库存和圃存对雀麦属种质遗传完整性的影响

利用20条ISSR引物,对7份雀麦属种质进行遗传完整性检测,每一份种质包括库存和圃存两个供试亚群体。提取方法为混合取样。本试验7份种质的供试亚群体之间遗传相似性系数除无芒雀麦3为0.78之外,其余均大于0.80。采用聚类分析除无芒雀麦3和杂色雀麦出现分支外,其余种质亚群体分支都按照同一种质群分别聚类。本试验表明雀麦属种质资源在圃存条件下,经多年保存易发生遗传分化,从而影响其遗传完整性。     

基于SSR标记的132份甘薯种质指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术,构建132份甘薯种质的DNA指纹图谱,并进行遗传多样性分析,旨在为甘薯种质资源亲缘关系鉴定、分类提供理论依据。利用筛选的核心引物进行PCR扩增,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测显示,19对引物共扩增出232个条带,其中多态性条带165条,多态性比率为71.1%,平均每对引物扩增出8.68个条带,多态性信息含量变化范围在0.6706~0.9331之间,平均为0.8158;其中引物SSR9和引物C33可将132份种质完全区分开,并构建供试材料的DNA指纹图谱,供试材料遗传距离在0.0363~0.5939之间,平均为0.4087,表明种质资源间遗传多样性丰富。基于SSR标记对供试材料进行聚类分析,将供试材料分为2个类群,第Ⅰ类群分为两个亚类,第Ⅰ-1亚类包括济薯25和3份日本引进品种日本金千贯、安納芋、日本薯;第Ⅰ-2亚类包括济徐薯23、苏丹、济薯09281。第Ⅱ类群分为两个亚类,第Ⅱ-1亚类由S07甘薯品系和与其亲缘关系较近的20份甘薯种质组成;第Ⅱ-2亚类由剩余的70份甘薯种质组成,为甘薯分子辅助育种中亲本的选择提供理论依据。     

利用SRAP和SSR分子标记检测分析29份棉花种质遗传完整性

利用SRAP和SSR分子标记检测29份棉花种质遗传完整性。结果表明,无论每一份不同更新发芽率水平繁殖后代的种质之间,还是每一份不同繁殖世代数种质之间,其等位基因频率差异不显著,也没有检测到稀有等位基因缺失的情况。本试验表明不同更新发芽率水平和繁殖世代数差异没有对棉花这种常异花授粉作物种质遗传完整性变化产生影响。     

不同来源大豆同名品种"满仓金"表现型及SSR标记的异同性分析

以国家种质库中保存的不同来源的大豆同名品种满仓金及与其有亲缘关系的种质共28份为实验材料,时其SSR分子标记及农艺性状进行比较分析,目的是检测种质库中保存的同名品种之间的差异程度,为大豆种质资源的保存、研究与利用以及构建大豆棱心种质提供理论依据。研究结果表明,在28份种质23个SSR位点共检测出151个等位变异,利用其中的5个位点可将28份种质区分开。通过对SSR数据及农艺性状的分析比较,发现利用两种不同类型数据对材料进行分析,既有相同的趋势又存在差异,将不同类型数据结合起来使用能比较全面地阐明品种之间的遗传关系。根据结果推测,全国统一编号分别为ZDD00078、ZDD00924的满仓金与黄宝珠和金元有密切的血缘关系,其他不同来源的满仓金之间差异较大,无遗传一致性,也具有保存价值。     

405份CIMMYT引进小麦种质的遗传多样性分析

为了明确国际玉米改良中心(CIMMYT)引进普通小麦种质材料的遗传多样性特点,为其利用提供参考依据,本研究从均匀分布于小麦基因组的420对SSR引物中选择出条带清晰、多态性较好的62对引物对引自CIMMYT的405份普通小麦种质系进行遗传多样性检测。结果表明,62对SSR引物在405份CIMMYT材料中共检测到198个等位变异,每对引物检测到等位变异的数目为2~8个,平均每对SSR引物能够检测到3.19个等位变异。单个SSR引物的PIC值介于0.03~0.79之间,平均值0.48。405份CIMMYT材料A、B、D基因组之间多态性位点数和等位变异数相差不大,PIC平均值B基因组(0.53)A基因组(0.52)D基因组(0.39)。聚类分析结果显示,62对SSR引物能够将405份CIMMYT材料区分开来,在0.1285遗传距离处将供试材料分为24个类群,类型较为丰富,不同类群的材料在农艺性状和品质性状上存在差异。     

基于SSR标记的广东栽培益智群体遗传多样性分析

为了解广东栽培益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)群体的遗传多样性,采用SSR分子标记技术对166份种质的遗传差异进行研究。结果表明,14对SSR引物共检测到88个等位基因,每对引物检测的有效等位基因为1.198~3.279,平均2.599;Shannon多样性信息指数为0.736~1.890,平均1.107。方差分析表明20.87%的变异来自组间,79.13%的变异来自组内。基于主成分分析和遗传结构分析表明,供试166份益智样本可分为4大类群,但没有反映出形态特征的规律性。因此,益智种质资源具有较高遗传多样性,且遗传变异主要发生在群体内,群体间的遗传分化较低,且基于表型性状的类型划分和基于SSR分子标记的聚类未能实现一致性。     

基于SSR标记的贵州薏苡种质资源遗传多样性?分析

利用SSR标记研究了22份薏苡种质的遗传多样性,用11对扩增带型稳定的SSR引物从供试材料中检测出105个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因4～20个,平均9.55个。SSR引物的PIC介于0.3048～0.9238,平均多态性信息量为0.8255。利用UPGMA聚类分系法将供试自交系划分为4类,该划分结果与根据地理来源、种质系谱的分类结果基本一致。SSR分子标记辅助的种质改良是薏苡品种改良的重要途径。     

基于SSR分子标记构建南方型美洲黑杨初级核心种质

以所收集的363份美洲黑杨无性系为实验材料,利用20对SSR引物扩增数据,设置10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%共7个取样梯度构建南方型美洲黑杨初级核心种质,并采用平均观察等位基因数(Na)等遗传参数的t检验对核心种质有效性进行确认,以初级核心种质、保留种质以及原始种质三者之间平均观察等位基因数(Na)等遗传参数的保留比例作为评价指标,结合主坐标轴分析法对初级核心种质做进一步代表性确认。结果显示:(1)20对SSR引物共检测到278个多态位点,遗传多样性参数I、H分别为1.667和0.688 2,表明南方型美洲黑杨种质资源具有丰富的遗传变异。(2)比较平均Na、I、H变化确定15%为最佳取样比例,得到54份核心种质和309份保留种质,构建的初级核心种质与原始种质的平均Na、I、H经t检验不显着,除平均Na外其他平均遗传多样性参数,如Ne、Ho、I、H的保留率分别为111%、105%、104%和104%。(3)PCoA分析显示,所构建的初级核心种质不仅与原始种质分布相似,而且分散均匀覆盖较全面,可以代表原始种质在图中的几何分布。研究认为,所构建的45份初级核心种质保存了原始种质大部分的等位基因和基因型,剔除了原始种质的遗传冗余度和遗传重复度,具有更高的遗传多样性参数保留率,能全面代表原始种质的遗传多样性。     

利用SSR标记鉴定番茄种质资源

采用SSR技术,从32对番茄引物中筛选出9对多态性较高的引物,分析了24份番茄种质材料的遗传多态性。9对引物共检测到64条带,其中在每个位点上检测到3～12条带,平均为7．1条。供试材料间遗传距离介于0．031～0．437之间,平均遗传距离为0．198。UPGMA分类结果将24份材料分为抗病毒材料和易感病毒材料两大类,每大类进一步又分为小果型和中大果型两亚类。归类有较明显的遗传类型的趋同性,而与来源地没有相关性。     

种子老化对玉米种质资源遗传完整性变化的影响

对经老化处理得到的不同发芽率水平的玉米地方品种条花糯进行农艺性状观察和SSR分子标记分析.结果表明,种子发芽率水平下降影响出苗植株中芽鞘和叶鞘颜色的比率.当发芽率降到32%时,浅紫色芽鞘植株的比率降至0.当发芽率下降时,浅紫色叶鞘植株的比率升高,而白色叶鞘植株的比率则下降.经SSR分析发现,低发芽率群体的多态性条带百分率、等位基因数、有效等位基因数、基因多样性指数、Shannon指数等遗传参数,与对照群体的遗传参数相比都有所下降,表明老化处理后群体内的遗传多样性低于对照群体的遗传多样性,群体内遗传变异出现下降.本试验结果表明,植株形态标记和SSR分子标记可以作为老化种子遗传完整性变化的检测方法,同时认为对于异质种质资源材料,低的发芽率更新标准不利于种质资源遗传完整性的保持.     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Chinese Wild Apple Species Along with Apple Cultivars Using SSR Markers

China, one of the primary centers of genetic diversity for the genus Malus, is very rich in wild apple germplasm. In this study, genetic diversity in 29 Malus accessions, including 12 accessions from 7 Chinese Malus species, 4 Chinese landraces, and 13 introduced apple cultivars, was assessed using a set of 19 single-locus simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across all 17 linkage groups of the apple genome. The number of alleles detected at each locus ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 5.3 per SSR marker. In some accessions, 16 unique alleles were identified. Ten out of these 16 unique alleles (62.5%) were detected exclusively in wild species, indicating that these Chinese wild apple species have considerable genetic diversity and can be used in breeding programs to increase the genetic diversity of apple cultivars. Using 19 SSRs, an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average cluster analysis was conducted, and the resulting dendrogram revealed that all cultivars, except for E??peMeBckoe, were clustered together in the same group. The Russian cultivar E??peMeBckoe was closely related to the Chinese crabapple Baihaitang (M. prunifolia), with a high similarity coefficient value of 0.94. Of the two M. sieversii accessions used, one accession showed a close relationship to apple cultivars, while the other accession was closely related to wild apple species, suggesting the presence of a wider genetic diversity in Chinese M. sieversii species. The influence of SSR marker selection on genetic diversity analysis in this Malus collection was also discussed.     

肉质色不同萝卜遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析

利用微卫星(SSR)标记技术,从600对SSR引物中筛选86对扩增条带清晰的引物,检测了来自我国不同地区37个肉质不同颜色萝卜品种的遗传多样性。86对引物共扩增到976个条带,每对引物扩增出2～17个条带,平均为10.7个,其中多态性条带892个,多态性条带比例为91.39%;共检测出753个基因型,每对引物检测2～20个基因型,平均8.7个,其中有效基因型443.99,有效基因型比例为58.96%;Shannon多态性指数变幅为0.44～2.77,平均1.76。当相似系数为0.81时,可将供试萝卜分成3类,第I类包括6份白色肉质萝卜,第II类包括3份红色肉质萝卜和6份白色肉质萝卜,第III类包括22份红色肉质萝卜。各红色肉质萝卜品种间的遗传相似系数有97%大于0.80,而各白色肉质萝卜品种间的遗传相似系数有91%大于0.80。红色肉质萝卜遗传多样性略低于白色肉质萝卜,红色肉质萝卜与白色肉质萝卜间平均相似系数为0.83,说明不同肉色的萝卜间亲缘关系较密切,在分类上红色肉质萝卜可能是白色萝卜的一个变种。     

Variation of DNA fingerprints among accessions within maize inbred lines and implications for identification of essentially derived varieties.

Genetic distances (GDs) based on molecular markers are important parameters for identifying essentially derived varieties (EDVs). In this context information about the variability of molecular markers within maize inbred lines is essential. Our objectives were to (1) determine the variation in the size of simple sequence repeat (SSR) fragments among different accessions of maize inbreds and doubled haploid (DH) lines, (2) attribute the observed variation to genetic and marker system-specific sources, and (3) investigate the effect of SSR fragment size differences within maize lines on the GD between maize lines and their consequences for the identification of essentially derived varieties. Two to five accessions from nine inbred lines and five DH lines were taken from different sources or drawn as independent samples from the same seed lot. Each accession was genotyped with 100 SSR markers that evenly covered the whole maize genome. In total, 437 SSR fragments were identified, with a mean of 4.4 alleles per locus. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.58. GD estimates between two accessions of the same genotype ranged from 0.00 to 0.12 with an average of 0.029 for inbred lines and 0.001 for DH lines. An average of 11.1 SSRs was polymorphic between accessions of the same inbred line due to non-amplification (8.1 SSRs), heterogeneity (4.0 SSRs) or unknown alleles (2.6 SSRs). In contrast to lab errors, heterogeneity contributed considerably to the observed variation for GD. In order to decrease the probability to be suited for infringing an EDV threshold by chance, we recommend to increase the level of homogeneity of inbred lines before applying for plant variety protection.     

小麦地方品种繁殖更新过程中的遗传多样性变化分析

采用分别保存于长期库及中期库的3个小麦地方品种的6份材料,进行了9项农艺性状及35个与农艺性状相关的微卫星标记检测,每份材料选取30个单株进行遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。结果表明:(1)更新前,3个小麦地方品种均为遗传异质性群体,在SSR位点上的异质度分别为57.14%、48.57%和5.71%。(2)在农艺性状表现上,只有温泉小麦3在株高和穗粒数上更新后比更新前显著增加,其他材料无显著差异。(3)在SSR位点多态性表现上,3个品种在更新后均发生了遗传多样性变化,8个与粒重、产量、生育期性状相关位点存在等位位点丢失现象,其中2个与粒重、生育期相关位点频率变化显著。(4)综合农艺性状调查与SSR分子标记检测结果发现,3个品种更新前后在多样性指数上无显著差异,遗传分化系数Gst分别为0.0269、0.0324和0.0380,即更新前后遗传差异分别为2.69%、3.24%和3.80%。上述结果建议,经繁殖更新的小麦种质资源能够比较完好地保持其遗传多样性和遗传结构。对于遗传异质性小麦地方品种在繁殖更新后存在遗传多样性丢失的危险,为了保证更新前后的遗传完整性,建议在繁殖更新过程中每个品种至少应保持300个单株的群体。     

Genetic analysis of maize germplasm in the Korean Genebank and association with agronomic traits and simple sequence repeat markers

We assessed genetic and phenotypic variation in 105 maize germplasm accessions from RDA-Genebank of Korea and performed association analyses for 11 agronomical traits and 100 simple sequence repeats (SSR). Genetic diversity (GD) analysis revealed a total of 1104 alleles at the 100 SSR loci. The average number of alleles per locus was 11.0. The average GD and polymorphic information content values were 0.73 and 0.70, respectively. The average major allele frequency was 0.41. Population structure analysis indicated that these maize accessions comprised two major groups and one admixed group based on a membership probability threshold of 0.80. The two major groups contained 35 and 46 maize accessions. A mixed linear model of association analysis revealed five marker-trait associations with a significance level of P?≤?0.01 involving five SSR markers. A general linear model showed 72 marker-trait associations involving 42 SSR markers. We confirmed the presence in the general linear model associations of the five significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) identified in the mixed linear model. For these SMTAs, two loci were associated with stem diameter and one locus each was associated with ear row number, leaf width, and leaf length. These results should prove useful for breeding new inbred lines by selecting parental lines using molecular markers and will help to preserve maize genetic resources in Korea.     

湖南同名地方稻资源SSR标记及表现型的比较分析

本研究以湖南种质库中保存的不同来源的同名湖南地方稻种质11组(同近名为1组)共136份为研究材料,进行SSR分子标记及农艺性状比较分析,目的是评价湖南同(近)名地方稻的遗传差异程度,为同(近)名地方稻种质资源的保存、供种以及重点利用种质遴选提供理论依据。研究结果表明,各组同名材料的表型遗传距离数值变化较大,各组最大遗传距离变幅1.25(D6/D13)~1.51(G1/G5),最小遗传距离变幅0.16(E7/E9)~0.81(B2/B11)。各组同名材料的SSR标记相似系数差异也大,最小相似系数变幅0.38~0.71,最大相似系数变幅0.86~1.00;同组内同(近)名材料交叉聚类。基于表型性状遗传距离与基于SSR标记遗传相似系数判别组内材料间遗传关系的结果有一致的,也有存在一定差异的。C8/C11、D16/D18、G1/G2、M2/M3、M2/M6、M3/M6、N2/N4、N5/N6、F2/F25、P3/P4的SSR标记相似系数达0.95以上,而其表现型却有1~3个性状存在有统计学意义的差异,说明供试同名材料有明显变异,即使同(近)名但也都值得保存。同时也证实了24对SSR标记分析同名地方稻遗传多样性的不足。     

基因型值多次聚类法构建作物种质资源核心库

采用合适的遗传模型无偏预测基因型值,用基因型值进行聚类分析,采用马氏距离计算遗传材料间的遗传距离,并用不加权类平均法（ＵＰＧＭＡ）进行聚类,根据树型图,从遗传变异相似的每组二个遗传材料中随机选取一个遗传材料,如组内只有一个遗传材料,则选取该遗传材料,对所取的所有遗传材料再次聚类、取样,直至所取遗传材料的数量为总遗传的２０％￣３０％,这些遗传材料作迷为核心聚类。用方差同质性测验、均值ｔ测验评核心资源     

甘薯种质资源遗传稳定性及遗传多样性SSR分析

应用SSR标记检测国家种质徐州甘薯试管苗库中离体保存5年和8年的24份种质资源及其对应的田间圃材料的遗传稳定性,同时对24份甘薯种质的遗传多样性进行分析.20对SSR引物分析表明,24份甘薯材料扩增得到了清晰的DNA条带30条,其中多态性条带2l条,多态性百分率为70%,全部品种在2种保存方式下谱带一致,说明2种保存方式的效果相同.应用NTSYS软件对材料进行遗传相似性和UPGMA聚类分析,24份甘薯种质资源遗传相似系数在0.57～0.93之间,平均为0.74.在0.72的相似系数上24份材料可以聚成三大类,表明我国的甘薯品种种质资源遗传多样性还是比较丰富的.该研究为甘薯种质资源长期离体保存及甘薯杂交育种提供了理论依据.     

Evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using microsatellite markers

Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers, developed from an SSR-enriched genomic DNA library of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), were used to assess genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and population structure among 150 sesame accessions collected from 22 countries. A total of 121 alleles were detected among the sesame accessions. The number of detected alleles varied from 2 to 18, with an average of 7.6 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.03 to 0.79, with an average of 0.42. These values indicated an excess of heterozygous individuals at 16 loci and an excess of homozygous individuals at three loci. Of these, 32 genotype-specific alleles were identified at 11 of 16 polymorphic SSR markers. Cluster analyses were performed by accession and population, revealing a complex accession distribution pattern with mean genetic similarity coefficient of 0.45 by accession and 0.52 by population. The wide variation in genetic similarity among the accessions revealed by SSRs reflected a high level of polymorphism at the DNA level. Model-based structure analysis revealed the presence of three groups that were basically consistent with the clustering results based on genetic distance. These findings may be used to augment the sesame germplasm and to increase the effectiveness of sesame breeding.     

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) germplasm accessions in India

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity among 82 soybean accessions was carried out by using 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of the 44 SSR markers used, 40 markers were found polymorphic among 82 soybean accessions. These 40 polymorphic markers produced a total of 119 alleles, of which five were unique alleles and four alleles were rare. The allele number for each SSR locus varied between two to four with an average of 2.97 alleles per marker. Polymorphic information content values of SSRs ranged from 0.101 to 0.742 with an average of 0.477. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was employed to study the molecular diversity of 82 soybean accessions. The pairwise genetic similarity among 82 soybean accessions varied from 0.28 to 0.90. The dendrogram constructed based on genetic similarities among 82 soybean accessions identified three major clusters. The majority of genotypes including four improved cultivars were grouped in a single subcluster IIIa of cluster III, indicating high genetic resemblance among soybean germplasm collection in India.

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