青海湖鸬鹚繁殖习性的初步观察

1999年 4～ 7月和 2 0 0 0年 3～ 8月 ,对青海湖地区的鸬鹚繁殖过程进行了观察 ,初步掌握了鸬鹚的迁移、营巢、产卵、孵卵、育雏和扩散等生态习性。结果表明 :鸬鹚每年 3月中、下旬迁来青海湖繁殖 ,两性共同营巢 ,营巢期集中在每年 4月上旬至 6月中旬 ;产卵高峰期为 4月下旬至 5月中旬。平均卵重是(5 7 5± 2 0 2 )g ,卵的大小为 67 2 9mm× 40 2mm ,平均窝卵数为 (3 61± 0 3 4)枚。鸬鹚孵卵期为 (2 8 0 7±0 5 3 )d ,孵化期间的卵重损失 (Y)与孵卵天数 (X)之间的线性回归方程为Y =0 997-0 0 0 68X(r=0 990 ,df=8,P <0 0 1 )。     

鸬鹚的繁殖习性及人工饲养

鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax）为鹈形目（Pelecaniformes）、鸬鹚科（Phalacrocoracidae）、鸬鹚属（Phalacrocorax）的鸟类,是世界各地极为常见的大型水禽,除南北极外各地均有分布。鸬鹚在世界有30种,我国有5种,为普通鸬鹚（P．carbo）、斑头鸬鹚（P.filamentosus）、黑颈鸬鹚（P．niger）、红脸鸬鹚（P．urile）和海鸬鹚（P．pelagicus）。鸬鹚在我国遍及全国,但以东南沿海各省为多,我国常见的为普通鸿虬因为它生来喜欢吃鱼,所以人们称它“鱼老鸦”。鸬鹚的全身几乎都是黑色并带有金属光泽,只有两顿和喉部是白色,但繁殖期的亲鸟,头…     

海鸬鹚繁殖习性的初步观察

1995年7月至1998年8月,在山东长岛自然保护区的车由岛进行了海鸬鹚繁殖习性的观察,初步掌握了海鸬鹚的择偶,营巢,产卵,孵化,育雏等繁殖习性,探讨了影响海颅鹚捕食的因素,并报道了海鸬鹚在山东省的繁殖区。     

杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

小型哺乳动物的繁殖投入与繁殖成功率

动物的繁殖活动关系到整个种群的生存与灭绝, 繁殖投入和繁殖成功率是繁殖生态学研究的重要内容。从繁殖投入的划分入手, 综述了小型哺乳动物的繁殖投入和繁殖成功率之间的关系及其影响因素、分子生物学技术在繁殖生态学中的应用等, 阐述了小型哺乳动物能够根据自身的状态调整每次繁殖活动中的时间投入和能量分配, 采取不同的繁殖对策。这些繁殖对策是长期自然选择的结果, 其目的都是为了最大限度地提高自身的适合度。并且指出分子生物学技术在繁殖生态学中的应用将大大加快这一研究领域的快速发展。     

新疆木垒波斑鸨的繁殖成功率

作者于 1998～ 2 0 0 0年 4～ 7月 ,采用野外直接观察、栖息地植被样方调查和无线电跟踪等方法对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotiundulatamacqueenii)种群的繁殖生态进行了初步观察与研究。考察中共发现45个巢、 84窝幼雏。研究结果表明 ,木垒波斑鸨有两个产卵高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第一次繁殖失败后可能再次产卵。雌鸟营巢成功率平均为 0 5 0 5。波斑鸨的窝卵数在 2～ 6枚之间 ,出现 4枚卵的频率最高。第一产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 4 0± 0 8枚 /窝 )大于第二产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 3 3± 0 8枚 /窝 )。木垒波斑鸨种群三年间卵孵化率分别为 0 84、 0 80和 1,繁殖成功率为 0 45 6。种群在繁殖期几乎不受人类活动干扰 ,巢卵及幼雏损失主要来自天敌捕食 ,如沙狐、大和棕尾等.     

年龄对朱鹮繁殖成功率的影响

本文对陕西洋县16年间朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)年龄对繁殖成功率的影响进行了研究,结果表明:朱鹮首次参加繁殖的平均年龄为3.89±1.40年(n=73),雌雄分别为3.64±1.36年(n=37)和4.17±1.47年(n=36),差异不显著。2-3龄亲鸟的平均窝卵数、孵化率和出飞率显著低于4-10龄的繁殖个体;>10龄繁殖个体的产卵数和卵的受精率显著降低,但雏鸟成活率较高。三个年龄组之间的繁殖成功率无显著差异(F2,146=1.963,P=0.144)。随着雌雄亲鸟年龄的增长,幼鸟的出飞率显著增加。刚参加繁殖的2龄雌性产卵数很低(2.63±0.74,n=8),至5龄时达到最大值(3.2±0.92,n=10)。6-9龄的雌雄个体产卵数量处于相对的低峰,10龄左右有所恢复(3.0±0,n=3),此后维持一个相对较低的水平(2.55±0.99,n=20)。刚参加繁殖的雄性朱鹮(2年)形成的配对卵的孵化率较低(0.67±0.29,n=3),但在第二年迅速达到高峰,而且能维持5-6年的时间。9-10年时略有下降(0.88±0.18,n=2;0.93±0.17,n=3),10年以后维持在一个较低的水平上(0.56±0.51,n=19)。     

黑熊圈养繁殖初报

1990年,都江堰市九甸坪圈养繁殖场,配种黑熊(Selenarctos thibetanus)9头,有3头产出4只幼仔。现整理报道于后。1圈舍繁殖场海拔高800m,配种期的温度在22—30℃,产仔期的温度在-2—5℃。每个单圈5m2,产仔圈9m2。运动场总面积400m2,圈内设有水池。2试验动物参加繁殖的黑熊年龄均在4岁以上,发育及体况良好,无疾病及体外寄生虫,被毛光亮。种公熊5头均为未手术熊,母熊9头,其中未手术熊3头,手术后引流胆汁熊2头,手术引流胆汁后淘汰熊4头。原在笼内关养3年以上,活动量少,缺乏阳光,于1990年4月放入繁殖圈中饲养。3发情周期与发情表现人工饲养下黑熊…     

长白山花属榛鸡繁殖成功率的研究

１９８６－１９９５年,对长白山花尾榛鸡的繁殖率进行了研究。无线电遥测的结果表明花尾榛鸡的卵化率为６５．５％,繁殖成功率为２０．９％,幼鸟成活率３７．５％。花尾榛鸡家族群的幼鸟随日增加而减少,幼鸟日龄为０－２５日时死亡率较高,２５日龄后的死亡率显著减少。     

长白山花尾榛鸡繁殖成功率的研究

１９８６～１９９５年,对长白山花尾榛鸡的繁殖率进行了研究。无线电遥测的结果表明,花尾榛鸡的孵化率为６５５％（ｎ＝５）,繁殖成功率为２０９％（ｎ＝４）,幼鸟成活率３７５％（ｎ＝３）。花尾榛鸡家族群的幼鸟数随日龄增加而减少,幼鸟日龄为０～２５日时死亡率较高,２５日龄后的死亡率显著减少。１０年花尾榛鸡的繁殖成功率指数的变化与６月的降水量及＞１ｍｍ的降水天数呈显著的负相关（Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜００２５）,说明育雏初期降水对幼鸟成活率的影响较大。     

Male reproductive success in the domestic cat (Felis catus L.): A case history

The domestic cat shows a great variability in different life history traits like its social organization, ranging from a solitary life to living in large social groups depending on environmental conditions. Until now, the mating system has not been shown to vary between populations and was described as promiscuous. Here we present data on the reproductive success of a male, which clearly show that monopolization of females by males is possible in this species.     

Reproductive and Mating Success in the Small-Mouthed Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) Estimated via Microsatellite Parentage Analysis

Bateman’s principles of sexual selection predict that the sex with “cheaper” gametes may maximize reproductive efforts by mating multiply and so display greater positive covariance between reproductive and mating success. We conducted a semi-controlled breeding experiment to genetically quantify sexual selection in adult Ambystoma texanum, a sexually monomorphic salamander with simple courtship behaviors. We used four polymorphic microsatellite loci to genotype 57 adults enclosed in a breeding wetland and compared their multilocus profiles to that of 862 embryos collected from the enclosure. The molecular data were used to assign parentage, investigate the mating system, and measure sexual selection intensity. Parentage analyses indicated 36% of dams and 93% of sires were genetically sampled via their gametes but physically unsampled, suggesting that a large number of breeders over-wintered within the enclosure and/or some females released into the enclosure were already inseminated. We used the genetic data to generate estimates of individual reproductive and mating success and we interpret these in light of salamander behavior and sexual selection theory. The incidence of multiple mating in females (86%) was considerably higher than in males (32%) and the standardized variance in mating success was significantly greater in females. The correlations between reproductive and mating success were significant and of similar magnitude between the sexes, indicating that both sexes increased reproductive success through increased mating success. This pattern may be a function of differential opportunities for mating success between the sexes. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Mating success in brood-guarding male rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris: the effect of body size

Synopsis The hypothesis that variation in a paternal trait associated with offspring survival will result in female mate choice based on that trait was tested in rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris, a temperate fresh water fish with uniparental male care. The number of eggs acquired by 108 nesting male rock bass, in Cranberry Lake (New York State, U.S.A.), was estimated in two different spawning episodes that differed in the size structure of the nesting male stock. Early breeders (between the 4–7 June 1989) were mainly medium and large males (101–300 g), as compared to late breeders (between the 19–21 June 1989) which were mostly small (50–100 g). Because survival of larvae in rock bass is significantly lower in nests guarded by small males as compared to nests guarded by medium and large males, it was hypothesized that female mate choice should have been (1) size-based, and (2) more intense late in the season when the nesting stock was comprised mostly of small males. The results were consistent with these hypotheses. Variation in egg numbers per nest was significantly higher during the late spawning episode. In addition, egg number per nest were normally distributed during the early spawning episode, but were positively skewed and leptokurtic during the later episode. The correlation between male size and egg number was significant for both spawning episodes. However, during the late episode male size explained 23% of the variation in egg numbers versus only 8% of the variation during the earlier episode.     

How Many Children Can One Man Have?

Because a man’s reproductive capacity in unfettered by pregnancy, lactation amenorrhea, or child care, it generally is assumed that an individual man could have considerably more offspring than an individual woman. The point often is illustrated by comparing the most prolific man and woman in history. This article re-examines the case of the man claimed to be the world’s most prolific father in the light of women’s reproductive strategies and suggests he is unlikely to have fathered all the children attributed to him. Although it is indisputable that where polygamy is commonplace men show a greater variation in reproductive success, except for those few instances in history when men acquired extensive harems, it is unlikely that the extreme ranges of male and female reproductive success were ever very different.     

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔的繁殖特征

2002年4月至8月,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站附近,采用标志重捕法对高原鼠免的繁殖特征进行了研究。高原鼠兔的繁殖具有明显的季节性差异,4月下旬和5月为繁殖高峰期,雄性的睾丸重而饱满,雌性的怀孕率最大。雄性成体的体重和睾丸重在繁殖期的不同时段具有显的差异,在4月11日至5月10日、6月11日至7月10日体重和睾丸重之间呈显正相关。雌性怀孕早期胚胎数与临产前胚胎数没有显差异,未发现胚胎吸收现象;同时,胚胎数在繁殖期的不同时段存在显差异。采用种群统计学中同生群的划分方法,将5～8月份出生的幼体依次记为L1、L2、L3、L4。在出生后20天内L1、L2幼体存活率明显高于L3、L4;在从出生50天至80天期间L4的存活率显高于L2。当年出生的雌雄幼体在发育上存在不同步现象,当年出生的雌性幼体性成熟早,有的可以直接参加繁殖,但当年出生的雄性幼体却无此现象。结果表明：在海北地区,经过综合治理后,高原鼠兔的生境发生改变,其繁殖策略也随之发生改变,即,减少每次繁殖活动的投入,增加繁殖次数,延长繁殖时间。     

Reproductive success of wild Lesser Rheas (Pterocnemia -Rhea- pennata pennata) in north-western Patagonia, Argentina

We studied the reproductive success of a wild Lesser Rhea population (Pterocnemia -Rhea- pennata pennata) during two reproductive seasons (2004/2005 and 2005/2006) in north-western Patagonia, Argentina. The parameters recorded included population and nest density, clutch size, hatching success, chick survival (up to 3 months of age) and percentage of chicks that reached the juvenile stage after the winter. We also estimated the percentage of males that attempted to nest and of those that were successful (those producing at least one chick), daily nest mortality rates (DNMR) at different stages of the nesting cycle and the probability that an egg that has been recently laid will produce a chick. On average, both years pooled, the density of this population of Lesser Rheas was 1.55 ± 0.2 individuals/km² (SE), nest density was 0.17 ± 0.04 per km ² , clutch size was 20.8 ± 6.4 eggs, hatching success was 74.4% ± 11.3, Mayfield’s probability of an egg that will produce a chick was 0.64, chick survival was 65.4% ± 14.5 and percentage of chicks that reached the juvenile stage was 26.3%. Nearly a quarter of Lesser Rhea males in the population attempted to nest during a breeding season, and the DNMR was significantly higher during the laying stage (most nest failures were due to anthropogenic disturbances related to livestock raising activities). Nesting success, hatching success, and chick survival of Lesser Rheas were higher than those of their most closely related species, the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana), whereas the percentage of chicks that reached the juvenile stage was similar due to high winter mortalities of chicks. We suggest that the increase in reproductive effort is a strategy of this species to overcome environmental constraints.     

Offspring growth, survival and reproductive success in the bank vole: a litter size manipulation experiment

To estimate the optimality of brood size, it is essential to study the effects of brood size manipulation on offspring survival and reproductive success. Moreover, testing the generality of the hypothesis of reproductive costs requires experimental data from a diversity of organisms. Here I present data on the growth, survival and reproductive success of bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus individuals from manipulated litters. Furthermore, the survival of mothers whose litter size was manipulated was studied. At weaning, the mean weight of pups from enlarged litters was lower and from reduced litters higher compared to control litters. After winter, at the start of the breeding season, individuals from enlarged litters, especially males, were still lighter than individuals from the other two treatments. Litter enlargements did not increase the number of reproducing female offspring per mother, nor did the litter sizes of female offspring differ between treatments. There were no differences between treatments in winter survival of offspring after weaning, but among female offspring, weaning weight explained the survival probabilities over winter. A higher weight of females at winter determined the probability of starting to reproduce in spring. The survival of mothers did not seem to be influenced by litter manipulation performed the previous year. According to the results, mothers nursing enlarged or reduced litters do not gain any fitness benefits in terms of number of offspring surviving to breeding. The results are consistent with the majority of experiments conducted in birds, which have found costs of enlarged brood appearing as offspring trade-offs rather than parent trade-offs. Received: 14 December 1997 / Accepted: 1 March 1998