副粘病毒F1蛋白胞外非保守区对其特异性膜融合的影响

为了解融合蛋白F1分子的胞外非保守区在融合蛋白(F)与血凝素．神经氨酸酶(HN)的特异性膜融合中的作用,采用基因定点突变方法,在新城疫病毒(NDV)F1与人副流感病毒(hPIV)F1基因的胞外非保守区进行定点突变,创造酶切位点,得到分别含3个相同酶切位点的突变株NDV-M和hPIV-M。经检测,突变体的细胞融合功能与野毒株相同。然后用3个限制性内切酶分别从NDV-M与hPIV-M中切出两个片段NDVF-1、F-2及hPIVF-1、F-2。NDV-M和hPIV-M相互交换对应的F-1片段后进行基因重组,得到2个嵌合体(Chimera),即NDV-C1和hPIV-C1;同样方法交换F-2片段后又得到2个嵌合体NDV-C2和hPIV-C2。将各种嵌合体DNA与同源及异源HN基因共转染BHK21细胞后,在真核细胞中表达。Giemsa染色和指示基因法检测细胞融合功能,荧光强度分析(FACS)检测F蛋白的表达效率。结果表明,突变体：NDV-M和hPIV-M的细胞融合功能与野毒株相同,可用于构建嵌合体。NDV-1C和NDV—C2分别与NDV HN共表达后,融合功能达到野毒株的76．34％和96．2％,与hPIV HN共表达后均无细胞融合发生;hPIV-C1和hPIV—C2分别与hPIV HN共表达后,融合功能达到野毒株的65．82％和93．78％,与NDV HN共表达后无细胞融合发生。FACS分析表明,突变体及所有嵌合体蛋白F的表达效率与野毒株相比均没有明显变化。实验结果说明在F1蛋白的胞外非保守区中,NDV F-1和hPIV F-1这两个片段对于NDV和hPIV的特异性膜融合具有重要作用;而NDV F-2和hPIV F-2这两个片段对于NDV和hPIV的膜融合来讲,则特异性较低。     

糖化作用对新城疫病毒HN糖蛋白功能的影响

为了研究糖化作用对新城疫病毒(NDV)HN糖蛋白生物学活性的影响,特别是对HN促细胞融合作用的影响,采用基因定点突变技术分别去掉HN分子上的4个糖化位点,然后检测各突变株的细胞表面表达情况、受体识别特性、神经氨酸酶活性、促细胞融合作用、免疫沉淀特性等.结果表明,将野毒株NDV HN的细胞表面表达效率定为100%时,D198R-HN突变株的表达效率为82.6%;而对二者的G1、G2、G3和G4 4个糖化位点分别进行定点突变时,得到8种突变株.它们的表达效率均有不同程度的降低,D198R-HN-G2和D198R-HN-G4两种突变株与D198R-HN相比更为明显.野毒株HN的G1、G2、G3和G4突变株的受体识别活性分别为突变前的47.95%、68.49%、42.67%和41.10%;而D198R-HN突变株的G1、G3和G4突变株的受体识别活性突变前后变化不明显,只有D198R-HN-G2突变株的受体识别活性得以恢复较多,从原来的10.96%恢复到32.88%.野毒株HN突变后神经氨酸酶活性普遍降低,尤以G4影响明显,仅为野毒株的9.60%;而D198R-HN突变株突变后神经氨酸酶活性普遍升高,尤以G2恢复最高,由原来的0.45%恢复到7.59%.野毒株HN的G1、G2、G3和G4突变前后细胞融合情况变化不大;而D198R-HN的G1、G2、G3和G4突变后,D198R-HN-G1、D198R-HN-G3、D198R-HN-G4没有变化,但D198R-HN-G2使D198R-HN的细胞融合活性得以恢复30.90%.野毒株HN电泳时呈现1条较宽的泳带,当突变掉1个糖化位点时,泳动速度加快.D198R-HN突变株及D198R-HN-G1、D198R-HN-G3和D198R-HN-G4 HN突变株电泳时,呈现两条模糊不清的条带.但D198R-HN-G2突变株HN电泳时,其条带变得窄而锐利,且泳动速度快.上述结果说明糖链能影响HN的表达或从细胞浆运输到细胞表面,G2对HN的受体识别活性影响较大,推测G2糖链部分结构的改变影响到了HN G2周围的表型特性,从而导致神经氨酸酶活性、促细胞融合作用的改变.     

副粘病毒HN蛋白颈部与F相互作用区功能的研究

副粘病毒(Paramyxovirus)包膜上镶嵌着两种糖蛋白血凝素-神经氨酸酶(Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase,HN)和融合蛋白(Fusion protein,F),两者的相互作用是决定病毒宿主范围、毒力和传播的关键。为探讨HN颈部与F相互作用区(Fusion interaction region,FIR)在膜融合机制中的作用,选取新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)与人副流感病毒3型(human parainfluenza virus type 3,hPIV3)为研究对象,通过片段置换及同源重组技术构建嵌合体C1、C2,进一步将NDV及hPIV3 HN的FIR内第51位丝氨酸(Serine,S)、第55位天冬氨酸(Aspartic acid,D)定点突变为丙氨酸(Alanine,A),获得突变体NDVS51A、NDVD55A、hPIV3 S51A、hPIV3 D55A,对嵌合体及突变体蛋白的细胞表面表达效率、受体识别活性、神经氨酸酶活性、促细胞融合活性及半融合活性进行检测。结果:各嵌合体C1、C2及突变体NDV S51A、NDV D55A、hPIV3 S51A、hPIV3 D55A的细胞表达效率、神经氨酸酶活性(Neuraminidase,NA)与野生型相比差异不显著(P0.05),但促细胞融合活性均有不同程度的降低(P0.05),C1、C2、NDV S51A、NDV D55A、hPIV3 S51A、hPIV3 D55A分别为野生型的7%、9%、27%、19%、17%和21%;C1、C2、NDV S51A、NDV D55A、hPIV3 S51A、hPIV3 D55A的受体识别活性分别为14.7%、22.3%、35.5%、28.8%、33.9%和40.2%,与野生型相比差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明:副粘病毒HN蛋白颈部与F相互作用区的突变及置换使HN蛋白的促细胞融合活性、受体识别活性降低,其中第51位丝氨酸(S51)及第55位天冬氨酸(D55)发挥重要作用。     

人副流感病毒3型HN蛋白十一肽重复序列保守氨基酸突变分析

为确定人副流感病毒3型(Human parainfluenza virus type 3,hPIV3)病毒包膜表面血凝素神经氨酸酶(Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase,HN)糖蛋白茎部区十一肽重复序列中保守氨基酸中具有关键性作用的位点,进一步探讨HN蛋白茎部区在融合机制中的重要作用。结合定点突变和同源重组技术将HN蛋白茎部区十一肽重复序列中5个保守氨基酸位点(I102、P111、L114、S119、I125)突变为丙氨酸(Alanine,A),通过痘苗病毒-T7聚合酶系统在BHK-21细胞中表达突变蛋白,定性定量检测各突变体蛋白的促细胞融合活性、受体结合活性、神经氨酸酶活性和半融合活性。突变体蛋白I102A、P111A、L114A、S119A、I125A的促细胞融合活性均有不同程度下降,依次为野生型的6%、16%、14%、87%和4%,除S119A外其余4个突变型与野生型相比差别均具有统计学意义(P0.01);突变体蛋白I102A、P111A、L114A、S119A、I125A的受体结合活性也出现不同程度下降,依次分别为野生型的32.2%、77.4%、74.2%、83.9%和38.7%,其中I102A和I125A的受体结合活性与野生型相比差别具有统计学意义(P0.01);突变体蛋白I102A、P111A、L114A、S119A、I125A的神经氨酸酶活性分别为野生型的66.5%、73.1%、69.1%、76.1%和72.8%,与野生型相比差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。结果表明:茎部区十一肽重复序列对hPIV3HN蛋白的促细胞融合活性和受体结合活性具有重要意义。该区域氨基酸I102、P111、L114、I125具有关键作用,推测其能通过影响头部区受体结合活性或是与融合蛋白的相互作用等不同方式导致HN蛋白结构功能发生改变。     

人副流感病毒3型HN糖蛋白N-糖链的功能研究

为了研究人副流感病毒3型(hPIV3)HN糖蛋白N-糖链的功能,采用基因定点突变技术构建糖基化位点突变体,然后检测各突变株的蛋白电泳速率、细胞表面表达量、受体结合活性、神经氨酸酶活性和促细胞融合活性。HN分子的G1、G2、G3和G4 4个糖基化位点分别和联合突变后发现G1、G2和G4及其联合突变株(G12、G14、G24和G124)电泳速率加快,而G3突变株电泳速率没有变化。各突变株的表达效率,神经氨酸酶活性与野毒株相比差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),但受体结合活性和促细胞融合活性均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05)。G1、G2和G4位点突变后受体结合活性分别为突变前的83.94%、76.45%和55.32%,而促细胞融合活性降为突变前的80.84%、77.83%和64.16%。联合突变株G12、G14、G24和G124血吸附活性进一步降低,为突变前的33.07%、20.67%、19.96%和15.11%,促细胞融合活性进一步降低为突变前的46.36%、12.04%、13.43%和4.05%。结果表明:hPIV3HN糖蛋白的糖链对HN糖蛋白的受体结合活性和促细胞融合活性有重要影响,推断糖链的丢失可能会引起HN糖蛋白头部结构(受体结合活性位点所在区域)或者方向的改变或者无法与宿主细胞膜表面的凝集素受体(一种与N-糖链结合的受体)结合,进而导致受体结合活性和促细胞融合活性的降低。     

人干扰素α1b突变体IFNα1b/31K的构建及其生物学评价

目的:构建干扰素α1b突变体IFNα1b/31K,以期获得高效低毒的新型药物分子。方法:根据合理药物设计,采用定点突变技术,将干扰素α1b第31位氨基酸残基突变为K,并构建表达IFNα1b/31K重组蛋白。纯化后,对其抗病毒活性、抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性和动物体内急性毒性进行考察。结果:IFNα1b/31K表达量占菌体总蛋白的30%以上。纯化后的IFNα1b/31K纯度大于95%,比活性约为IFNα1b的1.7倍,抗肿瘤增殖活性比IFNα1b降低,未见对实验动物的急性毒性作用。结论:成功设计构建并表达了高效低毒的IFNα1b突变蛋白分子。     

副粘病毒融合蛋白活性位点中亮氨酸基因突变分析

为了确定副粘病毒融合蛋白（Ｆ）分子上活性位点中亮氨酸在Ｆ的细胞融合作用中的作用,弄清Ｆ融合细胞的分子机理,采用基因定点突变法创造一个酶切位点,用酶切反应初步筛选突变株,然后用ＤＮＡ序列分析进一步确定,并在真核细胞内进行表达,Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色和指示基因法检测细胞融合功能,荧光强度分析（ＦＡＣＳ）检测表达效率。结果表明,ｈＰＩＶ３等４６０位亮氨酸（Ｌ）和第４７４位异亮氨酸（Ｉ）分别突变成丙氨酸（Ａ）（     

新城疫病毒ZJ1株F蛋白裂解位点突变对其融合活性的影响*

新城疫病毒ZJ1毒株是近年来在我国水禽中流行并能引起水禽严重发病和死亡的强毒株,其F蛋白裂解位点有多个碱性氨基酸分布。将该毒株F蛋白裂解位点的112、115和117位碱性氨基酸突变成弱毒株特征的非碱性氨基酸,构建了重组表达质粒pCI-FT。分别将突变前后的F蛋白与该毒株的HN蛋白在COS-1细胞共表达,表明突变前后的F蛋白均有融合活性;分别将突变前后的F蛋白与该毒株的HN蛋白在CEF细胞共表达,表明突变后F蛋白被裂解的活性大大降低。以上研究为下一步在全长cDNA克隆水平上对F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列进行相应     

新城疫病毒ZJ1株F蛋白裂解位点突变对其融合活性的影响

新城疫病毒ZJ1毒株是近年来在我国水禽中流行并能引起水禽严重发病和死亡的强毒株,其F蛋白裂解位点有多个碱性氨基酸分布。将该毒株F蛋白裂解位点的112、115和117位碱性氨基酸突变成弱毒株特征的非碱性氨基酸,构建了重组表达质粒pCI-FT。分别将突变前后的F蛋白与该毒株的HN蛋白在COS-1细胞共表达,表明突变前后的F蛋白均有融合活性;分别将突变前后的F蛋白与该毒株的HN蛋白在CEF细胞共表达,表明突变后F蛋白被裂解的活性大大降低。以上研究为下一步在全长cDNA克隆水平上对F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列进行相应突变,研究毒力相关因素以及构建毒力致弱疫苗株等奠定基础。     

风疹病毒包膜糖蛋白E1中二硫键对其细胞融合活性的影响

为了探讨风疹病毒包膜糖蛋白E1中二硫键对风疹病毒细胞融合活性的影响,在构建重组载体pBSK-SPE2E1的基础上,利用PCR定点突变与体内同源重组相结合的方法,构建了11个突变体,分别将E1外功能区的11个半胱氨酸残基突变为其它氨基酸残基,从而去除一个二硫键,利用Giemsa染色法定性检测由此引起的细胞融合情况,流式细胞术检测导入的外源DNA在细胞表面的表达效率,血吸附检测重组表达的突变体蛋白的受体识别活性。结果表明E1外功能区的10个二硫键对RV的细胞融合活性都有重要影响,任何一个二硫键的去除均导致E1的细胞融合活性丧失;其中第5和第8个半胱氨酸残基所形成的二硫键与E2和E1的相互作用有关,第3、第4和第13个半胱氨酸残基所形成的二硫键可能直接影响E1的细胞融合功能。     

A single amino acid change in the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein alters the requirement for HN protein in fusion

The role of a leucine heptad repeat motif between amino acids 268 and 289 in the structure and function of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F protein was explored by introducing single point mutations into the F gene cDNA. The mutations affected either folding of the protein or the fusion activity of the protein. Two mutations, L275A and L282A, likely interfered with folding of the molecule since these proteins were not proteolytically cleaved, were minimally expressed at the cell surface, and formed aggregates. L268A mutant protein was cleaved and expressed at the cell surface although the protein migrated slightly slower than wild type on polyacrylamide gels, suggesting an alteration in conformation or processing. L268A protein was fusion inactive in the presence or absence of HN protein expression. Mutant L289A protein was expressed at the cell surface and proteolytically cleaved at better than wild-type levels. Most importantly, this protein mediated syncytium formation in the absence of HN protein expression although HN protein enhanced fusion activity. These results show that a single amino acid change in the F(1) portion of the NDV F protein can alter the stringent requirement for HN protein expression in syncytium formation.     

Studies on the fusion peptide of a paramyxovirus fusion glycoprotein: roles of conserved residues in cell fusion.

The role of residues in the conserved hydrophobic N-terminal fusion peptide of the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein in causing cell-cell fusion was examined. Mutations were introduced into the cDNA encoding the simian virus 5 (SV5) F protein, the altered F proteins were expressed by using an eukaryotic vector, and their ability to mediate syncytium formation was determined. The mutant F proteins contained both single- and multiple-amino-acid substitutions, and they exhibited a variety of intracellular transport properties and fusion phenotypes. The data indicate that many substitutions in the conserved amino acids of the simian virus 5 F fusion peptide can be tolerated without loss of biological activity. Mutant F proteins which were not transported to the cell surface did not cause cell-cell fusion, but all of the mutants which were transported to the cell surface were fusion competent, exhibiting fusion properties similar to or better than those of the wild-type F protein. Mutant F proteins containing glycine-to-alanine substitutions had altered intracellular transport characteristics, yet they exhibited a great increase in fusion activity. The potential structural implications of this substitution and the possible importance of these glycine residues in maintaining appropriate levels of fusion activity are discussed.     

Mutations in the DI-DII Linker of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Fusion Protein Result in Diminished Fusion Activity

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) can cause severe respiratory tract diseases in infants and young children, but no licensed vaccines or antiviral agents are currently available for treatment. Fusing the viral and target cell membranes is a prerequisite for its entry into host cells and is directly mediated by the fusion (F) protein. Although several domains of F are known to have important effects on regulating the membrane fusion activity, the roles of the DI-DII linker (residues 369–374) of the HPIV3 F protein in the fusogenicity still remains ill-defined. To facilitate our understanding of the role of this domain might play in F-induced cell-cell fusion, nine single mutations were engineered into this domain by site-directed mutagenesis. A vaccinia virus-T7 RNA polymerase transient expression system was employed to express the wild-type or mutated F proteins. These mutants were analyzed for membrane fusion activity, cell surface expression, and interaction between F and HN protein. Each of the mutated F proteins in this domain has a cell surface expression level similar to that of wild-type F. All of them resulted in a significant reduction in fusogenic activity in all steps of membrane fusion. Furthermore, all these fusion-deficient mutants reduced the amount of the HN-F complexes at the cell surface. Together, the results of our work suggest that this region has an important effect on the fusogenic activity of F.     

非特异性脂质转移蛋白突变体的构建及在两种硫氧还蛋白表达载体中的表达比较

对水稻非特异性脂质转移蛋白(Nospecific lipid transfer protein,nsLTP) LTP110中结构重要的5个氨基酸位点进行了定点突变,测序结果证实了突变体构建成功。在尝试了多种大肠杆菌表达系统进行表达之后,发现硫氧还蛋白融合表达载体适合于LTP110野生型及突变体的表达。将编码野生型LTP110及突变体Y17A,P72L,R46A,D45A,C50A蛋白的cDNA顺序克隆进两种硫氧还蛋白表达载体并对其表达情况进行了比较：pTrxFus载体可以在宿主菌GI724中以较低水平表达野生型LTP110及突变体Y17A,P72L,R46A融合蛋白,但不能表达D45A和C50A融合蛋白;pET32a(+)载体可以在宿主菌BL21 (DE3) trxB-中以可溶蛋白的形式表达野生型及所有突变型融合蛋白,且表达量比在pTrxFus载体/GI724突主菌中表达量高。对pET32a(+)载体中表达的LTP110融合蛋白进行了纯化,并利用带有荧光标记的脂肪酸分子对其测活,结果表明表达的野生型LTP110分子具有结合脂质的活性。     

Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper motif in the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein.

The paramyxovirus fusion proteins have a highly conserved leucine zipper motif immediately upstream from the transmembrane domain of the F1 subunit (R. Buckland and F. Wild, Nature [London] 338:547, 1989). To determine the role of the conserved leucines in the oligomeric structure and biological activity of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion protein, the heptadic leucines at amino acids 481, 488, and 495 were changed individually and in combination to an alanine residue. While single amino acid changes had little effect on fusion, substitution of two or three leucine residues abolished the fusogenic activity of the protein, although cell surface expression of the mutants was higher than that of the wild-type protein. Substitution of all three leucine residues with alanine did not alter the size of the fusion protein oligomer as determined by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Furthermore, deletion of the C-terminal 91 amino acids, including the leucine zipper motif and transmembrane domain, resulted in secretion of an oligomeric polypeptide. These results indicate that the conserved leucines are not necessary for oligomer formation but are required for the fusogenic ability of the protein. When the polar face of the potential alpha helix was altered by nonconservative changes of serine to alanine (position 473), glutamic acid to lysine or alanine (position 482), asparagine to lysine (position 485), or aspartic acid to alanine (position 489), the fusogenic ability of the protein was not significantly disrupted. In addition, a double mutant (E482A,D489A) which removed negative charges along one side of the helix had negligible effects on fusion activity.     

Mutations in the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Confer Hyperfusogenic Phenotypes Modulating Viral Replication and Pathogenicity

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion protein (F) mediates fusion of viral and host cell membranes and is a major determinant of NDV pathogenicity. In the present study, we demonstrate the effects of functional properties of F cytoplasmic tail (CT) amino acids on virus replication and pathogenesis. Out of a series of C-terminal deletions in the CT, we were able to rescue mutant viruses lacking two or four residues (rΔ2 and rΔ4). We further rescued viral mutants with individual amino acid substitutions at each of these four terminal residues (rM553A, rK552A, rT551A, and rT550A). In addition, the NDV F CT has two conserved tyrosine residues (Y524 and Y527) and a dileucine motif (LL536-537). In other paramyxoviruses, these residues were shown to affect fusion activity and are central elements in basolateral targeting. The deletion of 2 and 4 CT amino acids and single tyrosine substitution resulted in hyperfusogenic phenotypes and increased viral replication and pathogenesis. We further found that in rY524A and rY527A viruses, disruption of the targeting signals did not reduce the expression on the apical or basolateral surface in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, whereas in double tyrosine mutant, it was reduced on both the apical and basolateral surfaces. Interestingly, in rL536A and rL537A mutants, the F protein expression was more on the apical than on the basolateral surface, and this effect was more pronounced in the rL537A mutant. We conclude that these wild-type residues in the NDV F CT have an effect on regulating F protein biological functions and thus modulating viral replication and pathogenesis.     

Functional analysis of N-linked glycosylation mutants of the measles virus fusion protein synthesized by recombinant vaccinia virus vectors.

The role of N-linked glycosylation in the biological activity of the measles virus (MV) fusion (F) protein was analyzed by expressing glycosylation mutants with recombinant vaccinia virus vectors. There are three potential N-linked glycosylation sites located on the F2 subunit polypeptide of MV F, at asparagine residues 29, 61, and 67. Each of the three potential glycosylation sites was mutated separately as well as in combination with the other sites. Expression of mutant proteins in mammalian cells showed that all three sites are used for the addition of N-linked oligosaccharides. Cell surface expression of mutant proteins was reduced by 50% relative to the wild-type level when glycosylation at either Asn-29 or Asn-61 was abolished. Despite the similar levels of cell surface expression, the Asn-29 and Asn-61 mutant proteins had different biological activities. While the Asn-61 mutant was capable of inducing syncytium formation, the Asn-29 mutant protein did not exhibit any significant cell fusion activity. Inactivation of the Asn-67 glycosylation site also reduced cell surface transport of mutant protein but had little effect on its ability to cause cell fusion. However, when the Asn-67 mutation was combined with mutations at either of the other two sites, cleavage-dependent activation, cell surface expression, and cell fusion activity were completely abolished. Our data show that the loss of N-linked oligosaccharides markedly impaired the proteolytic cleavage, stability, and biological activity of the MV F protein. The oligosaccharide side chains in MV F are thus essential for optimum conformation of the extracellular F2 subunit that is presumed to bind cellular membranes.     

Decreased dependence on receptor recognition for the fusion promotion activity of L289A-mutated newcastle disease virus fusion protein correlates with a monoclonal antibody-detected conformational change

It has been shown that the L289A-mutated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion (F) protein gains the ability to promote fusion of Cos-7 cells independent of the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein and exhibits a 50% enhancement in HN-dependent fusion over wild-type (wt) F protein. Here, we show that HN-independent fusion by L289A-F is not exhibited in BHK cells or in several other cell lines. However, similar to the results in Cos-7 cells, the mutated protein plus HN does promote 50 to 70% more fusion above wt levels in all of the cell lines tested. L289A-F protein exhibits the same specificity as the wt F protein for the homologous HN protein, as well as NDV-human parainfluenza virus 3 HN chimeras. The mutated F protein promotes fusion more effectively than the wt when it is coexpressed with either the chimeras or HN proteins deficient in receptor recognition activity. In addition, its fusogenic activity is significantly more resistant to removal of sialic acid on target cells. These findings are consistent with the demonstration that L289A-F interacts more efficiently with wt and mutated HN proteins than does wt F by a cell surface coimmunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, these findings indicate that L289A-F promotes fusion by a mechanism analogous to that of the wt protein with respect to the HN-F interaction but is less dependent on the attachment activity of HN. The phenotype of the mutated F protein correlates with a conformational change in the protein detectable by two different monoclonal antibodies. This conformational change may reflect a destabilization of F structure induced by the L289A substitution, which may in turn indicate a lower energy requirement for fusion activation.