经典递质与肽递质之间在电场诱发胃窦部收缩中的相互关系。结果如下:1)去甲肾上腺紊经α受体起抑制效应。乙酰胆碱的作用复杂,效应多样。2)乙酰胆碱能加强去甲肾上腺素的抑制效应。3)乙酰胆碱对肽类递质的作用具有调节怍用。4)肽类递质和乙酰胆碱均可通过去甲肾上腺素经α受体产生抑制效应。     

新生、成年和老年小鼠尾壳核、皮层运动区与脊髓中某些递质氨基酸含量的研究

用本实验室改进的超微量 DANS 反应-聚酰胺薄膜层析-荧光方法测定了新生、成年和老年小鼠尾壳核、皮层运动区和脊髓的递质氨基酸:GABA、牛磺酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和丙氨酸。实验结果表明,不同年龄小鼠中枢神经系统不同部位的“抑制性”和“兴奋性”递质氨基酸的含量不同:(1)尾壳核的“抑制性”递质 GABA 含量随年龄的增长而增加。在发育过程中“兴奋性”递质天冬氨酸、谷氨酸也显著升高,而“抑制性”递质牛磺酸含量却显著降低。老化时除 GABA 继续升高外,所测定的其他递质氨基酸皆无显著变化。(2)皮层运动区的“抑制性”递质牛磺酸和甘氨酸含量在发育过程中是降低的,而“兴奋性”递质谷氨酸显著升高。在老化时只有“抑制性”递质 GABA 继续升高。(3)脊髓的“抑制性”递质 GABA 和牛磺酸含量在发育过程中显著降低,而“兴奋性”递质天冬氨酸含量却显著升高。(4)由新生到成年,尾壳核、皮层运动区和脊髓的“抑制性”与“兴奋性”递质氨基酸总量的比值是降低的。成年小鼠的此比值近似于1,新生小鼠此比值(?)1。而老年小鼠的脊髓此比值<1。新生小鼠尾壳核的高比值可能在生物化学上反映了其在发育期的功能特点。     

中枢递质与心血管活动

本文综述了几种中枢递质对心血管活动的影响。不同的中枢递质或同一中枢递质作用于不同的部位及不同类型的受体,可产生不同的心血管效应。有些引起心血管系统兴奋,有些导致心血管活动抑制。     

大鼠不同状态脑内神经递质功率的变化

目的:分析大鼠不同状态脑内递质功率的变化。方法:本研究采用脑涨落图仪。结果:与清醒状态相比,麻醉状态脑内递质的功率显著下降(P<0.05);大鼠死亡后脑内(死亡当时-死亡后48小时)6种递质的功率都降低到10-5级别(P值均大于0.05),说明死亡后不同时间脑内6种递质的功率无显著性差异。结论:从清醒状态到麻醉状态再到死亡状态,大脑的抑制程度逐渐加深。     

植物性神经系统与内分泌对免疫应答的调节

免疫器官具有植物性神经支配,植物性神经末梢释放的递质和内分泌系统释放的激素,通过免疫活性细胞的受体影响免疫功能。递质与激素作用于细胞受体后,通过细胞内的各种转换机制:cAMP、cGMP、核内受体、ATP 酶及钙调节剂,激活免疫生物学效应。激活的免疫系统亦可产生递质或激素,影响神经系统的活动。     

硫化氢对血管平滑肌细胞的影响

在过去的二、三十年,硫化氢(H2S)被认为是继一氧化氮、一氧化碳后又一种重要的气体递质。在中枢神经系统,H2S主要作为一种神经递质,并且有着抗氧化作用,从而保护神经系统。在心血管系统,H2S通过舒张血管平滑肌、促进平滑肌细胞凋亡、抑制平滑肌细胞增殖等途径来参与高血压、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、低氧性肺动脉高压等心血管疾病的调节,从而对机体起到一种保护作用。我们主要就H2S对血管平滑肌的调节机制进行概述,阐述其在心血管疾病调节中的重要作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究

研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａ ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）、油杉属的油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ）、雪松属的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄｅｒａ）、松属的海南五针松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｆｅｎｚｅｌｉａｎａ）和大明松（Ｐ．ｔａｉｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｙａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｄａｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）５个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排     

History of the Study of Biodiversity of Photosynthetic Bacteria

The tendencies in the study of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (APB) are considered in the review in the historical aspect, from the discovery of APB till the present day. The contribution made by the researchers of the Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, to the study of the phylogeny, ecology, and morphophysiological diversity of APB is noted. At present, molecular biological approaches play a decisive role in ecology and taxonomy. The most important task at the modern stage of the development of microbiology is to maintain the continuity of the historically formed classical approaches in the study of APB diversity.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.