氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫褐飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

在稻田中,氯虫苯甲酰胺是以鳞翅目幼虫为主要防治对象的新型杀虫剂,而褐飞虱 是该药剂的重要非靶标害虫.本文采用稻茎浸渍法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对其非靶标害虫褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的毒力.结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺对褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC50分别为26.85和35.53 mg·L-1;以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死浓度LC10和LC25分别处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,对当代褐飞虱雌虫寿命无显著影响,但LC25剂量处理后,当代褐飞虱雌虫产卵量显著降低45.6粒.亚致死剂量处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,显著影响F1代褐飞虱的产卵量和雌虫寿命,雌虫产卵量分别减少43.5和72.9粒,雌虫寿命分别缩短1.35和2.87 d;两个剂量处理后F1代的各虫态发育历期均有所延长;施药后各项种群参数也发生了变化,种群内禀增长率rm分别降低12.8％和23.5％,净增殖率R0分别降低37.4％和68.7％,而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长.表明氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对褐飞虱种群增长具有一定的抑制作用.     

三种杀虫剂对褐飞虱海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性的影响

为了解农药处理导致褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål）飞行能力增强的生理机制, 本文采用蒽酮法和酶促反应终止法, 研究了吡虫啉、 三唑磷和溴氰菊酯3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对褐飞虱3龄、 5龄若虫及长、 短翅型雌雄成虫体内海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性的影响。结果表明： 杀虫剂处理的褐飞虱3龄若虫海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性与对照相比没有显著差异（P>0.05）。40 mg/L三唑磷处理的褐飞虱5龄若虫体内海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 比对照降低了24%; 而20和40 mg/L三唑磷处理的褐飞虱5龄若虫海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 分别比对照高出了100%和129%。10 mg/L吡虫啉, 20 和40 mg/L三唑磷以及3和6 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱短翅雌成虫和雄成虫体内海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了36%, 53%, 67%, 58%和69%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了59%, 71%, 65%, 70%和77%; 而40 mg/L三唑磷以及3和6 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱短翅型雌成虫和雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了124%, 100%和88%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了146%, 132%和118%。10 mg/L吡虫啉, 40 mg/L三唑磷和3 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱长翅型雌成虫和雄成虫海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了44%, 34%和37%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照降低了48%, 54%和43%; 而5和10 mg/L吡虫啉处理的长翅型雌成虫和雄成虫海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了317%和300%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了170%和97%。这些结果说明这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理可以增强褐飞虱体内海藻糖酶活性, 并导致海藻糖含量下降。本研究结果对深入阐明农药诱导褐飞虱再猖獗及杀虫剂处理增强其飞行能力的生理机制具有一定的科学价值。     

四种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对中黑盲蝽发育和繁殖的影响

使用瓶膜法确定4种常用杀虫剂（毒死蜱、硫丹、氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉）对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev 1日龄成虫的亚致死剂量（LC₁₀,LC₂₀和LC₃₀）,并研究了其对中黑盲蝽的亚致死效应。结果表明：4种杀虫剂L₂₀剂量处理成虫均能降低雌雄虫的寿命,延长下一代卵的发育历期,但对卵的孵化率没有显著的影响;毒死蜱和硫丹能缩短产卵前期,氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉能降低产卵量。毒死蜱亚致死剂量LC₁₀和LC₃₀处理过的成虫与未处理过的成虫交叉配对后雌雄虫寿命均显著缩短;LC10各交叉处理能够缩短产卵历期,降低单雌产卵量和卵的孵化率,延长卵的发育历期;LC₃₀♀×CK♂和LC₃₀♀×LC₃₀♂的下代若虫存活率为28.00％和36.36％,显著低于对照71.88%。结果说明这4种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量对中黑盲蝽生殖均有不利影响,接触杀虫剂与未接触杀虫剂的成虫交配对其后代也有不利影响。研究对于中黑盲蝽区域性综合防治具有一定的指导意义。     

虫害诱导抗性水稻挥发物增强邻近感性水稻品种对褐飞虱的直接和间接抗性

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是为害水稻的重要害虫。本研究旨在明确褐飞虱为害诱导的抗性水稻品种(IR64, ASD7和IR56)挥发物对感性品种TN1抗虫性的影响,为褐飞虱的绿色生态防控提供理论和技术指导。【方法】以水稻-褐飞虱-稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae为研究对象,利用未被为害和经褐飞虱雌成虫为害(褐飞虱为害诱导)的水稻(IR64, ASD7, IR56和TN1)挥发物处理TN1植株,测定TN1植株上褐飞虱单雌产卵量和单雌蜜露分泌量、若虫存活率和卵孵化率;分别利用H型嗅觉仪和Y型嗅觉仪测定褐飞虱雌成虫和稻虱缨小蜂对上述不同处理TN1植株的选择性。【结果】褐飞虱为害诱导的抗性水稻挥发物处理TN1植株后均可降低褐飞虱单雌产卵量,而未被为害的抗性水稻挥发物处理后不影响褐飞虱单雌产卵量。健康TN1植株经褐飞虱为害诱导的IR64挥发物处理后可降低单雌蜜露分泌量,但对卵孵化率和若虫存活率无影响;同时还降低对褐飞虱的引诱作用,而增强对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用。且健康TN1植株经褐飞虱为害IR64和TN1诱导的挥发物处理后,其挥发物组分中仅2-庚酮的相对含量发...     

亚致死浓度吡虫啉和毒死蜱对柑橘木虱成虫组织蛋白酶基因表达的影响

昆虫组织蛋白酶属于多功能酶系,在昆虫生命活动中具有重要作用,但昆虫组织蛋白酶对化学农药的响应却鲜有报道。吡虫啉和毒死蜱是目前防治柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri常用的化学药剂。本研究旨在探究吡虫啉和毒死蜱亚致死浓度处理对柑橘木虱成虫组织蛋白酶基因表达的影响。本研究基于柑橘木虱的转录组数据库,同时结合NCBI数据库,通过Blast比对鉴定得到8个柑橘木虱组织蛋白酶基因,序列分析得出其均属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族且含有保守的组氨酸活性位点。研究采用浸叶法处理得到经吡虫啉和毒死蜱处理24 h对柑橘木虱成虫的致死中浓度LC50分别为97.88 mg/L和47.94 mg/L。采用荧光定量PCR（qPCR）分析这两种药剂亚致死浓度（LC20和LC50）胁迫下柑橘木虱成虫组织蛋白酶基因表达水平变化。结果表明吡虫啉胁迫显著下调柑橘木虱DcCath-B,DcCath-F,DcCath-L和DcCath-L1基因表达量;毒死蜱LC20浓度胁迫显著下调柑橘木虱DcCath-B,DcCath-L和DcCath-W基因表达量,LC50浓度胁迫下仅DcCath-B表达量显著下调,其他基因表达无明显差异。以上结果表明吡虫啉和毒死蜱亚致死浓度胁迫下,柑橘木虱成虫下调表达体内部分组织蛋白酶基因以响应此逆境。本研究为探索亚致死浓度吡虫啉和毒死蜱对柑橘木虱的毒理机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

阿维菌素对白背飞虱发育和繁殖的亚致死效应（英文）

【目的】探究阿维菌素对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera的亚致死效应。【方法】采用稻茎浸渍法，分别以阿维菌素亚致死浓度LC₁₀(0.016 mg/L)和LC₂₅(0.031 mg/L)处理白背飞虱3龄若虫，统计F₀代雌雄成虫寿命、单雌产卵量；记录F₁代的发育历期、繁殖力、存活率及雌雄成虫寿命、内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R₀)和平均世代周期(T)，组建年龄-阶段两性生命表。【结果】与对照(蒸馏水)相比，白背飞虱3龄若虫在LC₁₀和LC₂₅浓度阿维菌素的胁迫下，F₀代单雌产卵量均显著降低，但孵化率未受影响；LC₂₅浓度阿维菌素处理后，白背飞虱雄成虫寿命与对照组相比显著延长，但LC₁₀阿维菌素处理显著缩短了雌成虫寿命。在F₁代中，LC₁₀和LC₂₅浓度处理组的单雌产卵量分别为17...     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

为正确评估防治水稻鳞翅目害虫的新型杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)的影响, 本文采取稻茎浸渍法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱的毒力, 利用生命表技术研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱的亚致死效应。结果表明： 氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC₅₀分别为19.26 mg/L和19.69 mg/L。以氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量分别处理白背飞虱3龄若虫后, F₀和F₁代雌虫产卵量及其寿命均降低, 尤其LC₂₅处理与对照间存在显著差异（P<0.05）, F₀和F₁代雌虫寿命分别缩短了1.80 d和2.62 d, F₀和F₁代雌虫产卵量分别减少了52.94粒和78.45粒。药剂处理对F1代各虫态发育历期也有一定影响。根据不同剂量处理后白背飞虱各发育阶段的存活率和成虫的繁殖力, 组建了生殖力生命表, 发现LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量处理的种群内禀增长率rm分别降低了11.25%和34.41%, 净增殖率R0分别降低了36.56%和74.57%, 而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长。结果说明, 氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量可抑制白背飞虱种群的增长; 大田中使用氯虫苯甲酰胺防治鳞翅目害虫时, 可抑制同时发生的非靶标害虫白背飞虱田间种群增长。     

山东省不同地区灰飞虱对溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性及亚致死剂量溴氰虫酰胺对灰飞虱解毒酶活性的影响

为了探究山东不同地区灰飞虱种群对溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性水平差异,在室内采用稻苗浸渍法和点滴法分别测定了溴氰虫酰胺对泰安、莱芜、鱼台(分别采自小麦和水稻)、济南和济阳6个灰飞虱种群3龄若虫和成虫的毒力,同时测定了亚致死剂量(LD 10和LD 30)溴氰虫酰胺对灰飞虱成虫体内的酯酶(ESTs)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)活性的影响。稻苗浸渍法结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺对6个灰飞虱种群3龄若虫的LC 50值介于8.5193~11.0524 mg/L,对成虫的LC 50值介于10.4245~12.4904 mg/L。点滴法测定结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺对6个灰飞虱种群3龄若虫的LD 50值在0.9239×10-3~1.1318×10-3μg/头之间,对成虫的LD 50值在1.0933×10-3~1.2619×10-3μg/头之间。在溴氰虫酰胺亚致死剂量(LD 10和LD 30)处理下,灰飞虱体内3种解毒酶活性均被诱导上升,其中GSTs酶活力上升最显著。结果表明,山东不同地区田间灰飞虱种群对溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性差异不大,同一地区灰飞虱种群不同虫态对溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性也无明显差异。GSTs可能会在灰飞虱对溴氰虫酰胺后续抗性形成中起作用。     

褐飞虱泌露量测定方法的研究

<正> 褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal排泄的蜜露作为定量测定其相对取食量的指标已多次被实验所证实。一般的固定式(滤纸固定不动)蜜露测定法(图1b)由于简单易行,已广泛应用于褐飞虱生物型监测和水稻抗虫性鉴定。然而,由于褐飞虱雌成虫具有固定取食的特点,飞虱排泄的蜜滴往往重复滴落在滤纸的同一点而影响蜜露量的正确估算。綦立正等和王希     

毒死蜱亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨实验种群动态的影响

【目的】为探讨毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos)对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch种群动态的影响,室内研究了毒死蜱亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨实验种群成螨和若螨的生长发育、存活和繁殖情况的影响。【方法】用浸虫法进行测定,生命表方法分析亚致死效应。【结果】结果表明毒死蜱亚致死剂量LC25处理成螨后,雌成螨寿命、总产卵量、子代孵化率、性比与对照组无显著差异,其净增值率、内禀增长率、周限增长率以及种群加倍时间显著低于对照组。毒死蜱亚致死剂量LC25处理若螨后,总产卵量、净增值率、世代平均周期显著低于对照组,内禀增长率、周限增长率以及种群加倍时间与对照组无显著差异。扩散试验证明毒死蜱对二斑叶螨有较强的刺激扩散作用。【结论】以上结果说明毒死蜱亚致死剂量对不同发育阶段的二斑叶螨发育和繁殖的影响不同,毒死蜱对二斑叶螨的刺激扩散作用可能是引起二斑叶螨再猖獗的原因之一。     

Sublethal effects of selected insecticides on fecundity and wing dimorphism of green peach aphid (Hom., Aphididae)

Effects of sublethal concentrations (LC₂₅) of six insecticides (imidacloprid, rotenone, fenvalerate, abamectin, pirimicarb and azadirachtin) on fecundity and wing dimorphism of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were studied both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, aphid reproduction reduced by 44.29% and 54.01% when rotenone and abamectin treatments were applied at sublethal dose, respectively, and sublethal fenvalerate application resulted in markedly lower average reproduction per female per day compared with control. Reproductive duration of aphid treated with abamectin significantly decreased by 44.19%. But in the greenhouse, there were no evident differences in the aphid fecundity and reproductive duration between treatments and control. Life‐table parameters also demonstrated that the six insecticides at sublethal doses did not stimulate the aphid reproductive potential. In the laboratory, after being exposed to sublethal doses of imidacloprid and fenvalerate, the proportions of alate progeny in aphid progeny were significantly higher than that of the control. In the greenhouse, percentages of alate offspring from the mother aphids treated with imidacloprid, fenvalerate and abamectin increased pronouncedly compared with control. Mortality rates of offspring in the nymphal stages from adults treated with insecticides revealed no significant changes between laboratory and greenhouse. The developmental time in days of the offspring varied in all treatments. Mechanisms of insecticide‐induced resurgence are discussed.     

八种杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发育和繁殖的亚致死效应

用胃毒触杀法确定8种常用杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga 3龄幼虫的LC₂₀和LC₅₀剂量后,以其LC₂₀分别处理3龄幼虫,将存活幼虫正常饲养,测定该剂量药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率,成虫存活率、雌雄比、单雌产卵量及卵孵化率等指标的影响。结果表明:毒死蜱等4种药剂的影响较显著,其影响程度由高到低依次为毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞阿维菌素溴虫腈;而另4种药剂丙硫克百威、灭多威、丁硫克百威和吡虫啉则影响不显著。此外也测定了用后4种药剂LC₅₀剂量处理的存活试虫的上述生物学指标,结果表明：除化蛹率和羽化率较对照降低且差异显著外,其他生物学指标与对照处理无明显变化。     

Ecotoxicological effect of insecticides on Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) reared from refrigerated and unrefrigerated Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) host

Due to increased field occurrence of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) on various crops including soybean, persimmon and apple in recent years in Korea, demand for insecticide applications to control the stink bug has increased. Acute toxicity of eight pesticides on Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a major egg parasitoid of R. pedestris, was compared in the laboratory. Fenitrothion, spinosad, cyfluthrin, etofenprox and carbosulfan caused 100% mortality of O. nezarae within 24 hours by topical application or exposure to residue. Fenitrothion was also highly toxic to the parasitoid when ingested orally. In a previous study, release of refrigerated inviable eggs of R. pedestris was found to increase field parasitism; therefore, we evaluated the sublethal effect of fenitrothion when O. nezarae parasitised refrigerated or unrefrigerated host eggs. Although parasitism rates on both kinds of eggs significantly decreased when O. nezarae were provided with host eggs sprayed with fenitrothion, no difference in parasitism rate, adult emergence, sex ratio, development time and longevity of O. nezarae was found between the refrigerated or unrefrigerated host eggs when the insecticide was treated either before or after oviposition. There was no significant sublethal effect when parasitised host eggs were treated with the insecticide. From these results, all the insecticides tested showed high, acute toxicity against O. nezarae with relatively lower sublethal effects. Refrigeration of host eggs did not affect the susceptibility of O. nezarae to insecticides.     

在玻璃表面上短时接触硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的致死效应和亚致死效应（英文）

四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)是伊朗豇豆种子上的主要贮藏害虫。控制这一害虫时, 用生物杀虫剂比用常规杀虫剂更为合适。本研究评价了室内条件下在玻璃表面上硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死效应和亚致死效应。结果表明： 硅藻土处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为 1.47和0.2 g/m²; 多杀菌素处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为102.9 和68.8 mg ai/L, 说明两种化合物都对四纹豆象成虫具有较高的急性毒性。通过检测生物学参数, 研究了LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的亚致死效应。LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使四纹豆象成虫的繁殖力分别比对照降低了71.5%和17.2%, 卵孵化率降低了57.5%和27.8%, 成虫寿命缩短了74.7%和17.1%。接触LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使这一害虫的蛹期分别比对照延长了4.8%和2.3%。亚致死效应研究表明, 硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的生命参数均产生了负面影响。总之, 致死效应和亚致死效应综合显示, 硅藻土在防治四纹豆象上具有较大的潜力。     

溴氰虫酰胺亚致死剂量对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及体内解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)的亚致死效应,为甜菜夜蛾的综合防治和溴氰虫酰胺的合理使用提供理论依据。【方法】采用饲料混毒法,测定溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,确定其亚致死剂量（LC₁₀和LC₂₅）,并分别用该亚致死剂量处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫,研究其对甜菜夜蛾的生长发育和体内3种解毒酶活性的影响。【结果】以LC₁₀ 和LC₂₅剂量处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫后,幼虫生长受到显著抑制,虫重抑制率分别为11.55%和27.68%;LC₁₀和LC₂₅处理组3龄幼虫到化蛹天数分别比对照组延长0.07和0.20 d;化蛹率显著低于对照组（80.93%）,分别为63.89%和49.43%;成虫寿命显著缩短1.11 d和2.08 d;单雌产卵量和卵孵化率也低于对照组。亚致死剂量溴氰虫酰胺处理甜菜夜蛾幼虫后24-96 h,羧酸酯酶活性和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性表现出相似的变化趋势,呈先激活升高、后被抑制降低;而多功能氧化酶活性在药剂处理48 h和72 h均受到不同程度的抑制作用,这种抑制作用与浓度成正比。【结论】亚致死剂量的溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾的生长发育有显著抑制作用,对其幼虫体内解毒酶活性也有不同程度的抑制作用。     

抗胆碱酯酶剂亚致死剂量对棉铃虫毒力的影响及对乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用

辛硫磷、马拉硫磷和灭多威3种抗胆碱酯酶剂亚致死剂量（LD10）预处理棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫24 h后,对辛硫磷、马拉硫磷、灭多威、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯5种杀虫药剂的毒力影响有明显差异。酶动力学研究表明：在48 h内,辛硫磷亚致死剂量对棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力有一定的抑制作用,24 h仅为对照组的0.56倍;马拉硫磷、灭多威则可以诱导乙酰胆碱酯酶的比活力增加,诱导最大值时间分别为3 h和12 h。通过对米氏常数（K_m）值分析表明,辛硫磷诱导48 h内对乙酰胆碱酯酶与底物亲和力的影响不大,马拉硫磷、灭多威诱导48 h内乙酰胆碱酯酶对底物亲和力有所下降,其中灭多威诱导组最为明显。3种药剂亚致死剂量处理24 h后,通过蔗糖密度梯度离心表明5%蔗糖梯度层乙酰胆碱酯酶分布百分数明显高于对照组,而20%蔗糖梯度层却明显低于对照组,说明亚致死剂量处理可能引起乙酰胆碱酯酶分子型及不同分子型分布比例的变化。     

Effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on the bionomics of twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Previous reports indicate that applications of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, can lead to population buildups of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the field. Moreover, laboratory studies showed enhanced fecundity of T. urticae after an imidacloprid treatment. In this study, experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to investigate the potential effects of imidacloprid and several other neonicotinoid insecticides on fecundity, egg viability, preimaginal survivorship, and sex ratio of T. urticae (German strain WI) on French beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Four insecticides, i.e., imidacloprid (Confidor 200SL), thiacloprid (Calypso 480 SC), acetamiprid (Mospilan 70 WP), and thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG), were tested at field-relevant (100, 120, 125, and 95 ppm) and sublethal doses (10, 12, 12.5, and 9.5 ppm), respectively. Both spray and drench applications were tested. At field-relevant doses, fecundity of T. urticae decreased and was lower in the treatments compared with the untreated control, whereas preimaginal survivorship and proportion of female offspring (i.e., sex ratio) were lower compared with the control. At sublethal doses, no significant differences were found among the treatments. Data on egg viability, preimaginal survivorship, and sex ratio at sublethal doses followed the same trends as at field-relevant doses. In an additional experiment, the metabolism of imidacloprid into monohydroxy-imidacloprid, olefine, guanidine, and 6-chloronicotinic acid was compared with the oviposition pattern of T. urticae. These findings are discussed with regard to previous laboratory and field observations of imidacloprid-induced fertility increases in T. urticae.