青海湖鸬鹚繁殖成功率初报

2000年3—8月对青海湖西山鸬鹚岛鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)不同繁殖阶段的成功率做了初步观察。鸬鹚卵的窝卵数为3．47枚,孵化率为37．9％,雏鸟成活率为61．1％,繁殖成功率为23．2％。孵化期的前3d,鸬鹚巢的损失率高达36．1％;育雏期前10d雏鸟损失率为25％。这些数据可看作鸬鹚种群-青海湖湿地生态系统的一个重要组分——动态监测的起始数据之一,可在未来进一步的比较分析中得到应用。     

红翅薮鹛滇西亚种人工孵化的初步研究

2007年4～6月对红翅薮鹛滇西亚种卵进行了人工孵化试验.入孵10枚, 受精9枚,受精率为90%; 出雏4羽, 孵化率为44%; 孵化温度为37.7℃, 相对湿度为45%～60%; 平均孵化期为15 d; 平均卵失重为0.91 g,平均失重率为19.43%; 孵化期卵的实际重量(y)与卵孵化期天数(x)的直线回归方程是y=4.792-0.054x (P<0.01).     

笼养蓝马鸡的繁殖生态与雏鸟生长发育

1984—1987年对人工饲养蓝马鸡的发情、交配、产卵、繁殖等进行了观察。65枚卵平均长度52.78×38.52毫米,平均卵重53.66克。孵化天数为25.23(25—26.13)天,受精率为60.94％,出雏率为90.94％。孵化1—7天平均每日水份散失0.24克,散失率为0.42％。8—14天平均每日水分散失0.27克,散失率为0.48％。15—21天平均每日水分散失0.24克,散失率为0.44％。22—25天平均每日水分散失0.4克,散失率为0.76％。蓝马鸡卵从入孵到出壳平均水分散失6.9克,散失率为11.89％。平均每日水分散失0.27克,散失率为0.47％。蓝马鸡卵在人工孵化期间,卵重的变化尚未见到报道。     

黑枕黄鹂繁殖生态的初步观察

1999～2001年在山西省沁水县中村地区对黑枕黄鹂的繁殖生态进行了观察。结果表明,该鸟在该为夏候鸟,种群遇见率为1．38只／km,5～8月为其繁殖期,5月底开始营巢,6月中旬产卵,窝卵数2-4枚,孵化期为16～17天,经亲鸟巢内喂育15～17天离巢,离巢后的锥鸟仍需亲鸟喂育8～10天,方可自食其力。     

栗斑腹鵐的繁殖习性

1999年5—7月,通过野外直接观测的方法,对栗斑腹鵐的繁殖过程进行了调查。结果表明：在103．78hm^2样地内共有45个巢,种群密度为0．81只／hm^2。平均窝卵数为5．09枚,孵化期为12d,孵化率为36．3％,繁殖成功率为27．7％,繁殖生产力为0．49。     

暗腹雪鸡的人工孵化技术

本文报道了暗腹雪鸡的人工孵化技术,91枚卵的平均受精率为41．76％,平均孵化率73．68％,平均孵化期27．0天,初生雏平均重48．4g。     

杂色山雀的繁殖生态

2004—2006年3—7月在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀的繁殖生态进行了观察研究。结果表明:该鸟繁殖期为3—7月,筑巢地除了树洞之外,还见在墙缝、石缝、金腰燕旧巢及电柱孔洞中筑巢,筑巢主要由雌鸟完成,雄鸟从旁协助;产卵期为5～8d,日产1枚,窝卵数为(6.92±0.92)枚(n=13);产满窝卵数后即开始孵化;孵化由雌鸟单独完成,孵化期(14.00±0.00)d(n=10),坐巢时间(570.00±11.02)min.d-1(n=9)(不含夜间),平均坐巢时间(57.00±6.75)min.次-1(n=9),雄鸟担任警卫任务,孵化期较为敏感,受到干扰易弃巢;育雏期(17.50±0.58)d(n=4),由雌雄鸟共同喂雏,雏鸟出飞后先是在亲鸟的带领下在巢周活动,之后活动范围逐渐扩展,2～3d后基本离开巢区。     

四川宝兴圈养绿尾虹雉的人工孵化技术研究

在四川宝兴蜂桶寨绿尾虹雉研究中心开展绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii卵人工孵化研究,用不同湿度孵化2组卵:梯度湿度组使用3种湿度,使卵失重率趋于15%;均衡湿度组始终使用50%～55%的湿度。观察记录卵质量、胚胎发育情况。结果显示:成功孵化雏鸟12只,孵化率70.6%,雏鸟3个月成活率100%;卵孵化期28.1～30.2 d,平均(29.5±0.6) d,卵失重率10.7%～17.6%,平均(14.0±2.0)%,啄壳时间26.1～28.3 d,平均(27.4±0.6) d,出壳持续时间36.5～58.5 h,平均(48.7±6.8) h;卵的日平均质量与孵化天数极显著负相关;梯度湿度组和均衡湿度组在卵的失重率和初始雏重上的差异有统计学意义,而啄壳时间和卵孵化期的差异无统计学意义;卵失重率越小,初始雏重越大;与家鸡Gallus gallus domesticus卵胚胎的发育特征相似。保持卵失重率10%～15%可做为绿尾虹雉卵孵化湿度设置的参考。     

南草蜥胚胎生长及物质和能量动用

用3种水热条件下(3温度×1湿度)孵化南草蜥(Takydomus sexlineatusDaudiin)卵以观测孵化卵质量变化、卵大小、孵化期、胚胎发育及孵出幼体特征。孵化过程中, 每5 d测定卵质量和大小。初生幼体称重后冰冻处死, 解剖分离为躯干、剩余卵黄和腹脂肪体, 65 ℃恒温干燥后称重。不同孵化温度对孵化期的长短有明显影响, 孵化期随孵化温度升高而缩短, 24 ℃平均41.8 d、27 ℃平均35.4 d、30 ℃平均34.0 d。卵孵化到14 d肉眼可见胚胎, 此后胚胎发育变化明显加速。孵化温度显著影响孵出幼体的质量、大小。本实验的受精卵在24 ℃、27 ℃中孵出的幼体质量较大。24 ℃、27 ℃发育的胚胎对卵黄的利用最充分, 剩余卵黄少。     

泾县野生扬子鳄卵孵化与环境关系初探

１９８４～１９８９年作者在安徽省泾县通过连续６年野生扬子鳄卵孵化状况的研究发现,鳄卵正常孵化期约８０天,影响野生鳄卵孵化率的最直接因素是温度和温度。平均巢温如在３～３１．５℃,巢内湿度在９０％～９５％间,而且保持稳定,将有利于鳄卵的正常发育。     

Biology of Triatoma flavida Neiva, 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions

The complete life cycle of Triatoma flavida, weekly fed on hens, was studied at 28+/-2 degrees C and 80+/-10% RH. Aspects related to hatching, life span, mortality and feeding behavior for each stage of its life cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed for 100 eggs was 93% with an average incubation period of 27.2 days. Sixty-two nymphs completed the cycle and the mean egg to adult development time was 230.4 days. Mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar nymphs was 22.1, 25.3, 36.7, 49.7 and 69.4 days, respectively. The number of blood meals on each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 7. The mortality rate was 6.5% for NI, 23% for NIII and 7.5% for NV nymphs. Mean number of laid eggs per female was 283.1. Adult survival rates were 344.8 +/- 256.4 days for males and 285.3 +/- 201.8 days for females.     

高黎贡山白尾梢虹雉繁殖生态观察

2002-2004年连续3个春季在高黎贡山自然保护区对白尾梢虹雉(Lophophorus sclateri)的繁殖习性进行了观察,对白尾梢虹雉的巢、卵和雏鸟进行了详细描述.在高黎贡山南段,白尾梢虹雉的产卵孵化始于3月底,止于5月初,窝卵数为2～3枚,孵卵期为28 d.窝卵数低、适宜巢址缺乏有可能是白尾梢虹雉种群增长缓慢...     

绿翅鸭繁殖生态初报

2007～2009年在黑龙江中南部地区对绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)繁殖生态习性进行了观察。绿翅鸭在黑龙江属夏候鸟,每年3月末4月初迁来,10月上旬迁离,所观察的4对绿翅鸭居留期约6个月。迁来时成群停留在湖泊及江的冰面上,开江以后散去,繁殖期间,绿翅鸭的配偶关系为一雄一雌,巢址多选择离水域较近的草丛或灌木丛中,所观察的4巢,巢都比较简单,筑巢时间为(5.5±1.0)d(n=4)。巢筑成后的(3.25±0.50)d开始产卵。每窝70～12枚不等,平均(9.80±2.21)枚(n=4)。卵重平均(28.70±0.72)g(n=39),最后一枚卵产出后(2.50±0.577)d(n=4),开始孵卵,孵卵期约为22～26 d不等,平均孵卵期为(24.25±1.17)d(n=4),平均孵化率为79.5%±29.98%。幼鸟为早成鸟,育雏期为(29.75±1.70)d。     

人工巢箱条件下白眉姬鹟的繁殖参数

2005～2006年,在吉林省左家自然保护区的次生林中,对人工巢箱条件下白眉姬鹟(Ficedulazanthopygia)的繁殖参数开展了初步研究.结果表明,人工巢箱中自眉姬鹟的窝卵数为5～7枚,平均6.0枚;卵重平均为1.6 g.卵大小平均为17.0 mm×13.1 mm.孵化期平均为13.1 d,每巢平均出雏5.4只,育雏期平均为12.8 d,每巢平均出飞雏鸟5.3只.白眉姬鹟的营巢成功率为70.0%,繁殖成功率为81.3%.     

四川南充市区珠颈斑鸠的繁殖生态学和巢址选择

2002年11月~2004年4月在四川省南充市区内对珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis)繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。结果表明:珠颈斑鸠3月初开始求偶交配,求偶行为复杂,有“婚飞”行为;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~8 d。影响巢址选择的主要因素有6种:栖位与巢周隐蔽因子、巢下隐蔽因子、光照因子、人为活动因子、食物因子和营巢树因子;窝卵数2枚,雌雄轮流孵卵,孵卵期17~18 d,孵化率86.67%;雌雄均参与育雏,育雏期18~20 d,雏离巢率73.08%,繁殖生产力1.82,种群育雏高峰期为7月和8月中上旬。     

SOME ASPECTS OF INCUBATION IN THE MANX SHEARWATER PROCELLARIA PUFFINUS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CHILLING RESISTANCE IN THE EMBRYO

1. Large-scale excavations and observations during homing experiments provided incidental data on incubation.
2. The main period (median 90%) of egg-laying is from 25 April to 20 May, of hatching from 17 June to 12 July. The median dates for these processes are 6 May and 28 June. The average incubation period is 53 days.
3. Incubation shifts are long (average 5 days) and variable, 2 to 16 days if unrelieved. Temporarily deserted eggs were only found in about 1% of undisturbed nests.
4. Nevertheless many well-developed eggs hatched after being chilled in the burrow for up to 7 days. Others remained viable for up to 13 days in the laboratory. The length of the chilling period and the stage of development at which it occurs have little effect on the proportion surviving.
5. The ecological and evolutionary significance of the faculty is considered, with a brief survey of chilling resistance in the embryos of other birds.     

Effect of heat treatment on pre-stocking of Turkey eggs and its impact on incubation and hatching

Egg stocking is used to meet housing demands in the hatchery industry. Stocking periods longer than 10 days of occur commonly, despite the fact that this practice causes productive losses during the incubation process. To minimize these losses, eggs are heated before incubation to stimulate the embryo, thereby reducing the range of birth intervals. The objective of this study was to determine whether heat treatment (37.5 °C) prior to incubation would improve hatching rates. We also determined the heat-exposure time necessary to improve productivity. We stored 5376 Nicholas pedigree eggs, aged between 40 and 51 weeks, for seven days. These eggs were distributed in three groups: groups 1 and 2 received 4 and 6 h of heat treatment, respectively; group 3 was used as control (no heat treatment, remaining at 17 °C). After heat treatment, the eggs were stored for 7 days at 17 °C, together with eggs from the control group. We found significant variation in the cumulative dispersion of birds born during the hatch window; greater numbers of birds were born in group 1 that underwent the 4-h heat treatment with a 24-h hatch window and in group 3 that underwent the 6-h heat treatment with a 12-h hatch window. Hatch rate, yolk retention and the relationship between average chick weight/average egg weight did not differ between treatments. These data suggest that heat treatment modulates the hatch window; nevertheless, the treatment did not influence the average weight the chicks, the number of chicks born, the percentage of hatching or yolk retention.     

Hatching Rate and Hatching Success with and Without Isolation of Zooplankton Resting Stages

Zooplankton resting egg banks accumulate resting stages of various zooplankton species that are active in different habitats and different periods of the year. As such, hatching of resting eggs from lake sediments may potentially be very useful in zooplankton diversity studies. In this study, we tested whether the efficiency of the cost-effective technique is increased by isolating the resting eggs from the sediment prior to incubation. Isolation of the eggs was advantageous for the overall hatching success (+26% after 36 days of incubation compared to incubation of sediment). Furthermore, isolation of resting eggs makes egg bank diversity analyses less time consuming in two ways. (1) It reduced the time needed for the eggs to hatch with on average 35%. In the isolation treatment all responsive resting eggs hatched within the first 4 weeks of incubation, while in the non-isolation treatment neither the cumulative number of macrozooplankton hatchlings nor the cumulative number of hatched cladoceran species levelled off after 36 days of incubation. (2) In contrast to the non-isolation treatment, where large differences occurred between taxa in incubation time, isolation reduced such inter-specific differences, so that even very short incubation periods kept bias within acceptable limits.     

Biology of Triatoma pallidipennis stal 1945 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae:Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Aspects related to hatching, life time, mortality, feeding behaviour and fecundity for each stage of Triatoma pallidipennis life-cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed for 200 eggs was 60% and the average time of hatching was 18 days. Eighty nymphs (N) (40%) completed the cycle and the average time from NI to adult was 168. 7+/-11.7days. The average span in days for each stage was 18.0 for NI, 18.5 for NII, 30.0 for NIII, 35.7 for NIV and 50.1 for NV. The number of bloodmeals at each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 5. The mortality rate was 9.17 for NI, 5.5 for NII, 6.8 for NIII 4.17 for NIV and 13.04 for NV nymphs. The average number of eggs laid per female in a 9-month period was 498.6. The survival rates of adults were 357+/-217.9 and 262.53+/-167.7 for males and females respectively.     

Hatching of Daphnia sexual eggs. II. The effect of age and a second stimulus

• 1 We examined the effect of age on the hatching response of Daphnia magna sexual eggs of specific families. For old eggs (>2 years), hatching characteristics were compared at two storage temperatures (4°C and 20°C). Also, the hatching response after a second dark incubation and subsequent incubation under conditions favourable for hatching was compared with that after the first stimulus.
• 2 Daphnia sexual eggs were found to remain viable for several (at least 4.5) years. The effect of age on the hatching rate was family dependent. At least in some families, hatching rate was higher for old (>2 years) than for young (<5 months) eggs. Low temperature (4°C) during dark incubation resulted in a higher hatching rate compared with incubation at 20°C.
• 3 The application of a second hatching stimulus resulted in a renewed hatching response. The overall hatching rate after the second stimulus was, however, lower than that of the first stimulus.
• 4 More than 80% of the hatchlings of young eggs appeared on Day 3 or 4, with minor between-family differences in time distribution of hatching. The timing of the response to hatching stimuli was more variable in old than in young eggs, with the average time at hatching being 6.4 instead of 4.0 days. The response to the application of hatching stimuli was also slower after the second stimulus compared with the first stimulus.