紫米基因与RFLP标记的连锁分析

选用种皮呈紫黑色的水稻体细胞无性系变异体黑珍米和其种皮呈无色的原始亲本Ｂａｓｍａｔｉ３７０配制组合,同时应用１２１个ＤＮＡ探针检测了黑珍米与Ｂａｓｍａｔｉ３７０之间的ＲＦＬＰ。应用Ｆ２和Ｆ３群体研究了紫色种皮的遗传控制。结果表明,有一个显性主效基因控制着黑珍米和Ｂａｓｍａｔｉ３７０在种皮颜色上的差异。通过多态性ＤＮＡ探针与种皮颜色的共分离分析,发现该基因与水稻第四染色体上的ＤＮＡ标记ＲＧ３２９和ＲＧ２１４连锁,与ＲＧ３２９和ＲＧ２１４的遗传图距分别为１８．９ｃＭ和２６．３ｃＭ。     

花生花斑种皮花青素生物合成相关miRNA及其靶基因鉴定与分析

花生在世界粮油食品中占有重要地位,其种皮颜色有白色、红色、紫色、粉红色及花斑等多种颜色,花斑种皮花生是其独特的成员之一,具有便于区分的优良性状.本研究以花斑种皮花生VG-02为研究材料,结果表明与花斑种皮颜色合成相关差异表达的miRNA富集的代谢途径有苯丙烷生物合成、类黄酮生物合成、异黄酮的生物合成、昼夜节律植物.mi...     

水稻红米的遗传分析与组织学研究

用来源于倍加单倍体的红米水稻（rdh）与无色米水稻做正反交,结果表明：杂种F1种子颜色由其所着生的母体植株基因型决定.当rdh作母本时,所结下的F1种子全是红色,当蜀恢527,蜀恢168,蜀恢368三个具有无色颖果皮（简称无色米）水稻作母本时,所结下的F1种子全是无色的.而且不管母本有没有颜色,所产生的F2种子都是红色,F3代产生红色种子与无色种子的单株分离,而且红色种子的单株对无色种子的单株是3：1（1%水平达极显著）,根据杂种F1、F2和F3代种子颜色和植株分离比例,rdh种子红色表现型是由单显性基因控制的,并受母性影响.组织学研究发现rdh颖果皮有3个基本的结构层：果皮、种皮和糊粉层.果皮是类黄酮色素累积的部位,红色色素就在果皮层累积.在未成熟的种子中,种皮是累积叶绿素的部位,在成熟种子中叶绿素消失.在未成熟的种子中,糊粉层白色.显微镜分析灌浆期的rdh种子不显红色,而显绿色,绿色来自于种皮,果皮无色透明.风干期的rdh种子显示：红色色素在果皮层累积,同期种皮的绿色清晰可见.rdh成熟种子红色色素急剧增加,同期绿色渐渐消失,最后肉眼观测不到.组织切片显示种子外皮中,果皮是最厚的一层,糊粉层次之,种皮最薄.果皮外层由4列较小的长方形细胞构成,里层由5～8列不规则的细胞构成.种皮由3列薄壁细胞构成.糊粉层由5～8列椭圆形细胞构成.色素累积的发育时间实验显示红色的沉积是从种子风干期开始到完全成熟期为止.在蜀恢527无色种子中,绿色色素从受精后开始积累,到风干期达到最深;然后绿色开始变浅,成熟种子中没有绿色.比较而言,rdh种子在发育早期,从灌浆到风干期呈现的颜色与蜀恢527相同,均是绿色;但从风干期开始,较多的红色色素开始累积,到种子接近成熟,红色仍在加深,这时种皮的绿色还隐约可见;直到种子完全成熟,红色达到最深,同时绿色渐渐消失.     

孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验所用的7对相对性状中到底有没有种皮性状(灰色、白色)?

答 :有些教科书将豌豆种皮的灰褐色与白色这对相对性状包括在孟德尔豌豆杂交试验用的 7对相对性状内 ,但另一些教科书则将种皮色换成花的颜色 (红花与白花 ) ,其实这并不矛盾。理由如下 :为方便假定控制豌豆花色的是 C- c基因座 ,并且已知该基因座位于第 1对染色体上 ,通过观察知 C显性基因在控制红花的同时 ,也控制种皮的灰褐色 ,此外还控制叶腋的有色斑。这就是所谓“一因多效”现象 ,即 1对基因可影响多个性状发育的现象。孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验所用的7对相对性状中到底有没有种皮性状(灰色、白色)?…     

有色大麦研究进展

有色大麦是一类珍贵的大麦种质资源,主要由不同色素沉积在大麦种子的果皮和糊粉层内而形成。有色大麦富含天然色素,人体必需氨基酸,维生素和钙、硒等矿质元素,具有特殊的生理功能,可作为生产营养保健品的原料,也可作为食品添加剂用于食品加工业,还可用于化妆品行业制造防晒膏和染发剂等。有色大麦主要分蓝、紫和黑3种颜色,不同颜色大麦的花色苷组成成分及含量有所不同。研究认为,黑色大麦主要受显性基因Blp控制,该基因位于染色体1HL上;紫色大麦受2对显性互补基因控制（Pre1和Pre2）,位于染色体2HL上,而蓝色大麦由5对显性互补的等位基因控制（Blx1、Blx2、Blx3、Blx4和Blx5）,分别位于染色体4HL和7HL上。     

杂草稻红色果皮基因的遗传分析

以江苏扬中红色果皮杂草稻W16、粳型广亲和品种02428(S5n)及以它们为亲本的衍生世代F1、F2和F3为材料,研究了杂草稻红色果皮性状的遗传特征;根据已克隆的普通野生稻(O.rufipogen)红色果皮Rc与白色果皮rc等位基因第6外显子的差异,设计了InDel标记RID14,利用RID14标记对F2群体、江淮流域所收集到的24份红色果皮杂草稻、3份普通野生稻以及423份品种资源进行了标记基因型分析;选取5份江淮流域杂草稻的RID14标记PCR产物进行测序分析.结果显示:以白色果皮02428为母本的杂交种F1的颜色为白色,而以红色果皮杂草稻W16为母本,杂交种F1的果皮颜色为红色;正反交杂种F1所结F2种子都是红色,F2植株所结F3种子果皮颜色发生分离,符合3∶1分离比例;在F2群体中,RID14标记与果皮颜色共分离,在450份材料中,红色果皮均为非缺失带型,而白色果皮和紫色果皮为缺失带型;5份江淮流域杂草稻的RID14标记PCR产物序列与已登录的普通野生稻序列完全一致.研究表明,扬中杂草稻红色果皮为单基因控制的显性性状,并由母体基因型决定,是典型的延迟遗传,由Rc基因控制;在白色果皮材料资源中都存在14 bp缺失的等位基因rc,RID14标记可以作为准确鉴定红色果皮杂草稻的分子标记.     

水稻米香基因的遗传分析与精细定位

香味是水稻重要的品质性状之一,由100多种挥发性化合物组成,其中2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉（2AP）是稻米香气中最主要的成分,且由一对隐性基因（fgr）控制,fgr基因位于水稻第八号染色体上。本研究根据初定位结果,利用籼粳稻基因组序列在RG1／RG28区域内发展高密度的分子标记,结合大分离群体来定位水稻的米香基因。结果显示,fgr基因位于第八条染色体的WJ-7和WJ-8分子标记之间约408kb的区间内。这一结果将对于水稻米香基因的克隆与分离提供了重要依据。     

棉花胚珠内种皮特异基因GhIAA16的分离鉴定

棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)纤维是由胚珠外珠被表皮细胞发育形成的一种单细胞表皮毛.为了分析鉴定与棉花胚珠发育相关的基因,本文通过cDNA阵列方法分离了25个在开花前后棉花胚珠中差异表达的基因.其中一个基因与拟南芥IAA16具有很高的同源性,并命名为GhIAAl6.该基因编码一个208个氨基酸组成预测蛋白.分子生物学分析表明它在棉花基因组中以单拷贝形式存在,而且在棉花胚珠内种皮(endothelium)中特异表达.GhIAAl6是棉花中第一个分离到的内种皮特异表达的基因,本文对它在棉花胚珠发育中的可能功能进行了讨论.     

水稻颖壳颜色的研究及进展

水稻是世界上一半以上人口的主食,对于我国乃至世界的粮食安全具有举足轻重的作用。颖壳是水稻的重要花器官结构,主要由内、外稃组成。目前最常见颖壳颜色为黄色,而黑色、金黄色、褐色等较为少见,研究表明这主要是由于类黄酮的积累不同导致的。通过分析水稻黑色颖壳性状的遗传机制,并以当前报道的两种异常颖壳(金黄壳、褐壳)突变体为对象,解析了相应颜色颖壳的呈色机理;阐述了类黄酮生物合成基因对颖壳颜色的影响,为剖析水稻颖壳的色素沉积模式提供理论参考;对有色稻壳的应用前景做了分析,为观赏稻的选育指明了方向。     

利用籼粳回交群体分析水稻粒形性状相关QTLs

水稻谷粒的外观性状对稻米外观品质存在重要的影响。该研究利用SSR标记,以回交群体Balilla／NTH∥Balilla为作图群体,构建了水稻12条染色体的连锁图,该遗传图谱包括：108个分子标记,平均图距为11．9cM。以构建的遗传图谱为基础,采用区间作图法对谷粒外观性状,包括粒长、粒宽和粒形进行了数量性状基因(QTL)定位。结果表明,粒长、粒宽和粒形在回交群体中均呈近似的正态分布,表现出典型的数量性状特征。QTL定位结果表明,第12染色体上RM101-RM270区间内存在一个与粒长性状相关的QTL,(qGL-12),加性效应约为0．26mm,贡献率为16．7％。在第2和第3染色体上RM154-RM211和RM257-RM175区问内,分别检测到qGW-2和qGW-3两个位点与粒宽性状有关,加性效应为分别为-0．10mm和-0．12mm,贡献率分别为11．5％和16．6％。对于粒形性状,共检测到3个QTLs,qLW-2、qLW-6和qLW-7,分别位于第2、6和7染色体上。其中qLW-2和qLW-7的加性效应分别约为0．09和0．10,两个QTLs分别可解释表型变异的12．7％和18．3％;而qLW-6的加性效应约为-0．13,可解释粒形变异的11．5％。文中还讨论了粒形和稻米外观品质同时改良的可能性。     

Purification and Characterization of the polygalacturo nase from Tomato Fruits

The polygalacturonase (PG) isolated fron the pericarp of fully ripe tomato fruits was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, carboxyme-thylsepharose ion-exchang column and sephadex G-75 gel filtration. Specific activity of purified PG was 1.5 μmol galacturonic acid mg-1 protein min-1, which was 30 times as high as that of the crude extract with 1.7mol NaC1. When the elution separated by second sephadex G-75 column was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, only a single protein band was detected. It was shown by heat and pH experiments of the purified enzyme that the enzyme activity retained 50%, after treatment with heat at 50℃ for 10 min, and that the optimal pH was 4.6.     

一份绿米水稻种质资源的发现及初步研究

稻米色泽是水稻种质资源多样性的重要组成部分,也是满足彩色稻米市场需求的重要物质基础。本研究团队在野生稻种质资源整理过程中发现了一份包含部分绿米(果皮呈绿色)的资源,经过多代自交,获得稳定的高代品系,命名为LM8。LM8光敏感性强,易与亚洲栽培稻杂交,在广西晚稻种植株高为117.7 cm,剑叶长32.1 cm,剑叶宽1.1cm,穗长22.5 cm,有效分蘖数19,株型直立紧凑。千粒重8.73 g,粒长5.76 mm,粒宽2.09 mm,粒型椭圆,富含脂肪和人体所必需微量元素。亲缘关系研究结果表明,LM8属AA基因组,与亚洲栽培稻在同一个组,应不属于野生稻。但是,LM8在发现初期具有有芒、落粒性强、颖壳坚硬呈深褐色等野生性状,因此推测LM8为杂草稻类型。LM8的发现及研究不仅可以促进水稻果皮颜色遗传发育调控网络的建立和完善,也能够为创制绿色稻米水稻新品种提供遗传材料,满足消费者多元化选择并在乡村振兴中发挥重要作用。     

无距虾脊兰果实发育及其解剖学特征

以授粉后无距虾脊兰不同发育阶段的蒴果为材料,对果实生长动态进行研究,并用石蜡切片法进行果实结构研究。观察结果表明：无距虾脊兰果实授粉至授粉后40 d生长速度最快。果实由3心皮组成,横切面为6瓣,3瓣有胎座,3瓣无胎座,开裂后6瓣于顶端连接。发育的过程中,果皮细胞层数及果实内外表皮细胞体积不变,果实直径的增加主要来自于细胞平周分裂和中果皮细胞体积的增大。果实成熟时只有少数细胞有细胞壁增厚现象,开裂线的前体细胞细胞壁发生木质化并向不同方向收缩导致果实的开裂。     

荔枝皮化学成分的研究(Ⅰ)

采用 Sephadex LH-20、MCI gel CHP 20P 和 Toyopearl Butly-650C 等柱色谱,反复对80％乙醇荔枝皮提取物进行分离、纯化,得到7个多酚类化合物。根据波谱分析以及文献数据对比,分别鉴定为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、原儿茶酸(2)、(＋)儿茶素(3)、(-)表儿茶素(4)、原花青素 A2(5)、aesculitannin A(6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)。除5以外的化合物均为首次从荔枝果皮中分离得到。     

龙眼壳中化学成分的研究(Ⅰ)

通过多种柱色谱对龙眼壳中多酚类成分进行分离纯化及结构鉴定。结果表明：从中得到6个多酚类化合物,根据波谱数据分析及文献对比,分别鉴定为原儿茶酸(1)、没食子酸(2)、1,2,3,4,6-O-五没食子酰葡萄糖(3)、柯里拉京(4)、乙酰甲基-老鹳草素(5)、(-)-表儿茶素(6)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Structure and biology of nectaries in Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols (Bignoniaceae)

THOMAS, V. & DAVE, Y., 1992. Structure and biology of nectaries in Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols (Bignoniaceae) . Tabebuia has both floral and extrafloral nectaries, situated on the petiole, bract, calyx, around the ovary and on the pericarp. The floral nectary present around the ovary base is differentiated into epidermis, secretory zone and sub-secretory zone. It is supplied by phloem strands up to the secretory zone. A mature extrafloral nectary consists of a single large basal cell and a head comprising a layer of vertically arranged elongated cells. Starch, protein and lipid are present in the floral nectary. The major insect visitors to both types of nectaries are honey bees, houseflies and ants.     

槐果皮中的脂溶性成分

首次对槐（Sophora japonica)果皮进行了化学成分研究,从其石油醚部分分离得到了7个化合物,它们的结构经波谱和化学方法确定为：（Z）－1,1′－biindenyliden(Ⅰ),lupenone(Ⅰ),β-sitosterol(Ⅲ),p-ethoxybenzoic acid(Ⅳ),hexacosoic acid(Ⅴ),nonadecyl alcohol(Ⅵ)和eicosanol(Ⅶ),其中化合物Ⅰ为新天然产物,其它均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Fruit structure of the southern African species of Apodytes Meyer ex Arn. (Icacinaceae)

Fruit development and structure of three southern African species of Apodytes were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. These are A. dimidiata E. Meyer ex Arn. subsp. dimidiata and two undescribed species designated Apodytes sp. nov. A and B. Fruits are unilaterally developed drupes, ellipsoid and somewhat compressed laterally, with a large succulent appendage. Appendages of A. dimidiata and Apodytes sp. nov. A are predominantly red, whereas those of Apodytes sp. nov. B are a pale translucent green. In all three species the appendages turn black in old fruit. The exocarp is uniseriate and develops solely from the outer epidermis of the ovary wall. The mesocarp is partly parenchymatous, with vascular bundles and cells containing druse crystals of calcium oxalate, and partly lignified (= stone). The uniseriate endocarp s. sir. develops from the inner epidermis of the ovary wall. In a sense the fruit of Apodytes is a composite of parts comparable to a nut (alternatively an achene) and a fleshy drupe. The drupaceous part (fleshy appendage) is a derived structure which develops from the sterile carpel of a reduced locule. We suggest that the fleshy appendage originates as an indicator of seed/fruit maturity, and to attract avian dispersers. Limited field observations support the idea that the red/black appendages of A. dimidiata and Apodytes sp. nov. A also serve as an edible reward for birds. Dispersal of fruit of Apodytes sp. nov. B, with its rather inconspicuously coloured appendage, may be dependent on a specialized fruit/frugivore relationship.     

The promoter of the asi gene directs expression in the maternal tissues of the seed in transgenic barley

The bifunctional -amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI) is an abundant protein in barley seeds, proposed to play multiple and apparently diverse roles in regulation of starch hydrolysis and in seed defence against pathogens. In the Triticeae, the protein has evolved the ability to specifically inhibit the main group of -amylases expressed during germination of barley and encoded by the amy1 gene family found only in the Triticeae. The expression of the asi gene that encodes BASI has been reported to be controlled by the hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Despite many studies at the gene and protein level, the function of this gene in the plant remains unclear. In this study, the 5-flanking region (1033 bp, 1033-asi promoter) and the 3-flanking region (655 bp) of the asi gene were isolated and characterised. The 1033-asi promoter sequence showed homology to a number of ciselements that play a role in ABA and GA regulated expression of other genes. With a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) as reporter, the 1033-asi promoter was studied for spatial, temporal and hormonal control of gene expression. The 1033-asi promoter and its deletions direct transient gfp expression in the pericarp and at low levels in mature aleurone cells, and this expression is not regulated by ABA or GA. In transgenic barley plants, the 1033-asi promoter directed tissue-specific expression of the gfp gene in developing grain and germinating grain but not in roots or leaves. In developing grain, expression of gfp was observed specifically in the pericarp, the vascular tissue, the nucellar projection cells and the endosperm transfer cells and the hormones ABA or GA did not regulate this expression. In mature germinating grain gfp expression was observed in the embryo but not in aleurone or starchy endosperm. However, GA induced gfp expression in the aleurone of mature imbibed seeds from which the embryo had been removed. Expression in maternal rather than endosperm tissues of the grain suggests that earlier widespread assumptions that the protein is expressed largely in the endosperm may have been largely based on analysis of mixed grain tissues. This novel pattern of expression suggests that both activities of the protein may be primarily involved in seed defence in the peripheral tissues of the seed.     

Optimized ultra-high-pressure-assisted extraction of procyanidins from lychee pericarp improves the antioxidant activity of extracts

To establish optimal ultra-high-pressure (UHP)-assisted extraction conditions for procyanidins from lychee pericarp, a response surface analysis method with four factors and three levels was adopted. The optimum conditions were as follows: 295 MPa pressure, 13 min pressure holding time, 16.0 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, and 70% ethanol concentration. Compared with conventional ethanol extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods, the yields of the total procyanidins, flavonoids, and phenolics extracted using the UHP process were significantly increased; consequently, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and cellular antioxidant activity of UHP-assisted lychee pericarp extracts were substantially enhanced. LC-MS/MS and high-performance liquid chromatography quantification results for individual phenolic compounds revealed that the yield of procyanidin compounds, including epicatechin, procyanidin A2, and procyanidin B2, from lychee pericarp could be significantly improved by the UHP-assisted extraction process. This UHP-assisted extraction process is thus a practical method for the extraction of procyanidins from lychee pericarp.