菜蚜茧蜂对甲胺磷和灭多威的抗性机制

采用试管药膜法测定了菜蚜茧蜂 Diaeretiella rapae 对甲胺磷和灭多威的抗性及增效剂的增效作用,并测定了菜蚜茧蜂和菜缢管蚜 Lipaphis erysimi 乙酰胆碱酯酶动力学参数、解毒酶活性及增效剂对菜蚜茧蜂酶活性的体内抑制作用。福州地区菜蚜茧蜂已对甲胺磷和灭多威产生5.6和9.1倍的抗性,胡椒基丁醚、磷酸三苯酯和马来酸二乙酯对两种杀虫剂的抗性品系均有显著增效作用,胡椒基丁醚的作用最为显著。胡椒基丁醚对抗性菜蚜茧蜂杀虫剂敏感性的增效作用远高于对敏感菜蚜茧蜂的影响。3种增效剂对菜蚜茧蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶均无抑制作用;磷酸三苯酯和胡椒基丁醚对羧酸酯酶,马来酸二乙酯对谷胱甘肽S转移酶有显著抑制作用。抗性和敏感菜蚜茧蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶的米氏常数K_m）、最大反应速度（V_max）、羧酸酯酶及谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性值相近,但敏感菜蚜茧蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶的双分子速度常数（K_I）值远高于抗性的。此外,对菜蚜茧蜂和菜缢管蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S转移酶进行了比较研究。结果表明菜蚜茧蜂对甲胺磷和灭多威的低水平抗性与乙酰胆碱酯酶的不敏感性及解毒酶的解毒代谢有关。     

放置时间和条件对空僵蚜中蚜虫和寄生蜂DNA检出率的影响

【目的】本研究以麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)、麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum(Rondani)及初级寄生蜂烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis(Ashmead)和重寄生蜂蚜虫宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron aphidis(Bouché)为研究对象,分析空僵蚜放置时间和条件对蚜虫、寄生蜂DNA检出率的影响。【方法】将空僵蚜放置不同时间(4,8,12,16,20和24 d),纯水浸泡(4 h)或不浸泡并放置在不同温度(16℃,24℃和32℃)和相对湿度(RH 40%和80%)组合条件下,定期取样并提取DNA,利用物种特异性引物进行扩增,检测空僵蚜中残留的蚜虫和寄生蜂DNA信息。【结果】随着空僵蚜放置时间的延长,两种寄生蜂的DNA检出率均逐步降低,在寄生蜂出蜂24 d后空僵蚜中,烟蚜茧蜂DNA在麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜空僵蚜中的检出率分别为66.7%和86.7%,蚜虫宽缘金小蜂DNA在两种蚜虫中的检出率则都为66.7%。在浸泡处理以及不同温度和相对湿度条件下,寄生蜂出蜂后24 d的空僵蚜中两种蚜虫和烟蚜茧蜂DNA检出率在76.7%~100%之间。【结论】本研究结果验证了空僵蚜中残留蚜虫与寄生蜂DNA的稳定性,说明空僵蚜分子检测技术可有效应用于蚜虫-寄生蜂食物关系的解析。     

亚致死剂量阿维菌素和氟虫睛处理小菜蛾对寄生蜂菜蛾绒茧蜂生长发育的影响

分别在小菜蛾体内的菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾2龄幼虫亚致死剂量（＝LC₁₀）的阿维菌素和氟虫睛,研究上述杀虫剂处理对寄主体内菜蛾绒茧蜂结茧率和羽化率的影响。结果表明： 在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾LC₁₀剂量阿维菌素处理的菜叶后,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率分别下降26.6%,22.8%和5.8%,饲喂小菜蛾LC₁₀剂量氟虫睛处理的菜叶后,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率分别下降76.9%,42.5%和18.5%。上述阿维菌素处理对菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫羽化率影响不显著,但上述氟虫睛处理可显著抑制菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫羽化率,在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾LC₁₀ 剂量氟虫睛处理的菜叶可导致菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫羽化率分别下降53.1%,36.1%和47.8%。结果显示,即便是对寄主小菜蛾幼虫很低的剂量（LC₁₀剂量）也会显著危害小菜蛾幼虫体内的菜蛾绒茧蜂的生长发育。此外,饲喂小菜蛾幼虫亚致死剂量杀虫剂对菜蛾绒茧蜂生长发育的影响与杀虫剂种类及蛾绒茧蜂发育阶段有关。     

菜蚜茧蜂对六种杀虫剂抗药性的季节性变化

采用药膜法研究了福州建新和闽侯上街菜蚜茧蜂Diaeretiella rapae对杀虫剂抗药性的季节性变化。田间菜蚜茧蜂种群在网室内脱离选择压力后对杀虫剂敏感性显著升高。与敏感的F₂₁子代的LC₅₀相比,2002年6月8日至2004年11月18日期间,建新菜区菜蚜茧蜂对甲胺磷、氟虫腈、阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯和吡虫啉的抗性倍数分别为11.8～31.2,9.3～14.7,9.3～35.7,7.0～16.6,和13.3～30.1倍;2003年6月5日至2004年12月17日期间,上街菜区菜蚜茧蜂对甲胺磷、氟虫腈、阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯和吡虫啉的抗性倍数分别为7.5～34.9,4.0～14.3,9.2～38.6,7.8～18.9和12.1～24.2倍。田间菜蚜茧蜂种群在5月份和6月初抗性水平最高,12月份较低,6月末最低,尤其在6月份期间20天内抗性水平急剧下降。研究结果表明,田间菜蚜茧蜂对6种杀虫剂的抗性水平在脱离选择压力后不稳定,且呈显著的季节性变化。表2参25     

三种杀虫剂对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的安全性评价

为评价噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati的安全性,采用琼脂保湿浸叶法分别测定了3种杀虫剂对烟粉虱成虫和海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的室内毒力以及对海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹羽化率的影响.结果表明,噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱的LC50分别为453.76 mg/L、2.00 mg/L和29.47 mg/L,对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的LC50分别为0.23 mg/L、1.07 mg/L和0.64 mg/L.通过风险系数评估,表明阿维菌素对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂安全,而噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈对该蜂成蜂具有轻微到中度毒性.3种杀虫剂在烟粉虱和寄生蜂之间的选择性毒力指数表明噻虫嗪对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的负向选择性最强,其次是氟啶虫胺腈,阿维菌素最弱.3种杀虫剂均可显著降低海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹的羽化率,对蛹的毒性为轻微有害,风险等级为2级.本研究结果将为烟粉虱综合治理中协调使用寄生蜂和化学药剂奠定理论基础.     

七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜控制作用的模拟研究

应用二次回归旋转组合设计方法研究了七星瓢虫成虫、幼虫与两种麦蚜共存系统中瓢虫对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食量模型.结果表明七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜的捕食量随着瓢虫密度的增加而减少,随着该种麦蚜密度的增加而增加,且七星瓢虫无选择性.七星瓢虫不同个体间的干扰作用对其捕食麦长管蚜数量有显著影响,两种麦蚜数交互作用对七星瓢虫捕食禾谷缢管蚜数量影响显著.该模型可用来预测田间蚜虫的变化,指导麦田蚜虫防治.     

蚜茧蜂产卵对寄主龄期的选择与其对蚜虫种群影响大小的计算机模拟研究

利用苦苣菜蚜-苦苣菜蚜茧蜂混合种群系统模拟模型,通过改变种群参数、初始虫量和温度条件,探讨了蚜茧蜂产卵选择寄主龄期特性对整个种群系统行为的影响,并比较了这一特性与蜂产卵量两者的相对重要性。结果表明,蜂产卵对寄主龄期选择特性的改变可明显改变其对蚜虫种群增长影响的程度,当产卵选择特性改变,产卵量在多数情况下必须要大幅度直至成倍的增减,才能补偿其对蚜虫种群的控制作用。不过,当蜂产卵嗜好三龄、二龄、四龄若蚜时(这在蚜茧蜂中较普遍),其作用和产卵无选择性时基本相似。     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究

本文报导了七星瓢虫对两种猎物捕食选择性研究成果,这对以瓢治蚜工作提供了理论依据。主要结果为:1.七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜有明显的正喜好性,对禾谷缢管蚜有明显的负喜好性。2.瓢虫对两种蚜虫的喜好性与麦长管蚜密度呈显著负相关,与禾谷缢管蚜密度呈正相关。3.当两种猎物共存时,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应有所变化。两猎物总密度增加,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应越来越趋向Hollink Ⅲ型,一种猎物密度恒定,另一种猎物密度变化时,瓢虫对猎物的功能反应趋向Holling Ⅲ型。而且随猎物恒定的密度增加,HoUing Ⅲ型典型性增加。4.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜密度增加均降低瓢虫的捕食作用率。但是,禾谷缢管蚜所引起捕食作用率更为严重的减少。     

山东省蚜茧蜂科初记及—新种描述

本文是作者对山东省中南部地区蚜茧蜂种类调查的结果.共鉴定出12属25种,其中新种1种,山东省新记录种17种,72%的种类为农作物,林果上蚜虫的寄生蜂;有些种类发生量大,对蚜虫抑制作用显著,如乌兹别克蚜茧蜂、烟蚜茧蜂、菜蚜茧蜂等.调查记录了获得的蚜茧蜂种类、寄主及分布,并对新种作了描记.     

7种杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜和异色瓢虫的毒力及选择毒性研究

为了研究常用杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜(Aphis citricola Van der Goot)及其天敌昆虫异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis Pallas)不同时间段的毒力及选择性,解决有害生物化学防治与生物防治的矛盾,本试验采用滤纸片法测定了7种杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜和异色瓢虫的室内毒力,并分析了各杀虫剂对两种昆虫的选择毒力.结果表明,10%烯啶虫胺水剂对苹果黄蚜和异色瓢虫的毒力最高,21%噻虫嗪悬浮剂对异色瓢虫的选择安全性最高.21%噻虫嗪悬浮剂具有较高的正向选择性,既可有效控制苹果黄蚜,同时还具有较高的毒力选择性,其适合在果园与蚜虫天敌异色瓢虫协同防治苹果黄蚜.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.