hNOK抗体的制备及肺癌组织中NOK的表达检测

Novel Oncogene with Kinase-domain (NOK)是一个新的肿瘤相关基因, 其结构上?与受体蛋白相似, 具有一个蛋白激酶结构域。过量表达NOK会导致肿瘤的产生与转移。为了更进一步研究生理状态下NOK的功能, 需要制备NOK特异性的抗体。利用GST融合蛋白制备了人源NOK的多克隆抗体, 并进行了纯化。检测表明所得的抗体具有很高的滴度, 能够特异性检测NOK蛋白的表达。使用该抗体进行了人肺癌组织的免疫组化检测, 发现该抗体能够高效识别组织内源性表达的NOK蛋白, 可为肺癌的诊断提供依据。     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

蛋白酪氨酸激酶NOK／STYK1胞内区的表达与纯化

目的：酪氨酸蛋白激酶NOK／STYKl具有很强的促肿瘤形成和转移能力,被认为是很有前途的肿瘤治疗靶点。由于NOK含有一个跨膜区,且富含疏水性氨基酸,其表达和纯化非常困难,直接影响了对其功能及相关分子机理的深入研究。本研究目的是获得可溶的且纯度较高的NOK胞内区融合蛋白ANOK（AA：49—422）,为后续抗体的制备和功能研究奠定重要基础。方法：含有△NOK基因的原核表达载体,转入E-coliBL21中,IPTG诱导蛋白表达,通过亲和层析获得可溶的△NOK融合蛋白。融合蛋白经凝血酶酶切后,凝胶过滤层析分离标签蛋白获得z~NOK蛋白。同时,我们还通过Bac-to-Bac系统获得含有ANOK基因的杆状病毒,感染sO细胞,尝试在真核细胞中表达目的蛋白。结果：通过在sf9昆虫细胞和大肠杆菌表达系统中盐浓度等各种条件的摸索,首次获得了可溶的且纯度较高的NOK胞内区融合蛋白（ANOK—GST）和一定量去除标签的ANOK蛋白。本研究中与大肠杆菌相比,昆虫细胞并不适合△NOK的纯化。结论：我们建立了一套优化的NOK蛋白表达和纯化体系,从而为后续抗体制备和各种体内外生化实验等功能研究奠定基础,为研究NOK在肿瘤中的作用和药物筛选创造条件。同时丰富了整个RTKs家族作用机制的探索,进一步促进了以RTKs为靶点的治疗手段在临床上的应用。     

蛋白酪氨酸激酶NOK/STYK1 胞内区的表达与纯化*

摘要目的：酪氨酸蛋白激酶NOK/STYK1 具有很强的促肿瘤形成和转移能力,被认为是很有前途的肿瘤治疗靶点。由于NOK含 有一个跨膜区,且富含疏水性氨基酸,其表达和纯化非常困难,直接影响了对其功能及相关分子机理的深入研究。本研究目的是 获得可溶的且纯度较高的NOK 胞内区融合蛋白△NOK (AA：49-422),为后续抗体的制备和功能研究奠定重要基础。方法：含有 △NOK基因的原核表达载体,转入BL21 中,IPTG 诱导蛋白表达,通过亲和层析获得可溶的△NOK 融合蛋白。融合蛋白经 凝血酶酶切后,凝胶过滤层析分离标签蛋白获得△NOK蛋白。同时,我们还通过Bac-to-Bac 系统获得含有△NOK基因的杆状病 毒,感染sf9 细胞,尝试在真核细胞中表达目的蛋白。结果：通过在sf9 昆虫细胞和大肠杆菌表达系统中盐浓度等各种条件的摸索, 首次获得了可溶的且纯度较高的NOK 胞内区融合蛋白(△NOK-GST )和一定量去除标签的△NOK 蛋白。本研究中与大肠杆菌相 比,昆虫细胞并不适合△NOK 的纯化。结论：我们建立了一套优化的NOK蛋白表达和纯化体系,从而为后续抗体制备和各种体 内外生化实验等功能研究奠定基础,为研究NOK在肿瘤中的作用和药物筛选创造条件。同时丰富了整个RTKs 家族作用机制的 探索,进一步促进了以RTKs为靶点的治疗手段在临床上的应用。     

Gas8蛋白的抗体制备及小鼠组织表达图谱分析

目的：制备Gas8抗体,并检测小鼠各组织中Gas8表达谱。方法：在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达His标签标记的Gas8融合蛋白,以纯化的Gas8重组融合蛋白为抗原制备兔Gas8多抗血清,进一步利用亲和纯化方法制备Gas8多克隆抗体;为确定Gas8抗体的特异性,通过免疫印迹方法检测瞬时表达的Flag-Gas8融合蛋白,同时以抗Flag单克隆抗体作为对照;利用制备的抗体通过Westernblot检测Gas8在小鼠各组织中的表达谱。结果：与Gas8特异性结合的抗体能够通过免疫法获得;利用制备的抗体检测到Gas8在小鼠心、肺、肾、脑、肝、脾、肌肉、睾丸各组织中均表达。结论：获得了特异性抗Gas8抗体,用该抗体可以检测到小鼠组织中Gas8的表达。     

OS-9基因的融合表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备

OS 9基因广泛表达于人体多种组织 ,该基因的表达产物可能与肿瘤的发生相关 .为获得可溶性表达的OS 9蛋白 ,制备多克隆抗体 ,深入了解OS 9基因的功能 ,将OS 9基因片段克隆入组氨酸标签融合的表达载体pET2 8a中 ,IPTG诱导 ,利用金属螯合亲和层析 (MCAC)进行纯化 ,薄层扫描及Bradford法检测纯化蛋白的纯度与含量 .免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体 ,利用间接ELISA法检测抗体效价 ,Western印迹检测抗体特异性 .经表达形式分析证明 ,融合蛋白大部分可溶 .薄层扫描分析纯度可达 90 %以上 ,Bradford法检测蛋白浓度约 0 1mg ml.抗血清效价可达 1∶32 0 0以上 ,Western印迹检测证明抗体特异性良好 .经诱导表达及纯化制备出可溶的纯度较高的OS 9蛋白产物 ,并获得高效价特异性良好的多克隆抗体     

人CD24分子成熟多肽的原核表达及抗体制备

目的: 为获得抗人CD24分子成熟多肽核心蛋白(hCD24N)的多克隆抗体。方法: 制备CD24表达阳性的人肿瘤细胞cDNA,采用PCR法扩增hCD24N的编码基因,构建pGEX-KGV-hCD24N原核表达质粒;转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),乳糖诱导表达;经GST亲和柱层析、SDS-PAGE和Western blotting制备并鉴定纯化的GST-StraptagII-hCD24N融合蛋白;免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗血清并用rProtein A亲和柱层析纯化多克隆IgG抗体;用间接ELISA法测定抗体效价,Western blotting鉴定抗体特异性,同时采用细胞免疫荧光检测技术对抗体的特异性和应用可行性作进一步评价。结果: 实现了hCD24N基因的克隆以及在原核细胞中的可溶性重组融合表达,得到了纯化后的目的融合蛋白,并以其为免疫原获得了效价高于1:100 000的抗hCD24N多克隆抗体,Western blotting及细胞免疫荧光检测证明该抗体与当前市售的抗人CD24抗体具有相似的免疫反应特异性,并且能够与CD24阳性人肿瘤细胞表达并加工的高度糖基化CD24天然分子发生特异性抗原-抗体反应。结论: 抗hCD24N多克隆抗体的成功制备为进一步以CD24分子为靶点的肿瘤生物学基础研究以及相关癌症的诊断试剂开发奠定基础。     

Ataxin-3融合蛋白表达、纯化及抗血清的制备

目的:表达GST-ataxin-3-N融合蛋白并制备GST-ataxin-3特异性抗体,为深入研究其功能及其在SCA3发病机制中的作用提供重要的技术和材料保障.方法:将人ataxin-3氨基端基因克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2,在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21中表达,用Glutathione sepharose4B凝胶亲和柱纯化目的蛋白.利用纯化的GST-ataxin-3-N蛋白制备多克隆抗体.结果:成功构建了原核表达载体,得到高表达量的融合蛋白,经亲和层析柱纯化获得较高纯度的GST-ataxin-3-N融合蛋白.以融合蛋白免疫新西兰兔得到Ataxin-3-N多克隆抗体,Western Blotting及免疫荧光均证实该抗体能够识别Ataxin-3-myc蛋白,具有较高特异性.结论:利用原核表达人GST-ataxin-3-N融合蛋白制备的Ataxin-3多克隆抗体具有较好的特异性,可用于该蛋白的相关研究.     

NOK在骨肉瘤细胞系MG63 EMT过程中的作用

目的:通过对比和检测人正常成骨细胞系hFOB1.19以及骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中NOK以及EMT标志性分子E-cadherin、Vimitin的mRNA和蛋白表达量,并观察NOK对骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中EMT标志性分子E-cadherin及Vimitin的mRNA和蛋白表达量的影响,探讨NOK在骨肉瘤细胞系MG63 EMT过程中的作用。方法:qRT-PCR、Western blot法检测人正常成骨细胞系hFOB1.19以及骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中NOK、E-cadherin、Vimitin的mRNA和蛋白表达量;构建慢病毒并干扰骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中NOK表达,qRT-PCR、Western blot法检测干扰NOK前后EMT标志性分子E-cadherin及Vimitin的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:相比于人正常成骨细胞系,NOK、Vimitin的mRNA和蛋白在骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中高表达,E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白在骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中低表达。慢病毒干扰骨肉瘤细胞中NOK表达后,E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白表达升高,Vimitin的mRNA和蛋白表达降低。结论:NOK具有促进骨肉瘤细胞系MG63发生EMT过程。     

人PD1胞外须基因的克隆、蛋白表达及抗体制备

目的：研究人PD1的生物学活性,制备人PD1胞外段区域及其特异性抗体。方法：用PCR方法扩增编码人PD1胞外段的基因序列（hPD1ecr）,将其克隆到原核表达载体pET28a（＋）中,并转化至大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达,表达蛋白用SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定。纯化目的蛋白免疫日本大耳白兔,制备多克隆抗体。通过酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）,流式细胞术检测抗体滴度及其特异性。结果：原核表达载体pET28a（＋）-PD1ecr成功构建,并可在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达,得到的PD1胞外区蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定正确。用纯化蛋白免疫日本大耳白兔,制备的多克隆抗体具有较强免疫特异性。结论：得到纯化的人PD1胞外蛋白,制备的多克隆抗体能够检测自然状态下人PD1蛋白,为进一步研究PD1功能奠定了实验基础。     

Antibody-based tissue profiling as a tool for clinical proteomics

Here, we show a strategy for high-throughput antibody-based tissue profiling with the aim to create an atlas of protein expression patterns in normal human tissues and cancer tissues representing the 20 most prevalent cancer types. A set of standardized tissue microarrays (TMAs) was produced to allow for rapid screening of a multitude of different cells and tissues using immunohistochemistry. Eight TMA blocks were produced containing 48 different normal human tissues in triplicate and cancer tissue from 216 individually different tumors in duplicate. Sections from these blocks were immunohistochemically stained using five commercial and five in-house generated antibodies. Digital images for annotation of expression profiles were generated using a semiautomated approach. Five hundred seventy-six images and annotation data corresponding to a total of 30 Gbytes of data were collected for each antibody. The data presented here suggest that antibody-based profiling of protein expression in tissues can be used as a valuable tool in clinical proteomics.     

A novel polyclonal antibody library for expression profiling of poorly characterized, membrane and secreted human proteins

The YOMICS? antibody library (http://www.yomics.com/) presented in this article is a new collection of 1559 murine polyclonal antibodies specific for 1287 distinct human proteins. This antibody library is designed to target marginally characterized membrane-associated and secreted proteins. It was generated against human proteins annotated as transmembrane or secreted in GenBank, EnsEMBL, Vega and Uniprot databases, described in no or very few dedicated PubMed-linked publications. The selected proteins/protein regions were expressed in E. coli, purified and used to raise antibodies in the mouse. The capability of YOMICS? antibodies to specifically recognize their target proteins either as recombinant form or as expressed in cells and tissues was confirmed through several experimental approaches, including Western blot, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, to show the applicability of the library for biomarker investigation by IHC, five antibodies against proteins either known to be expressed in some cancers or homologous to tumor-associated proteins were tested on tissue microarrays carrying tumor and normal tissues from breast, colon, lung, ovary and prostate. A consistent differential expression in cancer was observed. Our results indicate that the YOMICS? antibody library is a tool for systematic protein expression profile analysis that nicely complements the already available commercial antibody collections.     

Discovery of lung cancer biomarkers by profiling the plasma proteome with monoclonal antibody libraries

A challenge in the treatment of lung cancer is the lack of early diagnostics. Here, we describe the application of monoclonal antibody proteomics for discovery of a panel of biomarkers for early detection (stage I) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We produced large monoclonal antibody libraries directed against the natural form of protein antigens present in the plasma of NSCLC patients. Plasma biomarkers associated with the presence of lung cancer were detected via high throughput ELISA. Differential profiling of plasma proteomes of four clinical cohorts, totaling 301 patients with lung cancer and 235 healthy controls, identified 13 lung cancer-associated (p < 0.05) monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies recognize five different cognate proteins identified using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Four of the five antigens were present in non-small cell lung cancer cells in situ. The approach is capable of generating independent antibodies against different epitopes of the same proteins, allowing fast translation to multiplexed sandwich assays. Based on these results, we have verified in two independent clinical collections a panel of five biomarkers for classifying patient disease status with a diagnostics performance of 77% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Combining CYFRA, an established cancer marker, with the panel resulted in a performance of 83% sensitivity at 95% specificity for stage I NSCLC.     

Inhibition of Cancer Cell Adhesion,Migration and Proliferation by a Bispecific Antibody that Targets two Distinct Epitopes on αv Integrins

Members of the αv family of integrins regulate activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and are directly involved in pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. Thus, αv integrins may be therapeutic targets for fibrosis and cancer, yet the isolation of selective inhibitors is currently a challenge. We generated synthetic antibodies selective for αv integrins by phage display selections on cell lines that displayed integrin heterodimers. We identified antibodies that targeted two distinct epitopes on cell-surface αv integrins and partially inhibited cell adhesion mediated by interactions between integrins and the latency-associated peptide, part of the pro-form of TGFβ. Using the isolated antibody paratope sequences we engineered a bispecific antibody capable of binding to both epitopes simultaneously; this antibody potently and completely inhibited cell adhesion mediated by integrins αvβ1, αvβ3 and αvβ5. In addition, the bispecific antibody inhibited proliferation and migration of lung carcinoma lines, where the highest and lowest potencies observed correlated with integrin-αv cell surface expression levels. Taken together, our results demonstrate that phage display selections with live cells can yield high quality anti-integrin antibodies, which we used as biparatopic building blocks to construct a bispecific antibody that strongly inhibited integrin function and may be a therapeutic candidate for cancer and fibrosis.     

Serum Antibody Repertoire Profiling Using In Silico Antigen Screen

Serum antibodies are valuable source of information on the health state of an organism. The profiles of serum antibody reactivity can be generated by using a high throughput sequencing of peptide-coding DNA from combinatorial random peptide phage display libraries selected for binding to serum antibodies. Here we demonstrate that the targets of immune response, which are recognized by serum antibodies directed against sequential epitopes, can be identified using the serum antibody repertoire profiles generated by high throughput sequencing. We developed an algorithm to filter the results of the protein database BLAST search for selected peptides to distinguish real antigens recognized by serum antibodies from irrelevant proteins retrieved randomly. When we used this algorithm to analyze serum antibodies from mice immunized with human protein, we were able to identify the protein used for immunizations among the top candidate antigens. When we analyzed human serum sample from the metastatic melanoma patient, the recombinant protein, corresponding to the top candidate from the list generated using the algorithm, was recognized by antibodies from metastatic melanoma serum on the western blot, thus confirming that the method can identify autoantigens recognized by serum antibodies. We demonstrated also that our unbiased method of looking at the repertoire of serum antibodies reveals quantitative information on the epitope composition of the targets of immune response. A method for deciphering information contained in the serum antibody repertoire profiles may help to identify autoantibodies that can be used for diagnosing and monitoring autoimmune diseases or malignancies.     

ADH IB Expression,but Not ADH III,Is Decreased in Human Lung Cancer

Endogenous S-nitrosothiols, including S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), mediate nitric oxide (NO)-based signaling, inflammatory responses, and smooth muscle function. Reduced GSNO levels have been implicated in several respiratory diseases, and inhibition of GSNO reductase, (GSNOR) the primary enzyme that metabolizes GSNO, represents a novel approach to treating inflammatory lung diseases. Recently, an association between decreased GSNOR expression and human lung cancer risk was proposed in part based on immunohistochemical staining using a polyclonal GSNOR antibody. GSNOR is an isozyme of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family, and we demonstrate that the antibody used in those studies cross reacts substantially with other ADH proteins and may not be an appropriate reagent. We evaluated human lung cancer tissue arrays using monoclonal antibodies highly specific for human GSNOR with minimal cross reactivity to other ADH proteins. We verified the presence of GSNOR in ≥85% of specimens examined, and extensive analysis of these samples demonstrated no difference in GSNOR protein expression between cancerous and normal lung tissues. Additionally, GSNOR and other ADH mRNA levels were evaluated quantitatively in lung cancer cDNA arrays by qPCR. Consistent with our immunohistochemical findings, GSNOR mRNA levels were not changed in lung cancer tissues, however the expression levels of other ADH genes were decreased. ADH IB mRNA levels were reduced (>10-fold) in 65% of the lung cancer cDNA specimens. We conclude that the previously reported results showed an incorrect association of GSNOR and human lung cancer risk, and a decrease in ADH IB, rather than GSNOR, correlates with human lung cancer.     

Methods for production of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for human lung cancer cells

We have developed a screening strategy and technology to produce monoclonal antibodies with specificity for human lung cancer cells. Mice and rats were immunized with well-characterized tissue culture lines of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC), mouse myeloma x spleen hybrids formed by the technique of Kohler and Milstein, and the resulting culture fluids were screened for antibody binding phenotype using a radioimmunoassay. To facilitate testing large numbers of culture fluids, a 96-well, microtiter based, reusable, replicating device was designed. Using this, many hybridoma culture fluids were replica plated for antibody binding tests on a series of human target cell plates. Hybrids producing antibodies that reacted with the immunizing SCLC line and another independent SCLC line, but not with autologous B-lymphoblastoid cells derived from one of the patients, were identified, selected, and then repeatedly recloned using the same screening strategy. With this technology, hybridomas representing less than 0.5% of all hybrids generated could be isolated and stable antibody producing cultures derived. Such antibodies reacted with a panel of well-characterized SCLC lines and SCLC samples taken directly from patients but not with a variety of normal tissues. Using these antibodies we can demonstrate: tumor cell contamination of bone marrow specimens, marked heterogeneity of antigen expression on cells within individual SCLC lines and individual patients, and inhibition of clonal growth of SCLC lines in soft agarose assays. All of these findings have potential clinical and cell biologic application.