黄河三角洲典型植被与地下水埋深和土壤盐分的关系

土壤盐分和地下水埋深是影响黄河三角洲植被发育和分布的重要因素.本文通过野外调查与统计分析,研究了黄河三角洲区域典型植被(翅碱蓬 柽柳、刺槐、芦苇和棉花)、地下水埋深、土壤盐分之间的关系.结果表明: 研究区地下水埋深显著影响土壤盐分,平均影响系数为0.327,地下水埋深在0.5～1.5 m的土壤盐渍化最严重;整个研究区内植被发育较差,其中,研究区78%面积的归一化植被指数(NDVI)<0.4,地下水埋深、土壤盐分对天然植被分布有显著影响;土壤盐分对研究区翅碱蓬-柽柳、刺槐、芦苇及棉花NDVI的影响显著,地下水埋深对翅碱蓬-柽柳NDVI的影响显著,对芦苇、棉花、刺槐NDVI的影响不显著.     

黄河三角洲湿地草本植被的双变量主坐标排序

利用双向指示种（TWINSPAN）分类技术将黄河三角洲湿地草本植被划分为7个群落类型,然后应用双变量主坐标分析（double principal coordinate analysis, DPCoA）法对其进行排序,结果表明：在物种组成上,芦苇＋盐地碱蓬群落为芦苇群落和盐地碱蓬＋芦苇群落、盐地碱蓬群落、盐地碱蓬＋补血草＋碱蓬群落、补血草群落的过渡类型,而芦苇＋穗状狐尾藻群落与其他群落类型差异较大;黄河三角洲湿地草本植被的分布主要与土壤因子中的土壤盐分、土壤pH等紧密相关,而与土壤全磷、全氮、有机质等养分无显著相关关系。将DPCoA和其他一些常用的植被排序方法进行了比较,相对于主分量分析（PCA）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）而言,DPCoA信息保留量更高,能够将物种组成和类别上较为接近的植物群落聚集在一起,而将差异较大的植物群落在排序图中分散开来,在揭示群落间相互关系以及植被与环境之间关系上可能更为有效。     

黄河河口盐沼植被分布、多样性与土壤化学因子的相关关系

以黄河河口盐沼实地调查的67个样地19个植物种的重要值,运用双向指示种分析将黄河河口盐沼植被分为柽柳-翅碱蓬+补血草+碱蓬群落、翅碱蓬群落、柽柳-芦苇+翅碱蓬群落、芦苇群落、穗状狐尾藻+芦苇群落和旱柳-芦苇+荻群落.利用典范对应分析(CCA)分析了土壤盐分、pH、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、全氮、全磷、全碳、有机质等11个土壤化学因子与黄河河口盐沼植被分布的相关关系.CCA排序结果表明,土壤盐分和土壤pH是影响黄河河口盐沼植被分布的主要土壤化学因子.CCA排序第一轴与土壤盐分呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001),第二轴主要和土壤pH呈显著负相关关系(P<0.001).柽柳-翅碱蓬+补血草+碱蓬群落排列于排序图的右上部,与生境土壤中高含盐量及中等pH相对应,穗状狐尾藻+芦苇群落和芦苇群落分布于第一排序轴的最左端,主要与土壤低含盐量相关,翅碱蓬群落位于第二排序轴的下侧, 与较高的土壤pH相关,柽柳-芦苇+翅碱蓬群落和旱柳-芦苇+荻群落,土壤pH和盐分均较低.通过物种丰富度R、香农维纳多样性H′、物种均匀度E等指数与土壤化学因子的相关分析,发现黄河河口盐沼植物物种多样性与土壤盐分没有呈现出与土壤盐分很好的负相关关系,物种丰富度R、香农维纳多样性H′、物种均匀度E均与土壤盐分呈现显著正相关关系;R、H′与土壤pH呈现出十分显著的负相关关系; R、H′与土壤Ca2+、Mg2+含量呈现极为显著正相关关系.     

黄河三角洲湿地水盐影响下灌草群落的物种多样性研究

采用样地调查方法, 研究了黄河三角洲滨海湿地灌草群落的物种多样性及其与地下水埋深、土壤盐分之间的关系, 结果表明: 湿地灌草可划分为5 种群丛类型, 分别为(A)碱蓬+芦苇群丛, (B)柽柳-碱蓬群丛, (C)芦苇+碱蓬群丛,(D)芦苇群丛, (E)蒙古鸦葱群丛; 其中, 芦苇+碱蓬群丛具有较高的物种多样性与丰富度, 而柽柳-碱蓬群丛物种丰富度与多样性相对较低; 回归分析表明物种多样性与地下水埋深、土壤全盐量存在明显的线性关系, 随着地下水埋深的增加物种多样性为增长趋势, 反之随着土壤全盐量的增加物种多样性逐渐减少, 可用多元线性回归表明三者的关系为y=0.122+0.005X1-0.001X2。     

鄱阳湖湿地地下水埋深及其与典型植被群落分布的关系

地下水位直接影响土壤含水量,进而影响湿地植被生长、分布和演替。本研究以鄱阳湖湿地为研究区,基于2014—2018年地下水位野外定点观测数据,分析湿地地下水年内与年际动态变化特征,构建鄱阳湖湿地地下水数值模型,分析地下水流场空间特征以及地下水埋深分布,结合高斯回归方法分析地下水埋深与典型植被分布之间的关系。结果表明: 年内洲滩湿地地下水位呈明显的动态变化,且地下水位与湖水位变化高度一致。地下水埋深年内变化与降水量季节性分布之间存在1个月的滞后。年际洲滩湿地地下水位由上游向下游呈减小趋势,且上游洲滩湿地地下水埋深变幅较小(0.1～1.1 m),下游洲滩湿地地下水埋深变幅较大(0.1～5.6 m)。研究区地下水流场由上游丘陵地区指向下游地势相对平坦的湖区,其流向与地形高程变化一致。研究区平均地下水埋深为2.07 m,且由远湖区至近湖区,地下水埋深不断减小。苔草、芦苇、茵陈蒿群落生长的最适地下水埋深分别为1.1、3.7、5.7 m;典型植被的分布对地下水埋深梯度的响应差异显著;茵陈蒿群落的生态幅宽大于苔草和芦苇群落;3种植被群落在地下水埋深1.1～5.7 m范围内出现生态位重叠现象,其中,苔草植被分布指数迅速减小,芦苇植被分布指数先增大后减小,茵陈蒿植被分布指数持续增至最大值,在地下水埋深达到5.7 m后开始减小。     

基于MaxEnt模型的黄河三角洲滨海湿地优势植物群落潜在分布模拟

采用千米网格的方法,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地进行土壤采样和植被群落调查,利用MaxEnt模型和GIS空间分析技术,模拟该地区优势物种的潜在分布,定量分析优势物种的主导环境影响因子及其生态位参数.结果表明: 黄河三角洲滨海湿地的优势物种为柽柳、芦苇和盐地碱蓬.影响柽柳、芦苇和盐地碱蓬潜在分布的主导环境因子分别为硝态氮、盐分、坡度、镁、海拔和铵态氮,硝态氮、盐分、全磷、pH、海拔和铵态氮,硝态氮、盐分和铵态氮.黄河三角洲滨海湿地优势物种的存在概率与盐分呈正相关,与其他主导环境影响因子呈负相关.黄河三角洲滨海湿地优势物种的潜在核心适生区主要分布在滨海地区,芦苇的分布范围较柽柳和盐地碱蓬更广泛.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区典型植物群落物种组成及多样性梯度变化

以黄河三角洲自然保护区典型湿地群落为研究对象,探讨其物种组成及物种多样性的梯度变化规律。结果表明,从芦苇－香蒲群落到翅碱蓬群落梯度上：（1）群落物种丰富度呈波动性变化,旱柳－芦苇－白茅群落的物种丰富度最高,其次是芦苇－柽柳－翅碱蓬群落、芦苇－香蒲群落、柽柳－翅碱蓬群落,翅碱蓬群落的物种丰富最低;（2）群落的α多样性的变化格局与丰富度的变化格局不太一致,其中Shannon-Winner多样性指数与Pelou均匀度指数表现为波动性的下降趋势,而Simpson优势度指数则表现为波动性的上升趋势;（3）群落的β多样性变化格局也不完全相同,其中相异性系数呈波动性降低趋势,Copy指数则表现为先升高再降低的变化趋势。黄河三角洲典型湿地植物群落组成和物种多样性的梯度变化主要与生境变化有关。     

新疆呼图壁盐化草甸群落的DCA, CCA及DCCA分析

 本文应用DCA、CCA及DCCA排序技术对新疆呼图壁盐化草甸群落进行了分析。分析中选取了地下水位、粘土层出现深度、粘土层厚度、地下水pH值及地下水矿化度5个环境因子;同时为了分析空间格局对植被分异影响的大小,建立了样地空间坐标矩阵。结果表明：地下水位和地下水的pH值是引起植被分异的两个主要因素,空间格局对植被分异的影响大于环境因子对植被分异的影响。     

草原露天煤矿区植被对地下水位埋深变化的响应

草原采矿活动疏排地下水导致区域地下水位下降,植被退化严重。明确草原采矿活动影响区域地下水位埋深的强度和范围,确定影响植被生长的地下水位埋深阈值,对草原矿区生态环境保护有着重要意义。以呼伦贝尔草原伊敏露天煤矿为例,利用遥感方法,建立采矿前后区域地下水埋深变化与NDVI的定量响应关系;通过样方调查,确定研究区植被群落随地下水位埋深变化的演替模式,分析草原矿区地下水位变化对草原植被类型、物种丰富度、植被覆盖度、地上生物量和综合优势比的影响;结合两种方法,确定维持研究区植被正常生长的地下水位埋深阈值。其结果如下：从柴达敏诺尔湖至采坑边缘,地下水位埋深从0 m逐渐下降至60 m,植被群落演替为盐化草地→典型草原→退化典型草原→退化草甸草原→盐化草甸草原;研究区最适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深约为1 m;1-30 m为维持研究区植被正常生长的阈值地下水位埋深。最后根据以上结论,将研究区划分为地下水开发的一级敏感区、二级敏感区和三级敏感区,针对不同敏感区提出了不同的地下水开发政策,以防止采矿活动疏排地下水引起草原退化。     

博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植被数量分类与排序

应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)方法对湿地植物群落进行分类,采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对群落进行排序,以明确博斯腾湖湖滨湿地的主要植物群落类型及影响植被类型变化和分布的主要环境因子。结果表明,博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植被可分为7个主要群丛,分别为长苞香蒲(Ass.Typha angustata)、芦苇+长苞香蒲(Ass.Phragmites australis+Ty.angustata)、芦苇+水烛(Ass.P.australis+Ty.Angustifolia)、多枝柽柳-芦苇(Ass.Tamarix ramosissima-P.australis)、胡杨-多枝柽柳(Ass.Populus euphratica-Ta.ramosissima)、旱柳-多枝柽柳(Ass.Salix matsudana-Ta.ramosissima)和多枝柽柳(Ass.Ta.ramosissima),它们分布于湖滨浅水带、湖滨沼泽带、湖岸乔灌林带和旱生灌丛带;TWINSPAN分类产生的7个主要群丛在DCA排序图上被很好地反映出来。CCA排序与DCA排序结果基本一致,说明土壤含水量和土壤总含盐量是决定该地区植被分布格局的主要环境因子。博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植被种类单一,生态结构简单,水盐动态及其相互作用是影响该地区植被分布的主要因素之一。因此,在对博斯腾湖湖滨湿地进行植被保护与重建过程中,需重点考虑土壤含水量和土壤总含盐量这2个主要环境因子的影响,合理开发、利用水资源,防止土壤盐渍化的发生。     

Life on the edge – to which degree does phreatic water sustain vegetation in the periphery of the Taklamakan Desert?

Questions: Do the vegetation‐specific patterns in the forelands of river oases of the Taklamakan Desert provide clues to the degree to which a vegetation type depends on unsaturated soil moisture, brought about by extensive floodings, or phreatic water? Location: Foreland of the Qira oasis on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Methods: A vegetation map was prepared using a SPOT satellite image and ground truthing. Measurements of soil water contents were obtained from a flooding experiment and transformed into water potentials. Sum excedance values were calculated as the percentage of days on which different thresholds of soil water potentials were transgressed. Groundwater depth was mapped by drilling 30 groundwater holes and extrapolating the distances to the whole study area. Results: The vegetation was characterized by only six dominant or codominant species: Alhagi sparsifolia, Karelinia caspia, Populus euphratica, Tamarix ramosissima, Calligonum caput‐medusae and Phragmites australis. The vegetation patterns encountered lacked any linear features typical of phreatophytes, thus not allowing direct conclusions on the type of the sustaining water sources. Soil water potentials never transgressed a threshold of pF 5 (?10 MPa) in horizons above the capillary fringe during periods without inundation, thus representing water not accessible for plants. Depth to the groundwater ranged between 2.3 and 17.5 m among plots and varied between 1.7 and 8.0 m within a plot owing to dune relief. The seven main vegetation types showed distinct niches of groundwater depths, corresponding to the observed concentric arrangement of vegetation types around the oasis. Conclusions: Inundation by flooding and unsaturated soil moisture are irrelevant for the foreland vegetation water supply. Although distances to the groundwater table can reach about 20 m, which is exceptionally large for phreatophytes, groundwater is the only water source for all vegetation types in the oasis foreland. In consequence, successful maintenance of oasis foreland vegetation will crucially depend on providing non‐declining ground water tables.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区湿地植被生物量空间分布及其影响因素

以黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究区域,以野外实测湿地植被地上生物量数据、Landsat-8影像数据和土壤各因子检测数据为数据源,通过分析各遥感因子与实测植被生物量的相关关系,建立生物量模型,进行生物量的定量反演。通过研究生物量与土壤、水环境因子的关系,筛选影响生物量的关键因子,进而分析生物量的空间分布规律。结果表明:湿地植被地上生物量的干重与各遥感因子的相关性较高;以NDVI、EVI、MSAVI、DVI、RVI、Band1、Band2、Band3、Band4、Band6共10个因子作为自变量建立的反演模型最优;反演计算的生物量干重分为5个等级区,最低的1级区和最高的5级区面积较小,为82.23、72.16 km2,分别占研究区湿地植被总面积的13.35%、11.71%。生物量干重适中的2、3、4级区所占面积较大,为211.99、136.39、113.29 km2,分别占研究区湿地植被总面积的34.41%、22.14%、18.39%;在各环境因子中水深对芦苇生物量干重影响最大,土壤含水率对碱蓬生物量干重影响最大,水、盐条件是导致优势种植被生物量干重出现空间分异的主导因素;植被生物量干重呈现由陆向海减小,由黄河河道两岸向外递减的趋势。     

河滨湿地不同植物群落根系分布特征与土壤理化性状的关系——以黄河中游荥阳段为例

在黄河中游郑州荥阳段,选择了5种河滨湿地植物群落进行根系和土壤性状特征研究,以期阐明不同植物群落的根系分布规律与土壤性状的关系,为河滨湿地植物群落组成以及土壤质量恢复提供科学参考。结果表明(1)在0—40 cm土层,根生物量密度与根长密度的平均值均表现为：芦苇群落(Phragmites australis)和芦苇-狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落均大于芦苇-拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)群落。拂子茅-狗牙根、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根、拂子茅-水莎草-狗牙根三种植物群落类型下根生物量密度、根长密度在0—20 cm表层土壤较大,芦苇群落和芦苇-狗牙根群落的根生物量密度、根长密度在10—40 cm的土层较大。(2)黄河河滨湿地芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤以粉粒为主,拂子茅-狗牙根群落、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草群落的土壤主要以砂粒为主。在0—40 cm土层,芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤含水率、土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量均显著高于...     

The ecological adaptability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> to interactive effects of water level and salt stress in the Yellow River Delta

Soil salinity and waterlogging are two major environmental problems in estuarine wetlands. To prevent the typical wetland plants from degradation by soil salinization and salt waterlogging and more effectively use the plants to provide wetland ecosystem services, we examined the ecological adaptability of Phragmites australis, a characteristic plant species in the Yellow River Delta, to the interactive effects of water level and salt stress. The results showed that P. australis adapts to salt and water table stressed environments through slowing down the growth rate, maintaining the tiller number, and adjusting the biomass allocation of different organs. The highest plant height and the largest leaf area were at 0 cm water table treatment; the 0.5 % NaCl treatment increased the aboveground biomass; higher water table increased the fibrous root biomass allocation, but largely decreased the leaf biomass. The exclusion of toxic inorganic ions such as Na⁺ and Cl^? and the accumulation of organic solutes are also important mechanisms to aid survival in saline wetlands. On average 35.1 % of Cl^? and 53.9 % of Na⁺ accumulated in belowground organs. The study could provide fundamental guidance for wetland restoration projects and wetland sustainable use in coastal zones such as the Yellow River Delta.     

Changes in satellite‐derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006

Monitoring changes in vegetation growth has been the subject of considerable research during the past several decades, because of the important role of vegetation in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle and the climate system. In this study, we combined datasets of satellite‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic factors to analyze spatio‐temporal patterns of changes in vegetation growth and their linkage with changes in temperature and precipitation in temperate and boreal regions of Eurasia (> 23.5°N) from 1982 to 2006. At the continental scale, although a statistically significant positive trend of average growing season NDVI is observed (0.5 × 10^?3 year^?1, P = 0.03) during the entire study period, there are two distinct periods with opposite trends in growing season NDVI. Growing season NDVI has first significantly increased from 1982 to 1997 (1.8 × 10^?3 year^?1, P < 0.001), and then decreased from 1997 to 2006 (?1.3 × 10^?3 year^?1, P = 0.055). This reversal in the growing season NDVI trends over Eurasia are largely contributed by spring and summer NDVI changes. Both spring and summer NDVI significantly increased from 1982 to 1997 (2.1 × 10^?3 year^?1, P = 0.01; 1.6 × 10^?3 year^?1P < 0.001, respectively), but then decreased from 1997 to 2006, particularly summer NDVI which may be related to the remarkable decrease in summer precipitation (?2.7 mm yr^?1, P = 0.009). Further spatial analyses supports the idea that the vegetation greening trend in spring and summer that occurred during the earlier study period 1982–1997 was either stalled or reversed during the following study period 1997–2006. But the turning point of vegetation NDVI is found to vary across different regions.     

Patterns of floristic richness in vegetation communities of California: regional scale analysis with multi-temporal NDVI

Aim Applying water‐energy dynamics and heterogeneity theory to explain species richness via remote sensing could allow for the regional characterization and monitoring of vegetation community assemblages and their environment. We assess the relationship of multi‐temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to plant species richness in vegetation communities. Location California, USA. Methods Sub‐regions containing species inventories for chaparral, coastal sage scrub, foothill woodland, and yellow pine forest communities were intersected with a vegetation community map and an AVHRR NDVI time series for 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996. Principal components analysis reduced the AVHRR data to three variables representing the sum and temporal trajectories of NDVI within each community. A fourth variable representing heterogeneity was tested using the standard deviation of the first component. Quadratic forms of these variables were also tested. Species richness was analysed by stepwise regression. Results Chaparral, coastal sage scrub, and yellow pine forest had the best relationships between species richness and NDVI. Richness of chaparral was related to NDVI heterogeneity and spring greenness (r² varied between 0.26 and 0.62 depending on year of NDVI data). Richness of coastal sage scrub was nonlinearly related to annual NDVI and heterogeneity (r² 0.63–0.81), with peak richness at intermediate values. Foothill woodland richness was related to heterogeneity in a monotonic curvilinear fashion (r² 0.28–0.35). Yellow pine forest richness was negatively related to spring greenness and positively related to heterogeneity (r² 0.40–0.46). Main Conclusions While NDVI's relationship to species richness varied, the selection of NDVI variables was generally consistent across years and indicated that spatial variability in NDVI may reflect important patterns in water‐energy use that affect plant species richness. The principal component axis that should correspond closely with annual mean NPP showed a less prominent role. We conclude that plant species richness for coarse vegetation associations can be characterized and monitored at a regional scale and over long periods of time using relatively coarse resolution NDVI data.     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

戴云山黄山松群落与环境的关联

基于戴云山黄山松群落类型31个样地(20 m×20 m)野外调查,筛选4个地形因子和11个土壤环境因子,采用除趋势典范对应分析法(DCCA)探讨黄山松群落分布格局与环境之间的关联,定量分析环境因子间相互关系及其对黄山松群落格局的影响。结果表明:(1)DCCA第一排序轴主要反映黄山松群落的海拔变化,第二轴主要反映坡向变化,即沿第二轴从上到下,坡向越朝向阳坡,黄山松群落分布越明显。(2)DCCA表明第一轴与海拔的相关系数达0.5570,即海拔是黄山松群落分布起着决定性作用的环境因子,呈现海拔越高,黄山松优势种群越显著,在海拔1400-1600 m表现突出。(3)黄山松群落主要物种在DCCA排序图的相对位置,反映坡向、坡位、有机质、人为干扰因素是影响黄山松群落分布的重要因素。(4)DCCA排序图中黄山松群落种类排序轴与环境排序轴的相关系数高于DCA,且消除CCA的 "弓形效应",更能凸显海拔、有机质等环境因子对黄山松群落的影响,即黄山松群落与环境因子之间关联以DCCA排序方法为最佳。