高效氯氟氰菊酯和噻虫嗪对红火蚁的室内毒力

[背景]高效氯氟氰菊酯和噻虫嗪是农业上常用的杀虫剂。[方法]在室内测定了0.25 g·L-1高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂和0.01%噻虫嗪胶饵对红火蚁的毒力。[结果]高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对红火蚁有良好的触杀作用,触杀时间短,致死量大,具备毒力传导作用;噻虫嗪胶饵能通过虫体间交哺传导毒力,室内防治整巢红火蚁效果可达93.50%以上。[结论与意义]这2种药剂都具有有效防治红火蚁的潜力。     

不同类型杀虫剂对烟粉虱捕食性天敌日本刀角瓢虫的毒力

采用试管药膜法,测定了不同类型杀虫剂对日本刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum Chapin的毒力。结果表明,灭多威和敌敌畏对日本刀角瓢虫具有极强的毒力,其25%推荐剂量即可导致日本刀角瓢虫全部死亡;氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪对日本刀角瓢虫也具有很强的毒力,其田间推荐剂量可导致日本刀角瓢虫全部死亡,其50%推荐剂量对日本刀角瓢虫的致死率也高达73.33%～100.00%;乐果、烯啶虫胺、丁醚脲田间推荐剂量对日本刀角瓢虫的致死率分别为40.00%、56.67%、50.00%,预示着上述这些杀虫剂的田间应用对刀角瓢虫具有很高的直接杀伤风险。高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、虫螨腈、阿维菌素、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、定虫隆和氟虫脲对日本刀角瓢虫的毒力较低甚至没有直接致死作用。研究结果将为合理使用杀虫剂,协调利用化学防治与生物防治对烟粉虱进行综合防治提供依据。     

三种杀虫剂对几种昆虫天敌的毒力测定

为了明确几种常用杀虫剂对捕食性天敌（异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas、东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri Poppius、智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis）和寄生性天敌（松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan、中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator Haliday）的影响,在室内采用标准生物测定方法测定了阿维菌素、吡虫啉和噻嗪酮对以上昆虫天敌的毒力。结果表明：三种杀虫剂对六种供试天敌的毒力大小表现出相似趋势,即阿维菌素 > 吡虫啉 > 噻嗪酮;三种药剂对寄生性天敌的毒力均显著高于捕食性天敌。因此在害虫综合治理中应尽量选用对天敌昆虫相对安全的昆虫生长调节剂类的噻嗪酮,以起到保护天敌的作用。     

12种杀虫剂及5种天敌昆虫对梧桐木虱的田间控害评价

梧桐木虱是一种危害园林植物梧桐的重大害虫。本研究分别测定了12种杀虫剂和5种天敌昆虫对梧桐木虱的防治效果。结果表明: 12种杀虫剂中噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对梧桐木虱的防治效果最好,螺虫乙酯次之。在喷雾法、注射法和灌根法等3种施药方式中,应尽量避免使用喷雾法,优先选择注射法,在条件允许的情况下可使用灌根法作为补充手段。5种天敌昆虫中以中华通草蛉和赤星瓢虫对梧桐木虱的防治效果最佳,在长期防治效果上可以起到代替杀虫剂的作用。因此,中华通草蛉及赤星瓢虫可作为园林环境中长期安全环保防治梧桐木虱的重要方法,而以注射法使用噻虫嗪和吡虫啉可作为短期快速防治手段。     

三种杀虫剂对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的安全性评价

为评价噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati的安全性,采用琼脂保湿浸叶法分别测定了3种杀虫剂对烟粉虱成虫和海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的室内毒力以及对海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹羽化率的影响.结果表明,噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱的LC50分别为453.76 mg/L、2.00 mg/L和29.47 mg/L,对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的LC50分别为0.23 mg/L、1.07 mg/L和0.64 mg/L.通过风险系数评估,表明阿维菌素对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂安全,而噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈对该蜂成蜂具有轻微到中度毒性.3种杀虫剂在烟粉虱和寄生蜂之间的选择性毒力指数表明噻虫嗪对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的负向选择性最强,其次是氟啶虫胺腈,阿维菌素最弱.3种杀虫剂均可显著降低海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹的羽化率,对蛹的毒性为轻微有害,风险等级为2级.本研究结果将为烟粉虱综合治理中协调使用寄生蜂和化学药剂奠定理论基础.     

黄荆提取物对蚜虫的毒力及其与吡虫啉的联合毒力

采用浸渍法测定了黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物、吡虫啉和氧乐果对苹果黄蚜、棉蚜和桃蚜的毒力,利用毛细管点滴法测定了黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物与吡虫啉混配对棉蚜的联合毒力,采用皿内选择法测定了黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物和吡虫啉等药剂对桃蚜的驱避效应.结果表明：黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物对苹果黄蚜、棉蚜和桃蚜的LC₅₀分别为334.59、362.79和2685.80 mg·L^-1,对苹果黄蚜和棉蚜的杀虫毒力较高.黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物与吡虫啉按1000 ∶1混用,其共毒系数可达177.45,增效作用显著.黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物和吡虫啉对桃蚜均有明显的驱避活性,处理后24和48 h 对桃蚜的驱避率分别达55.75%、39.44 %和69.89%、65.43%.噻虫嗪和啶虫脒也有一定驱避活性,处理后24和48 h对桃蚜的驱避率达16.52%～33.68%.     

几种药剂对桃蚜和两种瓢虫的毒力选择性研究

在室内分别测定了吡虫啉,吡虫啉＋增效剂,氰戊菊酯,硫丹、乐果和灭多威6种杀虫剂对桃蚜Myzus persicae Sulzer,七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus和龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica(Thunbery)的毒力,比较了药剂在桃蚜和两种瓢虫之间的选择毒力比值（STR）,以及药剂之间选择性差异,研究了桃蚜对不同药剂相对适合度,结果表明：吡虫啉＋增效剂（SVI）和吡虫啉对桃蚜的毒力均很高,LC50分别是4628mg/L和0．9535mg/L,吡虫啉在七星瓢虫和桃蚜之间,龟纹瓢虫和桃蚜之间的STR值分别是37．6和13．0,吡虫啉＋增效剂的STR分别是9．84和7．75,硫丹的SR分别是54．0和7．28,都表现出显的毒力选择性,而氰戊菊酯,乐果和灭多威的STR值均很小（0．02－0．21）,不仅对桃蚜毒力低,而且对两种瓢虫也不安全,用吡虫啉和吡虫啉＋SV1的LC50浓度处理桃蚜,其存活个体的产仔率和单雌产仔量明显减少,与其它药剂处理相比,显降低了桃蚜的相对适合度,六种杀虫剂处理的桃蚜种群,其相对适合度大小排列为：乐果EC（0．92）＞氰戊菊酯EC（0．67）＞灭多威EC（0．66）＞硫丹EC（0．51）＞吡虫啉WP（0．40）＞吡虫啉＋增效剂（SV1）EC（0．18）,由此证明,吡虫啉不仅对桃蚜毒力高,对天敌瓢虫杀伤力小,而且对桃蚜种群有持续控制作用。     

贵州菜蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性监测

【目的】持续监测菜蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的敏感性,是菜蚜防治与抗药性治理的重要措施,本研究旨在探析贵州菜蚜对十字花科蔬菜地常用杀虫剂的敏感性【。方法】采用叶片浸渍法测定了2017-2018年贵州省贵阳市花溪区、修文县、毕节市黔西县、遵义市播州区桃蚜Myzus persicae、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae和萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi田间种群对10余种常用药剂的敏感性,并分别以物种、年份、地区和杀虫剂为变量进行数据比较和统计分析。【结果】3种菜蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性差异显著,桃蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性明显低于甘蓝蚜和萝卜蚜(分别相差12.7倍和15.5倍);贵州不同地区间同种蚜虫对杀虫剂敏感性差异不明显,贵阳、黔西和息烽甘蓝蚜对杀虫剂敏感性没有差异;贵阳和遵义萝卜蚜对杀虫剂敏感性也没有差异。年度间同种蚜虫对杀虫剂敏感性发生变化,从2017-2018年桃蚜和甘蓝蚜敏感性分别下降了2.2倍和1.9倍;其中贵阳市桃蚜种群对烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、噻虫胺和溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性下降了5.6-115.0倍;贵阳市甘蓝蚜种群对功夫菊酯、氟啶虫胺腈、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的敏感性也有2.1-6.7倍不同程度的下降。【结论】多数药剂对甘蓝蚜和萝卜蚜的毒力较高,可用于这2种蚜虫的防治,优先推荐噻虫嗪和溴氰虫酰胺等交替轮换使用;桃蚜对多数杀虫剂很不敏感,且抗性上升很快,推荐氟啶虫胺腈、吡虫啉和抗蚜威等药剂暂时还可以用于防治贵州桃蚜,急需寻找新型高效药剂来交替轮换使用。     

六种新烟碱类杀虫剂和三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马及南方小花蝽的选择毒性

【目的】评估6种新烟碱类杀虫剂和1种新型杀虫剂三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis及其天敌南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis的选择毒性,为杀虫剂与南方小花蝽联合防控黄胸蓟马提供依据。【方法】采用药膜法测定吡虫啉、呋虫胺、氟吡呋喃酮、氯噻啉、烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪6种新烟碱类杀虫剂及三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马成虫的毒力及对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的急性毒性,并评估其对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的暴露风险。【结果】供试的7种杀虫剂对黄胸蓟马成虫的半致死用量(median lethal rate, LR₅₀)均低于田间最大推荐用量。氯噻啉对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀值最低(0.183 g a.i/hm²),显著低于其他杀虫剂;氟吡呋喃酮和三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀值分别为3.066和3.949 g a.i/hm²,显著高于其他杀虫剂;两种烯啶虫胺制剂(20%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和10%烯啶虫胺水剂)对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀分别为0.327和0.201 g a.i/hm²;两种噻虫嗪制剂(70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂和25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂)对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀值分别为0.970和0.685 g a.i/hm²;不同剂型和含量的烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪对黄胸蓟马成虫的毒力差异显著。测试的6种新烟碱类杀虫剂对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的LR₅₀值均低于田间最大推荐用量,而三氟苯嘧啶对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的LR₅₀值高于田间最大推荐用量。三氟苯嘧啶对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的毒性最低(LR₅₀>65.736 g a.i/hm²),吡虫啉和呋虫胺次之(LR₅₀值分别为21.317和24.486 g a.i/hm²)。吡虫啉、呋虫胺、三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马成虫和南方小花蝽5龄若虫具有较高的选择毒性。三氟苯嘧啶和吡虫啉对农田内、农田外南方小花蝽的风险均可接受,氯噻啉和噻虫嗪均不可接受。【结论】黄胸蓟马成虫对6种新烟碱类杀虫剂和三氟苯嘧啶均具极高的敏感性,其中以吡虫啉和三氟苯嘧啶对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的风险较低;三氟苯嘧啶与南方小花蝽兼容性较高,二者在黄胸蓟马的联合防控中具备良好的潜力。     

我国北方部分地区苹果黄蚜的抗药性

采用点滴法测定了我国北方九地区苹果黄蚜对氰戊菊酯与氧化乐果的抗药性,结果表明,以山东莒南苹果黄蚜为相对敏感种群,河北沧州,河南商丘,山东蒙阴,辽宁朝阳,山东泰安,河北昌黎,安徽砀山,山东荣城等地苹果黄蚜种群均已产生抗药性,对氰戊菊酯抗性倍数（LD50R/S）分别为25.00,28.60,74,17,87.78,157.33,167.53,218.46,291.56倍;对氧化乐果抗性倍数分别为：16.08,26.53,15.88,29.46,25.83,30.73,48.19,64.58。采用相同的方法测定了山东泰安苹果黄蚜对8种杀虫剂的敏感性,结果为：硫丹与灭多威相对毒力较高,而有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂相对毒力较低。     

6种常用杀菌剂对苹果黄蚜及其天敌异色瓢虫的影响

本文研究了有机苹果园常用的6种杀菌剂,包括农抗120、绿乳铜、高锰酸钾、大生M-45、成标和多菌灵对果园重要害虫苹果黄蚜和h／scitricolavander Goot及其天敌异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis Pallas死亡率的影响。结果表明,这6种杀菌剂使用喷雾和浸叶饲喂法对蚜虫的死亡率均有一定的影响,但校正死亡率均小于21％。喷雾处理和二次中毒处理对瓢虫幼虫的死亡率均无显著影响。上述结果说明6种供试杀菌剂的常用浓度对蚜虫有较低的致死率,而对其天敌异色瓢虫则是安全的,因此我们推测上述杀菌剂的常规使用不会对果园昆虫的群落结构造成重大影响。     

Voracity and feeding preferences of two aphidophagous coccinellids on Aphis citricola and Tetranychus urticae

Voracity and feeding preferences of adult Coccinella septempunctata L. and Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, tribe Coccinellini) were evaluated in the laboratory on a common prey, the spirea aphid, Aphis citricola van der Goot (Homoptera: Aphididae), and on the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), a prey previously unrecorded for these two predators. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory on apple saplings (Malus domestica Borkhausen). Adult males and females of H. axyridis consumed significantly more mites than adults of C. septempunctata. For H. axyridis, males consumed 41.3 spider mites in 24 h and females 48.4, whereas for C. septempunctata males consumed 14.1 prey and females 15.2. The consumption of spirea aphids by the males was similar for the two species. Consumption by the females was significantly greater for H. axyridis (46.5) than for C. septempunctata (22.2). The two coccinellids showed a significant preference for A. citricola in the presence of T. urticae. This preference was more pronounced for C. septempunctata. The total number of prey consumed and the percentage of exploited biomass decreased significantly for C. septempunctata and stayed relatively constant for H. axyridis as the number of mites increased in the prey ratio. Our results suggest that T. urticae is only an alternative prey for both predators, and that H. axyridis should be more efficient than C. septempunctata in a prey assemblage with aphids and mites.     

Efficacy and nontarget effects of reduced-risk insecticides on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its biological control agent Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The efficacy of three reduced-risk insecticides (pyrethrins, insecticidal soap, and narrow-range mineral oil) was determined for nymphs and adults of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an exotic pest of North American soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. These insecticides also were evaluated for nontarget effects on one of the aphid's key biological control agents, multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), including first and third instars, pupae, and adults. A Potter Spray Tower was used to conduct direct spray laboratory bioassays. Results indicated that although pyrethrins and narrow-range mineral oil caused 100% mortality to A. glycines nymphs and adults at 72 h posttreatment, insecticidal soap caused equivalent mortality to only the nymphs during the same time period. However, A. glycines adult mortality due to the insecticidal soap (83.3%) was significantly greater than the control. Pyrethrins were highly toxic to first instars of H. axyridis (98% mortality), but they had no effect on third instars, pupae, or adults. Mineral oil and insecticidal soap were moderately lethal to first (48.9 and 40% mortality, respectively) and third (31.9 and 38.8% mortality, respectively) instars of H. axyridis, but they had no effect on pupae and adults. Our results suggest that pyrethrins, insecticidal soap, and narrow-range mineral oil may prove useful for soybean aphid management in organic soybean due to efficacy against the aphid with differential nontarget effects on select stages of H. axyridis. Additional studies will be necessary to elucidate the efficacy of these insecticides under field conditions.     

Impact of fruit feeding on overwintering survival of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, and the ability of this insect and paper wasps to injure wine grape berries

The establishment of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in North America has resulted in negative impacts on fruit production. We investigated the overwintering survival of H. axyridis after feeding on four diets: injured wine grape berries, 25% sucrose solution, water, and a control containing no food or water. After being exposed to these diets for 6 days, live individuals were transferred to clean plastic Petri dishes, and held at 5 ± 1 °C in growth chambers throughout the winter. Survival was recorded every month. Adult lady beetles collected during the overwintering flight in mid-October had higher survival rates than beetles collected from soybean fields in mid-August. These results suggest that an adaptation period prior to diapause increases the chances of lady beetle survival over the winter. In addition, injured wine grape berries, sugar, and water decreased beetle mortality during the overwintering months. Our results also showed that under similar conditions, females have higher survival during the winter than males. The importance of sugar and water on winter survival may drive H. axyridis adults to vineyards for feeding on wine grapes. Finally, we tested if adults of H. axyridis and the European paper wasp, Polistes dominulus Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), were able to break the grape skin. Harmonia axyridis adults and paper wasps were not able to cause the primary injury to berries of Frontenac grapes under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that control of paper wasps in vineyards may not affect H. axyridis aggregations, and that H. axyridis feeding on wine grapes depends on previous injury to grape berries.     

转Bt-cry1Ab玉米花粉对异色瓢虫生长发育及体内三种代谢酶活性的影响

用转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉饲喂异色瓢虫,初步研究了转基因玉米花粉对瓢虫的影响。结果显示,异色瓢虫取食混有适量蚜虫的转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉时与取食混有适量蚜虫的非转基因亲本玉米花粉时相比,各虫态发育历期没有显著差异;取食转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉对异色瓢虫的体重增加无明显影响。多数龄期内取食转基因玉米花粉的异色瓢虫体内的α-乙酸萘酯酶活性、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性以及谷光甘肽-S-转移酶活性与对照组相比没有显著差异。用酶联免疫（ELISA）方法在取食转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉的瓢虫体内未检测到Bt杀虫蛋白。转Bt-cry1Ab玉米花粉对异色瓢虫生长发育没有显著负面影响,初步证明Bt玉米MON810花粉对异色瓢虫是安全的。     

Intraguild predation behaviour of ladybirds in semi-field experiments explains invasion success of Harmonia axyridis

Harmonia axyridis has been introduced as a biological control agent in Europe and the USA. Since its introduction, it has established and spread, and it is now regarded as an invasive alien species. It has been suggested that intraguild predation is especially important for the invasion success of H. axyridis. The aim of this study was to compare the intraguild predation behaviour of three ladybird species (Coccinella septempunctata, Adalia bipunctata, and H. axyridis). Predation behaviour was investigated in semi-field experiments on small lime trees (Tilia platyphyllos). Two fourth-instar larvae placed on a tree rarely made contact during 3-hour observations. When placed together on a single leaf in 23%-43% of the observations at least one contact was made. Of those contacts 0%-27% resulted in an attack. Harmonia axyridis attacked mostly heterospecifics, while A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata attacked heterospecifics as often as conspecifics. In comparison with A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata, H. axyridis was the most successful intraguild predator as it won 86% and 44% of heterospecific battles against A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata respectively, whilst A. bipunctata won none of the heterospecific battles and C. septempunctata won only the heterospecific battles against A. bipunctata. Coccinella septempunctata dropped from a leaf earlier and more often than the other two species but was in some cases able to return to the tree, especially under cloudy conditions. The frequency with which a species dropped did not depend on the species the larva was paired with. The results of these semi-field experiments confirm that H. axyridis is a strong intraguild predator as a consequence of its aggressiveness and good defence against predation from heterospecific species. The fact that H. axyridis is such a strong intraguild predator helps to explain its successful establishment as invasive alien species in Europe and the USA.     

异色瓢虫卵黄蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

【目的】为了能准确地追踪异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)卵黄原蛋白（vitellogenin, Vg）的合成、转运途径和吸收方式,以及卵黄蛋白（vitellin, Vn）在卵母细胞内的积累及分布情况,本研究对异色瓢虫的Vn进行了单克隆抗体（monoclonal antibody, McAb）的制备。【方法】以异色瓢虫Vn免疫BLAB/C小鼠,应用杂交瘤技术,经过3次亚克隆筛选,制备能稳定分泌抗Vn的单克隆抗体。【结果】实验获得4株能够稳定分泌抗异色瓢虫Vn的单克隆抗体,即5E2, 5E11, 1E9和5H8。其中1E9, 5E11和5E2亚型均为IgG1,5H8亚型为IgM。Western blot免疫印迹分析显示,4株单克隆抗体可以特异性地识别Vn,而与雄虫血淋巴无反应。其中,5E2和1E9可以与异色瓢虫抗原的4个亚基发生较强的免疫反应,结合腹水制备前上清效价检测结果最终选取5E2制备单克隆抗体。5E2单克隆抗体的效价为1∶81 000,SDS-PAGE分析显示5E2重链和轻链的分子量分别为50和27 kD。【结论】本实验成功制备出一株能够稳定分泌抗异色瓢虫Vn的单克隆抗体,为建立酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）方法测定其动态变化奠定了基础。     

Toxicity of commonly used insecticides in sweet corn and soybean to multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Use of insecticides with low toxicity to natural enemies is an important component of conservation biological control. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of insecticides used in sweet corn, Zea mays L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., to the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), under laboratory and field conditions. Field experiments conducted in sweet corn in 2003 and 2004 and in soybean in 2003, showed that H. axyridis was the most abundant predator. In sweet corn, densities of H. axyridis larvae in plots treated with spinosad or indoxacarb were generally higher than in plots treated with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, bifenthrin, and A-cyhalothrin. In soybean, densities of H. axyridis larvae in plots treated with chlorpyrifos were higher than in plots treated with lambda-cyhalothrin. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of insecticides to eggs, first and third instars, pupae, and adults. Spinosad, followed by indoxacarb, were the least toxic insecticides for all life stages of H. axyridis. Conventional insecticides showed high toxicity to H. axyridis when applied at field rates under laboratory conditions. Overall, first instars were most susceptible to the insecticides tested, followed by third instars and adults, eggs, and pupae. Our results suggest that spinosad, and to a lesser extent indoxacarb, offer reduced toxicity to H. axyridis and would be beneficial for conservation biological control in agricultural systems where H. axyridis is abundant.     

海藻糖酶基因TRE2-like和TRE2在异色瓢虫羽化过程中的表达与功能

【目的】异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis是一种重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,海藻糖在异色瓢虫的变态发育、羽化等整个生命过程都起着重要的作用。本研究以前期获得的类似膜结合型海藻糖酶(TRE2-like)与膜结合型海藻糖酶(TRE2)基因为基础,探讨在异色瓢虫羽化阶段这两个海藻糖酶的潜在功能,为阐明异色瓢虫从蛹发育到成虫时海藻糖代谢机制提供参考。【方法】根据TRE2-like和TRE2基因序列设计双链RNA(dsRNA)区域片段并合成对应的dsRNA,通过RNAi将其注射到异色瓢虫2日龄蛹中。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测RNAi处理后羽化第1天的异色瓢虫成虫糖代谢相关基因的表达;同时采用蒽酮比色法、酶标法等分别测定RNAi处理后羽化第1天的异色瓢虫成虫主要糖类物质含量及TRE活性变化,并观察异色瓢虫羽化后的表型变化。【结果】结果表明,与对照组(dsGFP注射组)相比,异色瓢虫2日龄蛹被注射TRE2-like或TRE2 dsRNA后,其新羽化成虫体内TRE2-like和TRE2表达量均极显著下调,且少数个体出现了蜕皮与翅形成困难等畸形表型。可溶性海藻糖酶活性在注射dsTRE2-like后显著降低,膜结合型海藻糖酶活性在注射dsTRE2后显著降低;注射dsTRE2后糖原含量显著下降,注射dsTRE2-like后糖原和海藻糖含量显著下降,注射dsTRE2-like+dsTRE2后糖原和葡萄糖含量显著下降,且海藻糖含量极显著下降。注射dsTRE2-like, dsTRE2和dsTRE2-like+dsTRE2后可溶性海藻糖酶基因TRE1-1和TRE1-2表达下降或显著下降,而TRE1-5表达上升或显著上升,海藻糖合成酶(trealose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS)、糖原磷酸化酶(glycogen phosphorylase, GP)、糖原合成酶(glycogen synthase, GS)基因的表达均显著下调。【结论】TRE2-like和TRE2基因表达被抑制后,异色瓢虫海藻糖等代谢受到影响。研究结果为探究异色瓢虫体内膜结合型海藻糖酶的潜在功能和调控机制奠定了基础。     

Response of coccinellid larvae to conspecific and heterospecific larval tracks: a mechanism that reduces cannibalism and intraguild predation

Cannibalism, where one species feeds on individuals of its own species, and intraguild predation (IGP), where a predator feeds on other predatory species, can both pose significant threats to natural enemies and interfere with their biological control of pests. Behavioral mechanisms to avoid these threats, however, could help maintain superior pest control. Here, we ask whether larvae of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) respond to larval tracks deposited by the other and whether this behavioral response reduces the threat of cannibalism and IGP. In petri dish experiments, we show that both H. axyridis and C. septempunctata avoid foraging in areas with conspecific larval tracks. Using a method of preventing larvae from depositing tracks, we then demonstrate that the frequency of cannibalism is greater for both species when larvae are prevented from depositing tracks compared with when the tracks are deposited. For multi-species interactions we show in petri dish experiments that C. septempunctata avoids H. axyridis larval tracks but H. axyridis does not avoid C. septempunctata larval tracks, demonstrating an asymmetry in response to larval tracks that parallels the asymmetry in aggressiveness between these species as intraguild predators. On single plants, we show that the presence of H. axyridis larval tracks reduces the risk of IGP by H. axyridis on C. septempunctata. Our study suggests that larval tracks can be used in more ways than previously described, in this case by changing coccinellid larval behavior in a way that reduces cannibalism and IGP.