电融合构建嗜杀啤酒酵母及其发酵性能的研究

以ＭＫ２－３：Ｋ＾＋Ｒ＾＋ｌｅｕ＾－ｐ＾＋（ｎ）为供体菌,ＡＳ２４２０－１;Ｋ＾－Ｐ＾－ｌｅｕ＾＋ｐ＾０（２ｎ）为受体菌,通过电融合技术构建一批嗜杀啤酒酵母。其中４株融合子具有较高的嗜杀活性,对这４株融合子的遗传性状、ＤＮＡ含主细胞大小、形态、嗜杀质粒ｄｓ－ＲＮＡ提取及电泳等研究表明,这４株菌具有双亲的互补性。对其中ＭＡＲ１的进一步实验表明,ＭＡＲ１的某些发酵性能接近甚至优于亲株ＡＳ２４２０－１,     

酿酒酵母两种不同嗜杀菌株的比较研究

以酿酒酵母两种不同类型的嗜杀菌株SK4（K1型）和ERRI（K2型）为材料,分析了不同嗜杀酵母的嗜杀特性,两株嗜杀酵母具有相互杀死作用,其嗜杀活性与菌体生长有关。SK4和ERRI的嗜杀质粒的比较表明：M1－dsRNA质粒和M2-dsRNA质粒分子量分别为1．7kb和1．5kb,两株菌的L－dsRNA质粒均为4．0kb。用高温和紫外线处理嗜杀酵母,嗜杀活性随之消失,消除菌中的M－dsRNA质粒也相应消失,嗜杀活性的消除率随菌株和消除剂的不同而变化。实验证明两株菌产生的毒素蛋白的最适嗜杀作用条件不同,最适pH和温度分别为4．8、16℃和4．0、22℃,但两种毒素蛋白均对在对数生长期的敏感细胞作用最显著。     

一种检测酵母嗜杀活性的简便方法及其应用

本文以嗜杀酵母ＥＲＲＩ为材料建立了一种双层平板单菌落嗜杀活性检测法。此法与常规营养缺陷型筛选方法相结合,可直接筛选出具有嗜杀活性的酵母营养缺陷型菌株ＭＫ２—３：Ｋ＋Ｒ＋Ｌｅｕ－,并成功地用于检测理化因子对嗜杀质粒的消除作用。进一步采用此法在直接混合培养中做出了嗜杀酵母对敏感酵母作用的动力学曲线。结果表明,敏感酵母活菌数在混合培养的对数生长后期开始急剧下降。     

人血管内皮细胞生长因子受体Flt—1胞外区cDNA在毕赤酵母中的？…

将编码血管内皮细胞生长因子受体ＦＩｔ－１胞外区１－３ｌｏｏｐ３１６个氨基酸残基的ｃＤＮＡ插入到含ＡＯＸ１启动子和α分泌信号肽序列的Ｐｉｃｈｉａ ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ酵母载体中,构建了重组表达质粒ｐＰＩＣ９Ｋ／ＦＩｔ＝１（１－３）,转化酵母景菌ＧＳ１１５,筛选Ｈｉｓ＾＋Ｍｕｔ＾ｓ表型转化子,经插瓶培养,１％甲醇诱导表达４ｄ后,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ结果显示,培养上清中ＦＩｔ－１（１－３）表达这总蛋白的３０－％     

利用脊髓灰质炎病毒5‘NCR和RNA聚合酶基因可提高外源基因表达

将含脊髓灰质炎病毒（ＰＶ）ＲＮＡ聚合酶的不同长度基因片段克隆到载体ｐＳＧ５质粒上,分别构建了４个表达ＲＮＡ聚合酶的质粒。体外转录实验证明,ｐＳＧ５－ＰＯＬ１．９９和ｐＳＧ５－ＰＯＬ２．０３质粒转染细胞的提取物促进了特异的ＲＮＡ转录,表明两质闰可表达ＲＮＡ聚合酶。将ＰＶ的５’ＮＣＲ序列插在载体ｐＧＲＥＥＮ ＬＡＮＴＥＲＮ－１的ＣＭＶ启动子下游,构建了ｐＧＲＥＥＮ ＬＡＮＴＥＲＮ－１－５’ＮＣＲ质粒;     

水稻齿叶矮缩病毒Segment 9 dsRNA的序列分析及其在大肠杆菌DE3中的表达

通过有机试剂抽提,ＣＦ－１１纤维素柱层析,从感染水稻齿叶矮缩病毒菲律宾分离株（ＲｉｃｅＲａｇｇｅｄＳｔｕｎｔＶｉｒｕｓ,Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｉｓｏｌａｔｅ,简称ＲＲＳＶ－Ｐ）的水稻植株中获取该病毒的全基因组,即获得从Ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔ１到Ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔ１０（Ｓ１－Ｓ１０）的１０条双链ＲＮＡ（ｄｓＲＮＡ）,然后设计合适的引物,用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法得到Ｓ９的ｃＤＮＡ并将其克隆到ｐＵＣ１１９质粒上扩增,以双链测序法测定该ｃＤＮＡ的全序列。同时又将此ｃＤＮＡ克隆到大肠杆菌表达质粒ｐＧＥＸ－３Ｘ上,在大肠杆菌菌株ＤＥ３中用ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达,经超声波破菌、离心、Ｇｌｕｔａｔｈｉｏｎｅ－ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,得到纯化的分子量为６４ｋＤ的融合蛋白。     

Ⅰ型纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂cDNA在P.pastoris酵母菌中的表达和鉴定

将编码３７９个氨基酸残基的ＰＡＩ－１ｃＤＮＡ插入到含ＡＯＸ１启动子和ＰＨＯ１分泌信号肽序列的甲醇营养型酵母载体中,构建成表达质粒ｐＹＩＳ－１．表达质粒转化Ｐ．ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ甲醇营养型酵母细胞,筛选Ｈｉｓ＋Ｍｕｔ－表型的转化子,经低密度摇瓶培养,１％甲醇诱导表达７ｄ后,培液经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析,ＰＡＩ－１生物活性测定和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ证实表达出分子量为４３～５１ｋＤ的４条ＰＡＩ－１条带．表达的ＰＡＩ－１能有效地分泌到培液中,占培液总蛋白的２６％左右,达４ｍｇ／Ｌ培液;其比活性为１．１６×１０４ＡＵ／ｍｇ．不同分子量ＰＡＩ－１可能与其糖基化程度不同有关     

人GRY-RBP基因的表达及其RNA结合活性的初步鉴定

ＲＲＭ ＲＮＡ 结合蛋白在基因的转录后调控中起着重要作用．人ＧＲＹ－ＲＢＰ 是我们实验室最近克隆的一个新的全长ｃＤＮＡ,编码一个ＲＲＭ ＲＮＡ 结合蛋白．ＧＲＹ－ＲＢＰ 的全编码区用ＰＣＲ扩增后,克隆到ｐＥＴ３０ａ＋ 表达载体中,在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中获得了高效表达,表达的ＧＲＹ－ＲＢＰ重组蛋白占细菌总蛋白的２１％ ．利用融合在ＧＲＹ－ＲＢＰＮ 端的Ｈｉｓ．Ｔａｇ,采取亲和层析的方法纯化了表达的重组蛋白．为了检测ＧＲＹ－ＲＢＰ的ＲＮＡ 结合活性及其所结合的ＲＮＡ 性质,将表达的蛋白与ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ结合,发现ＧＲＹ－ＲＢＰ能与ｐｏｌｙＡ （Ａ）结合,结合活性能被可溶性的ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）、ｐｏｌｙ（Ｃ）减弱．改变ＮａＣｌ浓度和加入不同浓度的酵母ｔＲＮＡ竞争物后,ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）结合活性不变．     

利用Tn5gusA5对大豆慢生根瘤菌lrp基因的诱变

通过对重组质粒ｐＧＸＮ３００中的 ２．３ｋｂ ＥｃｏＲＩ片段测序分析发现,其上有一完整的ｌｒｐ基因和部分 ｐｕｔＡ基因,与 Ｋｉｎｇ ＮＤ等［１］报道的 Ｂ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ的ｌｒｐ基因ＤＮＡ序列有 ８８％同源性。利用 Ｔｎ５ ｇｕｓＡ５定位 诱变方法,对质粒ｐＧＸＮ３００进行插入诱变,得到２．３ｋｂ　ＥｃｏＲＩ片段上有Ｔｎ５ｇｕｓＡ５插入位点的质粒ｐＧＸＮ３００－ Ｔ３８,将ｐＧＸＮ３００－Ｔ３８转移到大豆馒生根瘤苗（Ｂ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ）ＧＸ２０１中,得到的ＧＸ２０１转移接合子与不相容 质粒ｐＰＨ１ＪＩ发生同源双交换。通过抗性及ｇｕｓＡ活性检测,筛选到一ｌｒｐ基因突变株。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交分析证 明这突变株的 Ｔｎ５ ｇｕｓＡ５插入确实是同源交换而不是转座产生,表明 Ｔｎ５ ｇｕｓＡ５ 诱变可以应用于大豆慢生根 瘤菌中的突变林筛选。     

含吸氢酶基因（hup）嵌合质粒的构建和吸氢酶活性在阴沟肠杆菌中的表达

以质粒ｐＲＫ４０４为载体亚克隆含大豆根瘤菌吸氢酶结构基因（ｈｕｐ）的片段,构建成嵌合质粒ｐＨＲ１１、ｐＨＲ４和ｐＨＲ１０。通过三亲本杂交将这些嵌合质粒导入无吸氢活性的Ｒｈｏｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｈａｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ２４１菌株（Ｈｕｐ－）,均获得Ｈｕｐ＋的接合子。利用启动子检测质粒ｐＭＰ２２０证明,在ｈｕｐ对结构基因上游１．２ｋｂ内存在ｈｕｐ启动基因片段。以ｐＲＫ２０１３为助质粒可将ｐＨＲ１１导入Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｃｌｏａｃａｅ和Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａｏｘｙｔｏｃａ等土壤固氮菌株。本文以接合子Ｅ．ｃｌｏａｃａｅＥＨ１１１３为例,通过对基因组ＤＮＡＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析证明,嵌合质粒ｐＨＲ１１在ＥＨ１１１３中稳定贮存和复制。Ｈ２诱导接合子ＥＨ１１１３吸氢酶活性高表达,吸氢活性与放氢活性比值约为对照的两倍。当以延胡索酸为电子受体时,吸氢酶的吸氢作用支持菌株固氮酶活性的提高。     

嗜杀酿酒酵母毒素蛋白及其杀伤质粒的研究

Killer toxin from \%Saccharomyces cerevisiae\% SK was isolated by ultrafiltration of culture supernatants and purified by poly(ethylene glycol). The toxin migrates as one single protein band on SDS-PAGE and its molecular weight is 15kD. The SK toxin has the greatest lethal effect on the sensitive yeast strain in the lat lag phase. Extraction and purification of killer heretity factor(dsRNA) from SK found that M dsRNA plasmid and L dsRNA plasmid have different molecular lengths being 1.7kb and 4.0kb.     

Mutual antagonism among killer yeasts: competition between K1 and K2 killers and a novel cDNA-based K1-K2 killer strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutually antagonistic K1 and K2 killer strains compete when mixed and serially subcultured. At pH 4.6, where the K1 killer toxin is more stable in vitro, the K1 strain outcompeted the K2 strains at both 18 and 30 degrees C. At pH 4.0, closer to the in vitro pH optimum of the K2 killer toxin, the K1 strain again predominated at 18 degrees C, but at 30 degrees C the K2 strains became the sole cell type on subculture. To show more clearly that these results were dependent upon the respective killer toxins, control experiments were conducted with isogenic, nonkiller strains cured of the dsRNA-based killer virions. Such nonkiller strains were unable to compete with antagonistic killers under conditions where their isogenic killer parents could, strongly suggesting that the killer phenotype was important in these competitions. Double K1-K2 killer strains cannot stably exist, as their dsRNA genomes compete at a replicative level. Using recombinant DNA methodology, a stable K1-K2 killer strain was constructed. This strain outcompeted both K1 and K2 killers when serially subcultured under conditions where either the K1 or the K2 strains would normally predominate in mixed cultures. Such a double killer may be useful in commercial fermentations, where there is a risk of contamination by killer yeasts.     

Killer toxin producing strains of the yeasts Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia kluyveri

By heat treatment killer strains of the type K1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are known to harbour dsRNA plasmids were completely cured, whereas only a small fraction of the clones of the killer type K2 had lost the dsRNA dependent killer character. The K2 killers but not the strains of killer type K1 were easily cured by cycloheximide. Killer strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum were not curable by heat treatment. Curing was successfull with cycloheximide or 5-fluorouracil. Two double-stranded RNA plasmids were detected in the killer strains of H. uvarum. The smaller dsRNA plasmid was absent in the strains that were cured of their killer character by 5-fluorouracil. The killer character of H. uvarum was transferred to S. cerevisiae by spheroplast fusion. The fusion products showing the killer character contained both dsRNA plasmids, obviously the smaller plasmid (M-dsRNA) carries the genes for killer toxin formation. Killer strains of Pichia kluyveri were not curable of their killer character, in these strains no dsRNA plasmids were detected.This paper was kindly supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Physicochemical modification of the excretion product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer strains results in fungicidal activity against Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes

It is known that certain yeast strains, so called 'killers', can produce and excrete proteinaceous toxins that can induce death of other sensitive strains. We obtained a stable fungicidal factor (SKF) through concentration and stabilization of the excretion product of certain killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (K1 and K2). The isolated proteinaceous complex exhibited activity at broad ranges of pH (4-7.5) and temperatures (20-37.5 degrees C). It was significantly lethal against Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes. SKF showed stability and activity after storage, with a mean half-life of 6 months at 4 degrees C or at -20 degrees C.     

Factors affecting killer activity of some yeast species occurring in rokpol cheese

Fourteen strains of Candida famata and 7 strains of C. sphaerica originating from blue-veined Rokpol cheese were studied for their ability to produce killer toxins against 3 strains of Yarrowia lipolytica selected as potential starter cultures for cheesemaking. All tested strains revealed killer activity in the presence of salt, at 14 degrees C and pH 4.6. Only one Y. lipolytica strain was resistant to C. famata and C. sphaerica killer toxins.     

Curing of the killer character of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with acridine orange

Acridine orange, an intercalating dye usually employed in the curing of bacterial plasmids, was tested for its ability to cure K1 and K2 killer strains (laboratory and wine strains). The results showed a high curing percentage of the killer character. This was demonstrated by the loss of M1 or M2 dsRNAs (responsible for toxin production and resistance to it) and because the meiotic products exhibited non-Mendelian segregation. The curing percentages varied, depending on the strain but not on the killer type, and showed similar efficiency as compared with other known curing agents.     

Linear plasmids pWR1A and pWR1B of the yeast Wingea robertsiae are associated with a killer phenotype

Wingea robertsiae CBS6693 (synonym Debaryomyces robertsiae) was previously reported to harbor two cryptic linear plasmids, designated pWR1A (8.3 kb) and pWR1B (14.6 kb). Reexamination of a putative plasmid encoded killer phenotype involved UV-curing as well as a highly sensitive toxin assay. Killer activities of concentrated culture supernatants prepared from both, a plasmid carrying and a cured plasmid-free strain, were examined in liquid media. Supernatants collected from plasmid carrying strains subjected to cultures of the plasmid-free derivative had clear concentration-dependent inhibitory effects, whereas plasmid harboring cells were not affected. Incubation at 65 degrees C for 10 min totally destroyed the toxin. Since supernatants prepared from the plasmid-free strain did not possess such killer activity and the presence of the plasmids confered resistance, toxin as well as immunity functions appear plasmid encoded. Beyond this, chitin affinity chromatography and Western blot analysis proved plasmid specific expression and secretion of a protein displaying similarities to the alpha-subunit of the Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin. The assay applied in this study will most probably allow disclosure of other hidden killer phenomena, which may have escaped detection by conventionally applied plate assays.     

Deletion of the gene encoding cytochrome b562 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Abstract Cryptococcus humicola strains secrete killer toxins inhibitory (at pH values ranging from 3 to 5.5) to many ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeast-like fungi. RNA or DNA plasmids were not detected in the killers. The amino acid-containing toxins were of low M _r, soluble in methanol, resistant to proteolysis, thermostable, cellophane-diffusible and were specified as microcins. These findings show that the killer phenomenon in yeasts such as bacteriocinogeny may be due to excretion of two types of killer toxins: mycocins and microcins.     

嗜杀酵母的生物学功能及其应用

嗜杀酵母能够分泌毒素蛋白,杀死敏感酵母。嗜杀酵母对自身分泌的嗜杀毒素具有免疫力。嗜杀酵母的嗜杀特性与两种双链线状RNA(dsRNA)有关,即编码产生毒素蛋白的M-dsRNA和编码自身和M-dsRNA外壳蛋白的L-dsRNA。嗜杀毒素破坏细胞跨膜化学质子梯度,造成ATP和钾离子泄漏,导致细胞死亡。应用嗜杀酵母可避免野生型酵母污染,净化发酵体系,改善发酵产物品质;嗜杀毒素也可作为抵制病原酵母和类酵母微生物的抗真菌剂。     

Killer toxin-secreting double-stranded RNA mycoviruses in the yeasts Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii.

Killer toxin-secreting strains of the yeasts Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii were shown to contain linear double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that persist within the cytoplasm of the infected host cell as encapsidated virus-like particles. In both yeasts, L- and M-dsRNAs were associated with 85-kDa major capsid protein, whereas the additional Z-dsRNA (2.8 kb), present only in the wild-type Z. bailii killer strain, was capsid protein, whereas the additional Z-dsRNA (2.8 kb), present only in the wild-type Z. bailii killer strain, was shown to be encapsidated by a 35-kDa coat protein. Although Northern (RNA) blot hybridizations indicated that L-dsRNA from Z. bailii is a LA species, additional peptide maps of the purified 85-kDa capsid from Z. bailii and the 88- and 80-kDa major coat proteins from K1 and K28 killer viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed distinctly different patterns of peptides. Electron microscopy of purified Z. bailii viruses (ZbV) identified icosahedral particles 40 nm in diameter which were undistinguishable from the S. cerevisiae killer viruses. We demonstrated that purified ZbVs are sufficient to confer the Z. bailii killer phenotype on transfected spheroplasts of a S. cerevisiae nonkiller strain and that the resulting transfectants secreted even more killer toxin that the original ZbV donor strain did. Curing experiments with ZbV-transfected S. cerevisiae strains indicated that the M-dsRNA satellite from Z. bailii contains the genetic information for toxin production, whereas expression of toxin immunity might be dependent on Z-dsRNA, which resembles a new dsRNA replicon in yeasts that is not dependent on an LA helper virus to be stably maintained and replicated within the cell.