铁皮石斛化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

采用硫酸-苯酚法、AlCl^₃比色法、酸性染料比色法测定铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)花、叶、茎中多糖、黄酮、生物碱含量，通过DPPH和ABTS清除实验评价铁皮石斛花、叶、茎的水提物和乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明，铁皮石斛不同部位的多糖含量茎>花>叶，黄酮含量花>叶>茎，生物碱在各个部位分布均较少。其中茎的多糖含量可达23.92%，花中黄酮含量可达1.847%。抗氧化能力评价表明，铁皮石斛花水提物、茎醇提物、花醇提物的DPPH自由基清除能力相对较好，半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为410.4 μg·mL^-1、454.1 μg·mL^-1、573.2 μg·mL^-1；铁皮石斛茎醇提物、花醇提物、花水提物ABTS自由基清除能力相对较好，半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为61.1 μg·mL^-1、62.2 μg·mL^-1、103.0 μg·mL^-1。铁皮石斛花的提取物抗氧化活性整体优于叶和茎，醇提物抗氧化能力优于水提物。     

天然有机物对铁皮石斛原球茎生长及有效成分的影响

为铁皮石斛原料药的生产提供一种新方法。以MS为基本培养基,探讨天然有机附加物与培养时间对铁皮石斛原球茎(PLBs)生长及主要药用成分石斛多糖和总生物碱的影响。研究结果表明:在添加不同浓度土豆汁的培养基中,以250 g/L效果最好,其干物率和多糖含量均在30天时达最大值,分别为8. 944%和17. 921%,增殖率在培养50天时最高,为1 028. 94%,而总生物碱含量在40天时积累最多,达0. 031 61%。增殖率、多糖和总生物碱含量均显著高于添加激素的对照组。添加番茄汁的培养基中各指标变化与土豆汁的类似,但原球茎长势差,颜色泛黄,增殖能力较添加土豆汁的差。综上,MS+250 g/L土豆汁+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂条有利于铁皮石斛PLBs生长和有效成分的积累,可考虑作为石斛多糖和石斛碱的生产来源,对铁皮石斛主要药用成分的生产具有重要的实践意义。     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术的玫瑰石斛生物碱研究

玫瑰石斛(Dendrobium crepidatum)是兰科石斛属多年生附生草本植物,具有较高保健和药用价值。本研究利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术,研究了玫瑰石斛茎中生物碱成分和相对含量。从玫瑰石斛茎中共鉴定出15种成分:相对含量大于50μg/g的成分有两种,玫瑰石斛胺174.844μg/g,玫瑰石斛啶碱92.862μg/g;含量介于5～50μg/g间的成分有玫瑰石斛碱B、玫瑰石斛碱D、玫瑰石斛碱、玫瑰石斛碱C、玫瑰啶碱B;含量低于5μg/g的成分有玫瑰石斛素、N-异戊烯基石斛碱、石斛碱、N-异戊烯基石斛星碱、杓唇石斛素、玫瑰石斛碱E、玫瑰酚A、石斛酮碱。该研究首次在玫瑰石斛中发现4种倍半萜类生物碱。玫瑰石斛生物碱以八氢中氮茚类生物碱为主。     

β_3肾上腺素能受体对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩活动的影响及其机制

目的:观察激动β_3-肾上腺素能受体(β_3-AR)对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩活动的影响及其可能机制。方法:30 mmol/L高钾生理盐溶液预收缩去内皮大鼠离体胸主动脉后,观察β_3肾上腺素能受体激动剂BRL37344(BRL)对主动脉舒缩活动的影响。用SR59230A(SR)、普萘洛尔(Pra)、L-NNA、H-89以及Iberiotoxin(IBTX)预孵主动脉平滑肌,探讨其可能存在的作用机制;应用免疫组织化学法,观察β_3-AR在大鼠胸主动脉的分布。结果:1BRL对预收缩的去内皮大鼠胸主动脉产生显著的舒张作用,舒张百分比为(10.59±0.79)%;2大鼠胸主动脉组织切片中可以观察到β_3-AR在内皮和平滑肌层都有表达;3给予Pra后,BRL对血管的舒张百分比无显著性变化;SR能明显拮抗BRL的血管舒张作用;4用L-NNA阻断NOS或者H-89抑制PKA后,BRL对血管的舒张作用有不同程度的减弱;5 IBTX阻断大电导钙依赖性钾通道后,BRL对血管的舒张作用减小。结论:激动β_3-AR产生血管舒张作用,平滑肌β_3-AR的作用与NOS以及PKA信号转导途径有关,是通过影响大电导Ca~(2+)依赖性钾通道(BK通道)来实现的。     

胍丁胺对离体大鼠主动脉张力的影响及其受体机制

采用离体血管环灌流方法,观察了胍丁胺（agmatine,Agm)对大鼠胸主动脉张力的影响,并探讨其受体机制,实验结果如下：（1）在苯肾上腺素PE,10^-6mol/L)引起血管预收缩的 基础上,Agm(10^-7-10^-2mol/L)剂量依赖性地舒张大鼠胸主动脉。（2）上述舒张反应在去除内皮和应用NOS抑制剂N^-G-mnitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME,0.5mmol/L)后依然存在,提示Agm的舒血管作用为非内皮依赖性,并无NO的参与。（3）在高Ca^2 (3mmol/L)引起血管预收缩的基础上,Agm也可剂量依赖性地舒张大鼠主动脉。（4）预先应用α2－肾上腺素能受体（α2－adrenergic receptor,α2－AR）和咪唑啉受体（IR）阻断剂idazoxan(10^-4mol/L)则可完全阻断Agm的上述作用。（5）应用α2－AR拮抗剂yohimbine(10^-4mol/L)可部分阻断Agm对大鼠主动脉的舒张反应,以上结果表明,Agm对大鼠主动脉血管的舒张作用是由α2－AR和IR共同介导。     

有氧运动训练影响大鼠胸主动脉环内皮依赖性舒张功能机制的研究

目的:探讨有氧运动对大鼠胸主动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能影响的机制。方法:12只SD大鼠随机分为有氧运动和对照两组(n=6),经过8周每天1 h的游泳训练后(每周5天),测定比较2组间大鼠胸主动脉舒张功能的改变。结果:有氧运动组一氧化氮(NO)和前列环素PGI2途径胸主动脉舒张功能的Rmax值较对照组明显提高(P<0.05)。结论:有氧运动对大鼠胸主动脉舒张功能的有益影响,主要是由NO和PGI2途径介导的。     

金钗石斛生物碱抗糖性白内障作用及蛋白质组学效应的实验研究

为观察金钗石斛生物碱抗糖性自内障作用及其相关蛋白谱.将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、样品高、低剂量组和阳性对照组,每组10只,模型组腹腔注射D-半乳糖诱导大鼠白内障模型,样品高、低剂量组和阳性对照组在注射D-半乳糖26 d后形成Ⅱ级白内障后每天分别给予0.36、0.18 g/kg金钗石斛总生物碱灌胃进行实验性治疗,阳性对照组每天以0.22 g/kg石斛夜光丸灌胃,正常对照组每天仅灌胃生理盐水;用裂隙灯观察观察晶状体浑浊度;46 d后处死动物后检测晶状体水溶性蛋白、GSH的含量及T-SOD和MDA的活性;使用双向电泳技术提取分离大鼠晶状体总蛋白及糖基化蛋白,分析比较双向电泳图谱,寻找正常组与模型组、生物碱治疗组大鼠晶状体蛋白质组学差异.结果金钗石斛生物碱高剂量组能明显减轻晶状体混浊度,显著升高晶状体水溶性蛋白、GSH含量及T-SOD活性,降低MDA的活性;2-DE获得了较好的大鼠晶状体总蛋白质及糖基化蛋白质的双向电泳图谱,并观察到模型组有大量蛋白质点表达上调或下调或新蛋白,蛋白质糖基化水平升高,给予高剂量石斛生物碱后,大部分达上调或下调蛋白质恢复到正常的水平,糖基化蛋白降低.表明金钗石斛生物碱具有较好的抗糖性白内障作用,并伴随一系列晶状体蛋白质表达水平的改变,其差异蛋白可能参与了晶状体浑浊过程.     

附子不同组分抗急性心力衰竭大鼠的实验研究

从血流动力学和神经体液因子两方面探讨附子不同组分对大鼠急性心力衰竭模型的治疗作用。采用盐酸普罗帕酮复制急性心力衰竭模型,记录造模前后以及给药后5、10、20、30、60 min大鼠心脏频率(HR)、左心室最大上升速率(+dp/dt_(max))和左心室最大下降速率(-dp/dt_(max))值的变化,并测定血清中Ang-Ⅰ、Ang-Ⅱ、TNF-α和ANP含量。结果显示,正常大鼠造模后,其HR和+dp/dt_(max)明显降低,-dp/dt_(max)明显升高,且Ang-Ⅰ、Ang-Ⅱ、TNF-α、ANP均有升高趋势。与模型组比较,总生物碱组和水溶性生物碱组可不同程度的升高模型大鼠各时间点的HR、+dp/dt_(max),降低-dp/dt_(max);且总生物碱组、水溶性生物碱组、脂溶性生物碱组和多糖组均有一定降低模型大鼠血清中Ang-Ⅰ、Ang-Ⅱ、TNF-α、ANP水平含量的趋势。结果表明总生物碱对改善血流动力学作用最强,其次是水溶性生物碱,且两者均能显著降低血清中与心力衰竭有关的神经体液因子,有效治疗急性心力衰竭,由此可见,附子水溶性生物碱以及总生物碱是其发挥强心作用的主要物质基础。     

黄芪苷Ⅳ对微囊泡损伤的大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能的保护作用

目的：以缺氧/复氧诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）释放的微囊泡（H/R-EMVs）处理大鼠胸主动脉环,造成其舒张功能损伤,探究黄芪苷Ⅳ（AST）对大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能的影响及相关机制。方法：采用缺氧12 h/复氧4 h的方法诱导体外培养的HUVECs产生MVs,H/R-EMVs保存于D-Hank's液中备用。雄性Wistar大鼠开胸取出胸主动脉,制备3~4 mm宽、内皮完整的胸主动脉环。实验分为6组：H/R-EMVs组,在孵育胸主动脉环的培养基中加入H/R-EMVs,使其终浓度为10μg/ml;不同剂量AST组分别采用10、20、40、60 mg/L AST与10μg/ml H/R-EMVs共同孵育胸主动脉环;对照组给予等体积的D-Hank's溶液。孵育时间为4 h,每组各测定5个血管环。观察AST对舒张功能的影响,检测一氧化氮（NO）含量及t-eNOS、p-eNOS、t-Akt、p-Akt、ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2蛋白质水平。结果：H/R-EMVs对大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能有明显的抑制作用（P<0.01）。与H/R-EMVs组相比,AST 20、40和60 mg/L组剂量依赖性地提高大鼠胸主动脉环的舒张率（P<0.01）,使NO含量增加（P<0.05,P<0.01）;t-eNOS、t-Akt和ERK1/2蛋白质水平不变,p-eNOS、p-Akt和p-ERK1/2蛋白质水平增高（P<0.01）。结论：AST可显著改善H/REMVs损伤的大鼠胸主动脉环的舒张功能,其机制与提高NO含量及增加p-eNOS、p-Akt和p-ERK1/2蛋白质水平有关。     

铁皮石斛茎多糖、木质素积累规律及木质素单体类型鉴定

以不同年份铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的茎为材料,对其进行多糖、单糖以及木质素含量的测定以及多元线性回归分析,同时对铁皮石斛的茎进行番红-固绿和Mule染色,并利用FTIR、1H-NMR技术对铁皮石斛茎中木质素单体的类型进行鉴定。结果显示,铁皮石斛茎木质素的积累与葡萄糖含量呈显著正相关,与多糖含量、甘露糖含量及甘露糖和葡萄糖的比值呈显著负相关,说明木质素的沉积对多糖的积累有一定影响。铁皮石斛茎维管束的木质部和鞘均含有木质素。随着年份的增加,铁皮石斛茎的维管束鞘厚壁细胞厚度增加,维管束鞘的发达程度增大。Mule染色及FTIR和1H-NMR分析结果显示,铁皮石斛的茎主要含有愈创木基型(G型)和紫丁香基型(S型)木质素,同时含有微量的对羟基苯基型(H型)木质素。G型木质素主要分布在维管束的木质部,S型木质素主要分布在维管束鞘厚壁细胞中。铁皮石斛茎S/G比值随年份增加呈上升趋势。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.