羊草种群克隆多样性的初步研究

 采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术检测了松嫩草原上两种叶色类型(灰绿型和黄绿型)羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群的克隆多样性。羊草种群中克隆多样性较高,Simpson指数平均为0.983,97.7% 的基因型为局部分布;在克隆特性上,灰绿型和黄绿型羊草也明显不同,黄绿型种群的克隆多样性低于灰绿型。由基株数据计算的种群遗传多样性与由分株计算的结果一致,进一步确认了黄绿型和灰绿型羊草间存在着明显的遗传分化。种群中不时有实生苗补充及环境异质性引起的分化选择作用可能是维持种群内基因型多样性的重要因素。     

七筋菇种群的克隆多样性及其与生境因子的相关性分析

利用ISSR（Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat）分子标记检测了七筋菇种群的克隆多样性,同时对克隆多样性指数与生境因子进行了相关性分析．结果表明,种群和种水平上每个基因型含有的个体数（克隆分株）分别为1．12和1．149,16个种群均为多克隆种群．检测到的基因型100％为局部分布,群体间的克隆分化较大．七筋菇种群的克隆多样性很高,Simpson指数平均为0．975．基株分布为游击型的克隆构型．由基株数据计算的种群遗传多样性与由分株计算的结果一致,进一步确认了不同七筋菇种群间存在着遗传分化．种群中不时的幼苗更新及自交不亲和,可能是维持七筋菇种群内基因型多样性的重要原因．相关性分析表明,Simpson指数与样地土壤中的酸碱度pH值呈显著的正相关（P〈0．05）,与其他环境因子的相关性不显著．     

珠芽蓼种群克隆多样性及克隆结构的初步研究

珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)是青藏高原东缘广泛分布的克隆植物,具有有性和无性(根状茎和珠芽)两种生殖方式。该研究采用RAPD技术对分布于不同海拔的珠芽蓼7个自然种群进行了克隆结构和克隆多样性(是单克隆种群还是多克隆种群)以及克隆多样性与海拔因子之间的相关性研究,为了解高山克隆植物对环境的适应性策略及揭示克隆植物的繁殖和分布特点提供科学依据。研究结果表明:1)采用13条RAPD引物对珠芽蓼7个种群共140个样本进行扩增分析,共扩增到117个位点,其中多态性位点84个,多态位点百分率PPL达到71.79%,检测到43个基因型,且全部为局限型基因型;2)与Ellstrand和Roose(1987)总结的克隆植物的克隆多样性平均值相比(PD=0.17,D=0.62),珠芽蓼种群克隆多样性水平稍高,Simpson指数平均为0.639,基因型比率PD平均为0.307;3)克隆结构分析表明,珠芽蓼种群内克隆之间的镶嵌明显,这可能与珠芽蓼过渡型的克隆构型有关。研究中珠芽蓼种群的构型有游击型、密集型以及这两者之间的过渡类型;4)采用SPSS软件对珠芽蓼种群的克隆多样性与海拔高度进行相关性分析,结果显示它们之间并无明显的相关性。     

野生地椒的斑块多样性及空间结构

将ISSR、SRAP分子标记与空间自相关分析技术相结合,对我国野生百里香属植物分布最南端 的怀远3个地椒居群进行了以斑块为单位的遗传多样性、克隆多样性和克隆结构、空间结构的研究.结果表明：地椒野生居群内不同斑块间存在较高的遗传多样性和克隆多样性,多样性条带百分率为75.75％,Nei基因多样性指数为0.2537, Shannon信息多样性指数为0.3811,基因型比率平均为0.61,Simpson指数平均为0.96,Fager均匀性指数平均为0.91.居群间的遗传分化较低,在总的遗传多样性中,90.35%来自居群内斑块间的变异,居群间占9.65％.野生地椒居群间无共有基因型斑块,居群内不同斑块间在一定范围内具有镶嵌性,克隆斑块间的分布范围主要集中在0～25 m.该地区地椒居群除了在部分位点呈现一定相关性外,总体缺乏空间结构.该地区野生地椒种群斑块的建立应为种子入侵所致,其后克隆繁殖对斑块的发展及种群的扩张起到了主要作用.     

艾纳香野生种群克隆多样性及克隆结构研究

艾纳香是具有克隆生长习性的多年生宿根性草本植物,其广布于中国南部,为了更有效地保护和合理利用艾纳香资源,本文利用RAPD分子标记技术,对4个野生艾纳香种群进行了克隆结构和克隆多样性(单克隆种群或多克隆种群)进行了初步研究。结果表明:(1)10对10bp随机引物共检测到70条谱带,其中多态带为60条,占85.71%,检测到64个基因型,且全部为局限基因型;(2)与Ellstrand Roose(1987)总结的克隆多样性平均值(PD=0.17,D=0.62)相比艾纳香的种群克隆多样性水平稍高,Simpson指数平均为0.973,基因型比率PD平均为0.800;(3)遗传一致度和遗传距离分析表明,4个艾纳香野生种群被分成两组,一组是海南的所有种群,另外一组是云南类群。     

不同成花量金花茶花果期果枝叶内源激素的变化

该研究采用ISSR分子标记,对黄枝油杉7个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明：用12条ISSR引物对218个黄枝油杉个体进行扩增,共扩增出125个位点。在物种水平上,多态性位点百分数( PPL)为100.00％,Shannon信息多样性指数( I)为0.4177,Nei’ s基因多样性指数( H)为0.2666;在种群水平上,多态性位点百分数(PPL)在71.20％~92.00％之间,平均值为80.69％,Shannon信息多样性指数(I)在0.3273~0.3886之间,平均值为0.3548,Nei’ s基因多样性指数( H)在0.2139~0.2478之间,平均值为0.2291。这说明黄枝油杉在物种水平和种群水平上均显示出较高的遗传多样性。 Nei’ s遗传多样性分析( Gst＝0.1433)和AMOVA分析(Φst＝17.91％)表明,黄枝油杉的遗传变异主要存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化程度较低,种群间保持一定的基因交流( Nm＝2.9890>1)。 Mantel分析显示,黄枝油杉种群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间不存在显著的相关关系( r＝0.4567, P＝0.0610>0.05)。     

茂兰喀斯特森林不同地形部位青冈种群结构与分布格局研究

该研究以茂兰国家级喀斯特森林自然保护区不同地形部位(漏斗、坡地、槽谷)青冈种群为对象,采用立木级结构代替年龄结构的方法研究青冈种群结构,并绘制了种群的存活曲线,用方差/均值比率法(偏离指数C_X)、负二项参数(K)、丛生指数(I)、平均拥挤度(m~*)、聚块性指数(PAI)和聚集指数(C_a)等聚集度指标测定了青冈种群的分布格局,以评价该种群的结构特征与更新潜力。结果表明:三种地形部位中,青冈Ⅱ级幼树占绝对优势,其次是幼苗,中、大树占一定比例,存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅢ型,种群具有较强的自我更新能力,表现为增长型种群;三种地形部位青冈种群除槽谷有完整的径级结构外,漏斗和坡地的径级结构不完整,但均表现为幼苗数量少于幼树,幼树个体数量最多,中树和大树的数量最少,呈中间高而两端低的径级结构;不同地形部位青冈种群分布格局为随机分布,分布格局在种群生长过程中发生变化,表现为随龄级的增加聚集程度减弱,从聚集型向随机型转变。其中,幼苗、幼树、小树多呈聚集分布,中树、大树多呈随机分布。该研究结果为茂兰自然保护区青冈种群的合理保护提供了科学依据。     

中亚热带赤皮青冈天然种群表型多样性分析

赤皮青冈(Quercus gilva)是我国中亚热带地区极具经济价值的珍贵用材树种。为揭示其表型多样性与变异规律以及影响表型变异的关键地理气候因子，该研究以14个赤皮青冈天然种群115个单株为材料，对其15个树体和叶片性状进行测量，并采用巢式方差分析、表型分化系数分析、多样性指数分析、相关性分析、主成分分析以及聚类分析等方法，探究赤皮青冈的表型变异规律及其与地理气候因子的相关性。结果表明：(1)赤皮青冈表型多样性水平较高，15个表型性状的变异系数和Shannon-Wiener指数平均值分别为35.070%和1.998,14个种群的变异系数在14.94%(洞口)～35.56%(龙山)之间、Shannon-Wiener指数在1.127(松阳)～1.980(常宁)之间。(2)15个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),种群平均表型分化系数为41.491%,表型变异主要来源于种群内。(3)相关性分析发现，赤皮青冈部分性状间存在显著或极显著相关性，表型性状与地理因子间相关性不明显，降水是影响赤皮青冈表型性状的主要气候因子。(4)主成分分析发现，基于11个表型可提炼出4个...     

人工与自然恢复条件下地被层优势种大羽藓的遗传多样性比较

基于随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法比较了川西米亚罗地区3个人工云杉林样地和3个天然次生林样地大羽藓(Thuidium cym bifolium)种群的遗传多样性及分化程度。人工林种群的平均多态位点百分比(PPL)为12.7%,Ne i’s基因多样性(HE)为0.042,Shannon’s信息指数(S)为0.064,种群内遗传一致度(I)为0.952;天然次生林种群则依次为10.0%、0.027、0.043和0.960。人工林种群和天然次生林种群Gst分别为0.592和0.702,Fst分别为0.639和0.695;结合UPGMA聚类和PCA分析,发现种群间的基因交流极少。单因素方差分析显示,人工林下大羽藓种群的遗传多样性水平显著高于天然次生林下种群(p<0.05),表明在皆伐迹地上通过人工造林能有效地促进林下物种遗传多样性的恢复。     

常绿阔叶林石栎和青冈种群生活史特征与空间分布格局

以中亚热带低山丘陵常绿阔叶林石栎-青冈群落为研究对象,采用相邻格子法在湖南省长沙县大山冲林场建立1hm2永久性监测样地,通过编制静态生命表绘制种群年龄结构图和存活曲线以及应用Ripley’s K函数,研究了石栎和青冈的生活史动态、空间点格局以及不同生活史的空间关联性。结果显示:(1)两种群的死亡率随径级的增加呈上升趋势,在幼树(Ⅰ级)到小树(Ⅱ级)阶段均达到死亡高峰;两种群均属于增长型年龄结构,生命曲线接近于Ⅰ型(曲线凸型)。(2)分布格局主要呈聚集分布,聚集强度随空间距离的增大而增强,随年龄的增大石栎种群呈下降趋势,青冈种群呈先减弱后增强的趋势。(3)石栎和青冈的幼树、小树在小尺度上与中树、大树显著正关联,且青冈在t15m的尺度上小树和大树亦显著正关联。研究表明,物种的生物学特征和种内、种间竞争是影响石栎、青冈种群生存力的重要因素;种子扩散、萌芽繁殖、生境特化和负密度效应是维持石栎和青冈种群空间格局的主要驱动因子。     

Genetic and clonal diversity of the endemic ant-plant Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae) in the Western Ghats of India

Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) is a dominant self-incompatible ant-plant or myrmecophyte, growing as an understorey tree in high-density patches. It is endemic to the biodiversity hotspot of the southern Western Ghats of India and, besides ants, harbours many endemic invertebrate taxa, such as bees that pollinate it as well as arboreal earthworms, within swollen hollow stem internodes called domatia. Using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, three geographically separated populations were found to be multiclonal, characterized by high levels of clonal diversity. Values for the Simpson diversity index ranged between 0.764 and 0.964, and for Fager’s evenness index between 0.00 and 0.036 for neighbourhoods within populations. This myrmecophyte was found to combine sexual recruitment (66.7%) and clonal production (33.3%) as methods of reproduction. Moderate amounts of genetic diversity at the species level were observed, with 52.63% polymorphism, and moderate values of Shannon’s diversity index (0.1895) as well as of Nei’s gene diversity (0.1186). In each population, observed genotypic diversity was significantly lower than expected, indicating significant genetic structure. Neighbour-joining trees demonstrated that Agumbe, which is the most northern population examined and geographically twice as far away from the other two populations, grouped separately and with larger bootstrap support from a larger cluster consisting of the Sampaji and Solaikolli populations, which are closer to each other geographically. Some neighbourhoods within each population showed spatial genetic structure even at small spatial scales of <5 m. A combination of clonality and short-distance pollen movement by small pollinating bees (Braunsapis puangensis) coupled with primary ballistic seed dispersal, and possible secondary seed dispersal by rodents, may contribute to spatial genetic structure at such small scales. The clonality of H. brunonis may be a factor that contributes to its dominance in Western Ghat forests where it supports a rich diversity of invertebrate fauna.     

Clonal diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clintonia udensis</Emphasis> Trautv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">et</Emphasis> Mey. populations and its correlation with ecological factors

The clonal diversity of Clintonia udensis Trautv. et Mey. was detected by ISSR markers among 16 populations, and its correlation with ecological factors was analyzed as well in this work. Results showed that individuals (clonal ramets) per genotype were 1.12 and 1.149 at population and species levels, respectively, and that the 16 populations were all multiclonal. The detected genotypes were localized, without exception, within populations but demonstrated relatively high clonal differentiation among populations. The clonal diversity of the studied populations was high, with the average Simpson’s index of 0.975, while the genets showed a clonal architecture of “guerilla”. The population genetic diversities revealed by genet were consistent with those by ramet, further confirming their genetic differentiation among populations. And its genotype diversity within populations probably resulted largely from the frequent seedling regeneration and self-compatibility. In addition, the correlation analysis further revealed that, among the ecological factors, Simpson’s index of C. udensis had a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) with pH values in the soil but not others.     

Clonal diversity of Clintonia udensis Trautv. et Mey. populations and its correlation with ecological factors

The clonal diversity of Clintonia udensis Trautv.et Mey.was detected by ISSR markers among 16 populations,and its correlation with ecological factors was analyzed as well in this work.Results showed that individuals(clonal ramets)per genotype were 1.12 and 1.149 at population and species levels,respectively,and that the 16 populations were all multiclonal.The detected genotypes were localized,without exception,within populations but demonstrated relatively high clonal differentiation among populations.The clonal diversity of the studied populations was high,with the average Simpson's index of 0.975,while the genets showed a clonal architecture of"guerilla".The population genetic diversities revealed by genet were consistent with those by ramet,further confirming their genetic differentiation among populations.And its genotype diversity within populations probably resulted largely from the frequent seedling regeneration and self-compatibility.In addition,the correlation analysis further revealed that,among the ecological factors,Simpson's index of C.udensis had a significant positive correlation(P<0.05)with pH values in the soil but not others.     

贺兰山丁香自然居群克隆生长格局及遗传多样性的ISSR分析

运用ISSR分子标记技术,通过制定挖掘采样、"+"形采样及"垂直"采样3种采样方案,对贺兰山丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia var.alanshanica)不同居群的克隆多样性、克隆生长格局及其遗传多样性进行了分析.克隆多样性分析表明:挖掘采样方式采到的3个克隆系内,各自所包含的单株间具有完全相同的基因型;"垂直"采样及"+"形采样的7个居群、 239个样品表现出136个不同的基因型或克隆,显示贺兰山丁香具有较高的克隆多样性(D=0.994)及基因型分布均匀性(E=0.985).克隆生长空间格局分析表明,贺兰山丁香为密集型克隆植物.每个居群都由多克隆组成,克隆生长只发生在同一丛内,多数基株只含有1个分株,最多可达8个.物种水平上的平均克隆大小(N_C)和平均基因型比例(PD)分别为1.757和0.569.对贺兰山丁香遗传多样性分析的结果显示,在居群水平和物种水平上都保持着较高的遗传多样性,其遗传变异主要存在于居群内;但居群间分化程度较低(G_ST=0.320),表明自然居群间基因交流有限.     

Genetic differentiation of Wolffia globosa in China

Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid.(Lemnaceae) includes the world’s smallest angiosperms.Morphologically,their bodies are extremely simplified,making classification difficult and long-disputed.No reports about the genetic structure of these clonal-dominant aquatic plants have been published until now.In this study,of 247 samples from 42 populations spanning representative locations in China,two chloroplast haplotypes (glo-cp and un-cp) and 66 amplified fragment length polymorphism genotypes were identified.Based on wide sampling,cpDNA haplotypes,and amplified fragment length polymorphism profiles,we found that there are two genetic lineages (glo- and unlineages) of Wolffia species in China.Genotypic and genetic diversity of Wolffia species are high compared with other clonal plants (Simpson’s index,D =0.97; Nei’s diversity,H =0.1835).Different spatial structure patterns were detected between glo- and un- lineages.Positive autocorrelation at short distances (＜400 km) and slightly negative autocorrelations at larger distances (＞ 1500 km) were detected within the glo-lineage,but no significant spatial genetic structure was detected beyond 100 km within the un-lineage.Overall,spatial genetic analysis of W.globosa revealed significant autocorrelation within short distances,indicating that restricted gene flow might be one of the most important factors in shaping genetic structure.     

匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓小尺度克隆结构

采用ISSR分子标记技术比较分析了3个斑块匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓的遗传多样性、克隆多样性和克隆结构,探讨蛇莓克隆结构的形成机制及与环境的相关性.结果表明蛇莓的遗传多样性较低,多态位点百分率P为37.93%, Shannon信息指数I为0.2402, Nei指数h为0.1677;蛇莓的克隆多样性与其它克隆植物较为接近,基因型比率G/N=0.2013,Simpson多样性指数D为0.6396,基因型分布的均匀度E为0.5862;蛇莓的遗传变异大部分存在于斑块间,基因流较小,仅为0.1019.3个斑块蛇莓的遗传多样性以临海斑块(LH)最高(P=10.34%, I =0.0513, h =0.0344),安吉斑块(AJ)次之(P=10.34%, I =0.0443, h =0.027),而天台斑块(TT)最低(P=5.17%, I =0.0325, h =0.0227).基株数目、基因型比率、Simpson多样性指数和基因型分布的均匀度均表明克隆多样性以LH斑块最大(G=12, G/N=0.3077, D=0.8677, E=0.8380),AJ斑块次之(G=9, G/N=0.1800, D=0.5870, E=0.4753),TT斑块最低(G=5, G/N=0.1163, D=0.4642, E=0.4453).3个斑块中均存在优势克隆,但优势克隆的大小在3个斑块中均不相同,以LH斑块最小,AJ斑块次之,TT斑块最大.空间自相关分析显示LH斑块在20 cm和40 cm时存在显著性正相关,其X轴截矩为49.959;AJ斑块仅在20 cm时存在显著性正相关,其X轴截矩为63.333;TT斑块在20 cm、30 cm、40 cm和70 cm时均存在显著性正相关,其X-轴截矩高达90.512.这表明3个不同斑块内蛇莓基因型的空间分布距离不同,TT斑块最大,AJ斑块最小;克隆所能到达的距离也不同,TT斑块最大,LH斑块最小.3个不同斑块蛇莓的遗传多样性、克隆多样性与克隆结构具有明显的差异.蛇莓的遗传多样性与克隆多样性与蛇莓较强的克隆繁殖能力和较低的种子萌发率有关.蛇莓的遗传结构、克隆结构及克隆的空间分布格局与不同斑块所处生境的生态因子及其它因素(如干扰、演替和突变)有关.     

竹叶眼子菜居群遗传多样性和克隆结构

采用ISSR技术对长江中游南岸豹澥湖和大冶湖不同生境中的竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)居群的遗传多样性及克隆结构进行了研究.结果表明,在两居群的106株个体中,利用6条ISSR引物共得到40条符合3/N标准并无连锁不平衡的清晰位点,竹叶眼子菜具有较高的遗传多样性,其多态位点百分率为75.0％,Shannon多样性指数为0.3736, 两居群的遗传分化很小.竹叶眼子菜的克隆多样性很高(D=0.9917),两居群间的克隆分化很大,不具有共有的基因型.竹叶眼子菜的基株分布为游击型构型,位于湖心的大冶居群克隆距离(3.0～31.5 m)明显地大于湖岸豹澥居群(2.4～6.7 m).     

基于ISSR分子标记的孑遗濒危植物四合木遗传结构分析

为阐明中国西北干旱区单属种孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)种群间的遗传分化和基因流。利用6个不同地理分布的四合木种群作为试验材料,从30条UBC引物中筛选出6条引物,并且对ISSR扩增反应体系和扩增程序进行了合理的优化,6个引物扩增出370个条带,多态性条带占71%。分析结果如下:①Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0. 316 8,Shannon’s多态性信息指数(I)为0. 458 6。表明四合木在不同种源间的遗传多样性水平差异较小;②群体多态性位点百分率在70. 00%~83. 33%,Nei’s基因多样性指数范围0. 286 5~0. 350 8,Shannon’s多态性信息指数在0. 423 6~0. 504 9。6个群体间的遗传分化系数Gst为0. 125 3,表明群体间具有一定程度的遗传分化;③6个种群的基因流(Nm)为3. 491 5>1,说明6个种群间存在一定的基因流,可以防止遗传漂变引起的遗传分化;④通过聚类分析,将6个不同地理种群的四合木分为3类,千里沟种群、伊克布拉格种群和巴拉贡种群先聚成第一大类,再与磴口—桃司兔种群聚成第二大类,而四合木自然保护区种群和甘德尔山种群则组成第大三类,这说明距离因素是影响四合木种群间遗传分化的主要原因,但不同生境条件也对四合木种群的遗传分化产生了影响。