山西高原植物与气候的关系分析及植被数量区划的研究

本文利用去势典范对应分析和数量区划的方法,研究了山西高原植被与气候之间的关系,并进行了数量区划,排序的结果表明：ＤＣＣＡ的第一轴代表山西高原植被和气候梯度的纬向性,热量梯度是决定植被分布最主要的气候因子,水分梯度中的年降水量也对第一轴有较大的影响,由于山西高原南北跨度大,植被与气候因子表现明显的纬向性;ＤＣＣＡ第二轴代表山西高原植被和气候梯度的经向性;与ＤＣＣＡ第二轴相关性较大的是水分因子中的年降     

黄土高原地区植被与气候的关系

利用地理信息系统技术结合典范对应分析和数量区划的方法。研究了黄土高原地区植被与气候之间的关系。排序结果表明：CCA的第一轴代表黄土高原植被和气候梯度的纬向变化,水分梯度是决定植被分布的最主要气候因子,热量梯度中的全年月平均最低气温、月平均最高气温、年均温也对植被的纬向性分布有较大的影响,黄土高原植被与气候梯度表现出明显的纬向性;CCA的第二轴代表黄土高原植被和气候梯度的经向性变化,热量梯度是决定植被经向性分布的最主要气候因子,水分梯度中的全年最大蒸散量对植被的经向性分布有较大的影响。黄土高原植被与气候梯度表现出明显的经向分布规律性。     

山西高原植被与土壤分布格局关系的研究

利用ＣＣＡ、ＤＣＣＡ等多元分析方法,在景观尺度上对山西高原植被与土壤分布格局之间的关系进行了分析,所得结论表明：纬向上主要是栗褐土、褐土、风沙土和栗钙土与植被的变化格局相关性较强,由于山西高原南北跨度大,土壤和植被格局纬向变化趋势的一致性十分明显;黄绵土、栗钙土、山地草甸土与植被的经向分布格局密切相关,由于山西高原东西向跨度较小,且大部分地区处于吕梁山与太行山之间,植被和土壤的经向格局梯度不明显;随海拔高度的增加,棕壤、山地草甸土、亚高山草甸土与山西高原植被的垂直分布格局相平行,由于山西高原相对高差较大,这种趋势也非常明显。综合分析还表明了气候、土壤与植被格局的一致性,也反映了地貌对其分布格局的影响     

历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落植被格局及环境解释

应用TWINSPAN、DCA和DCCA,从植物种,植物群落与环境的生态关系方面,研究历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落的植被分布格局,并给予合理的环境解释。结果如下：（1）采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为9个群落类型。（2）对于特定的研究区域猪尾沟,制约森林群落类型,植物种分布格局的主要因素是海拔梯度,即水、热两个环境因子。（3）DCCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义,第一轴基本上突出反映了各植物群落所在环境的海拔梯度,即热量因素,沿第一轴从左到右,海拔逐渐升高,植物群落或植物种对热量要求降低;第二轴主要表现了各植物群落或植物种所在环境的坡度,坡向,即水分和光照因素,沿第二轴从下到上,坡度渐缓,坡向渐向阳。     

中国东北西部地区沙质荒漠化过程与植被动态关系的生态学研究：植被的排序

根据东北沙质荒漠化地质呼伦贝尔沙地,科尔沁沙地的72个沙地植物群落样地,276种植物的调查数据进行DCA排序,排序结果充分反映了沙地植被与地理因子,气候因子,地形因子,水文因子,干扰因子的关系,DCA排序的第1轴反映沙地植被分布的水分梯度;第2轴反映土壤梯度;第4轴主要反映热量梯度;DCA的1、4轴排序图和1,2,4轴排序图,反映沙地植被与沙质荒漠化的生态规律,采用定性因子评价赋值与定量因子相结合的方法,经双重筛选逐步回归分析,建立了沙地植被DCA排序坐标与地理,气候,地形,水文,干扰等诸多生态因子的线性回归模型。     

哀牢山东、西两侧植被NDVI指数和植被类型与主要环境因子的相关性分析

以哀牢山南段为研究区域,利用遥感植被信息、气候数据以及DEM基础资料,对哀牢山东、西两侧植被的NDVI指数和不同植被类型与主要环境因子的相关性进行分析.研究结果表明,哀牢山东、西两侧山地植被的NDVI指数与海拔的相关性最大,与气温、降水量和太阳总辐射量也有一定的相关性,与坡度和坡向的相关性最小.哀牢山东、西两侧的植被NDVI指数都与年均最低温和年均最高温呈负相关,且东侧区域的相关性大于西侧,表明极值气温对东侧区域的植被影响更大.在哀牢山东、西两侧研究区内共有9种植被类型,以稀树灌木草丛为主要植被类型,分别占各自区域面积的40.59%和35.82%;西侧森林植被中常绿部分所占比重高于东侧.相对于东侧区域,哀牢山西侧区域的海拔偏高、气温偏低、降水量较多、太阳总辐射量较大、植被覆盖度较高.总之,基于地形对水热因子空间再分配的影响作用,哀牢山山脉两侧的气候和植被特征具有较大差异.     

植被气候关系与我国的植被分区(英文)

气候制约着植被的地理分布 ,植被是区域气候特征的反映和指示 ,两者之间存在密不可分的联系。揭示植被与气候之间的关系是正确认识植被分布的前提 ,是进行植被区划的理论基础。植被区划是植被研究的归纳和总结 ,是其他自然地理区划和农林业区划的基础。本文在简要回顾中国植被气候关系及植被分区的研究历史的基础上 ,对我国以往的主要植被分区原则、依据和方案进行了评述 ,对有争议的主要植被界线进行了讨论。我们认为 ,在当今我国大部分地区的原生植被已遭到破坏的现实情况下 ,根据原生植被及其衍生植被类型的分布 ,确定其分布与限制性气候因子的关系 ,以此来进行植被带 (区 )的划分 ,不仅反映植被气候间密不可分的关系 ,在实践上也便于操作。尽管在一些植被带的命名、具体界线的划定上有分歧 ,但最近的中国植被分区方案大都认为我国基本的植被区有 8至 9个 ,即针叶林、针阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林以及雨林季雨林、草原、荒漠以及高寒植被。通过分析主要植被带附近的植被、气候等特征 ,本文认为 ,1)秦岭淮河线是一条重要的水分气候带 ,而不是温度带 ,不是亚热带植被的北界 ;2 )我国亚热带植被的北界基本上沿长江北岸 ,从杭州湾经太湖、安徽宣城、铜陵经大别山南坡到武汉     

黄河三角洲植被空间分布特征及其环境解释

为了解黄河三角洲地区植被空间分布与环境因子之间的关系,通过局地植被样方调查、区域遥感影像提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)及地形高度、地下水位埋深、表层土壤Cl~-含量等环境数据采集,综合样地植被与环境数据进行了除趋势对应分析(DCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA),并对区域NDVI与主要环境变量进行了单因子相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果显示:DCA排序可将黄河三角洲植被分为翅碱蓬、柽柳-翅碱蓬、芦苇-柽柳、芦苇4个主要群落类型(群丛),DCCA与DCA排序图总体相似,但DCCA更清晰地表明其第一轴主要代表的是潜水Cl~-浓度等关键水盐因子,且随着水土环境系统盐分含量的减小,群落由翅碱蓬逐渐向芦苇演变。区域典型植被群落和NDVI分布格局与变化趋势受地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度2个环境因素影响较大(NDVI与2个环境变量间建立的二元回归方程R~2=0.57),而土壤Cl~-含量的植被效应实际上受地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度的影响。在区域地下水普遍浅埋条件下,地下水成为影响植被生长与分布的生态环境最敏感要素,而地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度是这一要素中的2个关键因子,尤其是后者梯度变化对天然植被分布格局起重要的控制作用。     

1981-2013华北平原气候时空变化及其对植被覆盖度的影响

基于1981—2013年华北平原气象数据,对华北平原近30a的气候时空变化趋势与突变情况进行分析,并结合GIMMSNDVI(1981—2006年)和MODIS-NDVI(2000—2013年)遥感数据,探讨气候突变影响下,华北平原1981—2013年植被覆盖度的空间分布和变化特征。结合生态学分区,从不同时空尺度出发,分析华北平原不同生态分区内气候因子与植被覆盖度在年代际、年际和月变化的相关关系。结果发现:(1)1981—2013年,华北平原气温整体呈现显著上升趋势(0.20℃/10a,P0.01),春季气温的升高、15℃等温线控制范围的扩大和年均温0℃等值线在华北平原的消失,是区域平均气温升高的诱因。华北平原降水整体呈现显著减少趋势(-1.75mm/10a,P0.05),其中秋季降水量减少过快,400—600mm降水等值线控制范围的扩大、600—800mm和800—1000mm降水等值线的范围的缩小,共同造成区域降水量的减少。四季气候倾向率的特征变化敏感区域主要位于北纬35°—39°之间。1991—1994年为华北平原气候的突变时期。(2)华北平原植被覆盖度总体呈现上升的趋势,呈增加趋势的面积占总面积的55%。人类活动不仅加速了区域植被覆盖度的降低,也加剧了降低速率的变快。(3)总体上,研究区月尺度植被覆盖度与气候因子的相关性高于年尺度的值。植被覆盖度与年降水量的偏相关性高于其与年均温的偏相关性。年均温对农业生态区和森林生态区的植被覆盖度的影响更大,草原生态区的植被覆盖度对年降水量的依赖性更强。在月尺度上降水量对植被的影响具有时滞效应。气温对草原生态区具有时滞效应,降水量对农业生态区具有时滞效应。(4)华北平原干热化的气候突变降低了植被覆盖度的增加趋势。从植被覆盖度出发,草原生态区对气候突变的响应最明显;从变化速率角度出发,农田生态区的响应最明显。就整体而言,人类活动的影响力还在持续增强,且呈现出在退化区的作用力高于改善区的趋势。气候突变后,出现了人类活动在植被覆盖度的改善区的相对作用力高于退化区的变化。     

基于NPP的黄南州自然植被对气候变化的响应

利用GLOPEM NPP1981—2000年的数据集和同期气候资料,分析了青海省黄南州4县植被生产力和气候变化趋势,计算了NPP与气候因子的相关系数,探讨了影响植被变化的主要气候因子。结果表明:黄南州4县NPP均呈80年代显著增加、90年代波动减少的趋势,总体上尖扎县和同仁县NPP略有减少,泽库县和河南县有所增加;80和90年代,北部气候变化分别呈湿暖化和干暖化,南部则相反。降水量是决定尖扎县NPP年际变化的主要气候因子,而河南县NPP则与气温的相关性更强;河南县降水利用率显著增加,尖扎县、同仁县和泽库县3县略有增加;4—5月降水量对4县NPP具有明显的制约作用,做好春季人工增水是提高植被生产力的有效途径之一。建议在进行植被恢复时,黄南州北部和南部应分别注重增水和保温工作。     

Relationships between vegetation and climate on the Loess Plateau in China

The Loess Plateau is one of the most environmentally sensitive regions in China. This study addresses the relationships between vegetation and climate of this area quantitatively at a large-scale, in order to determine the factors that control vegetation distribution. The Loess Plateau, located at 101°01′–155°10′ E and 34°02′–40°40′ N, covers an area of 52 million hectares. Vegetation data were collected from the vegetation map (1:500,000) and the Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes of the Loess Plateau. The Loess Plateau was divided into small districts of 30′ latitude by 30′ longitude on the vegetation map. In each district, areas with different vegetation were measured and used as vegetation data. The climatic data were average values of county meteorological records in each district in the past 25 years. GIS, TWINSPAN and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were employed for analysis. 257 small districts were clustered into 7 groups using TWINSPAN, representing 7 vegetation regions or subregions. The first three CCA axes had significant correlations with climate. The first CCA axis represented the variation of vegetation and climate along the latitude gradient, while the second CCA axis the variation along the longitude gradient. The distribution pattern of 171 vegetation formations on the CCA plot is identical to that of vegetation regions (districts). The spatial distribution of vegetation is closely related to climate variables on the Loess Plateau. Water variables and temperature are important in both latitude and longitude gradients, while the sunshine hours, accumulated temperature and wind speed are more important than water variables and temperature in longitude gradients.     

拉萨河流域植物群落的数量分类与排序

青藏高原植物群落空间分异格局是异质生境条件下物种性状、种间相互作用等生态学过程共同作用的结果,对其分析有助于深入理解群落形成与环境因子之间的关系。基于拉萨河流域自然植被样带调查,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)等方法,探讨了群落的结构组成及影响其结构分异的主导环境因子。结果表明:(1) TWINSPAN数量分类将拉萨河流域草地系统划分成12个群系类型,即圆叶合头菊+唐古拉翠雀花群系;紫花针茅群系;青藏臺草群系;雪层杜鹃+鲜卑花-西藏嵩草群系;高山嵩草群系;小叶金露梅群系;硬叶柳+杯腺柳群系;水栒子+拱枝绣线菊-高山嵩草群系;绢毛蔷薇-冷蒿+白草群系;大果圆柏-垂穗披碱草群系;铺地柏-藏橐吾+高原荨麻群系;醉鱼草+砂生槐群系。12种群系类型包含了较多的植被类型,包括高寒灌丛草甸、高寒灌丛草原、稀树草原、高寒草甸和高寒草原等。(2) CCA排序表明:影响拉萨河流域植物群系分布的主要环境因子是年均温度、海拔和经度和纬度,其次是年均降雨量。(3) TWINSPAN分类与CCA排序结合反映了群系分布格局变异与环境因子之间的关系,可为拉萨河流域草地的保护和可持续利用,以及相关的植被群落研究提供参考。     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

四川茂县土地岭大熊猫走廊带植被恢复格局及其与干扰的关系

通过样带调查和TWINSPAN、DCCA分析,从植物种、植物群落及其多样性与环境关系方面,研究了岷江上游土地岭大熊猫走廊带恢复植被的干扰状况。结果表明：应用TWINSPAN分类,并结合优势种组成、干扰状况分析及DCCA排序,可将植被划分为6个群落类型,同时划分出响应型、迟钝型、中度干扰忍耐型和重度干扰忍耐型4类干扰响应的植物类型。以样方物种和以样方多样性指数的DCCA分析结果基本一致,物种及群落的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,反映其与环境因子间的密切关系。DCCA排序图上,海拔差、坡形、与公路距离、坡度及道路条数对群落和物种分布有明显的影响,与干扰相关性最大的坡度、样地道路数目、与公路间的距离3个因子反映了植被的干扰梯度。干扰对土地岭恢复植被影响显著,干扰降低了群落的物种多样性,同时阻碍了演替进程。     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

High-Andean vegetation and environmental gradients in northwestern Patagonia,Argentina

Abstract. We analysed the heterogeneity of high-elevation vegetation on three mountains along a west-east transect at 41 °S lat. in the Andes of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In this area, high-Andean vegetation occurs as islands on mountain tops above Nothofagus pumilio forests ? with the timberline at ca. 1700 m a.s.l. We recorded floristic, topographic and substrate data in 166 sites stratified according to longitude, altitude, slope and aspect. Vegetation data were classified with TWINSPAN and ordinated with Detrended Correspondence Analysis. The relationship between environmental and floristic variation was analysed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. In order of importance, geographical longitude, altitude and aspect were the major determinants of vegetation variation, whereas substrate texture and slope appeared less important. The combination of these factors resulted in two main vegetation gradients. The first gradient is related to a moisture availability gradient, primarily determined by longitude and secondarily to variation in wind exposure (east vs. west aspect). The second vegetation gradient is related to variation in temperature, primarily determined by altitude, and secondarily by variation in insolation related to the contrast between north and south aspects. The four communities obtained with TWINSPAN are therefore associated with four characteristic habitat types: moist-cold, moist-warm, dry-cold and dry-warm. The community of warm and dry environments is the richest and has elements in common with dry steppe communities situated at lower elevations to the east, while the vegetation of the cold-moist habitat type has unique elements that are typical of the southern Andes. Although current climatic factors appear to be the major determinants of high-Andean vegetation gradients, historical events of Pleistocene times probably also affected the vegetation patterns we see today.