高糖诱导滋养层细胞内质网应激及凋亡

目的探讨高糖对滋养层细胞系HTR-8内质网应激及凋亡的影响。方法用不同浓度的含糖培养基培养人滋养层细胞系HTR-8细胞24小时,实时定量PCR检测细胞中内质网应激相关分子CHOP、GRP78、ATF6、XBP-1 mRNA的表达水平;Western blot检测CHOP、GRP78蛋白表达水平;流式细胞术检测细胞早期凋亡率。结果实时定量PCR结果显示,与正常血糖及渗透压对照组相比,高糖组CHOP及XBP-1 mRNA表达水平显著升高,GRP78 mRNA表达降低,ATF6表达无差异;Western blot检测显示,CHOP蛋白表达水平升高,GRP78蛋白表达水平降低;流式细胞术检测显示,高糖组细胞早期凋亡率增加。正常血糖组与渗透压对照组相比,CHOP、GRP78、ATF6、XBP-1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平及细胞早期凋亡率均无差异。结论高糖能激活滋养层细胞HTR-8内质网应激,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

内质网应激与急性肺损伤的研究进展

正内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs)表现为内质网腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集以及钙离子平衡紊乱,可激活未折叠蛋白反应、内质网超负荷反应和caspase-12介导的凋亡通路等信号途径,既能诱导葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78kD,GRP78)、GRP94等内质网分子伴侣表达而产生保护效应,亦能独立诱导细胞凋亡。内质网应激直接影响应激细胞的转归,如适应、损伤或凋亡。急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是在严重感染、休克、创伤及烧伤等非心源性疾病过程中,肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺     

离体大鼠心肌内质网应激模型构建条件的优化

目的探讨构建体外心肌内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）模型的方法及实验条件。方法应用Langendorff灌流装置制作大鼠心脏离体缺血/再灌注模型,采用PowerLab系统持续监测血流动力学参数,Western blot检测缺血（停止灌流）不同时间/再灌注120 min后心肌ERS标志性分子糖调节蛋白（GRP）78的表达,并检测C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）的表达;逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测二者mRNA的表达;体外孵育心肌组织切片,分别应用不同浓度的衣霉素（tunicamycin,Tm）和二硫苏糖醇（dithiothreitol,DTT）处理3 h和6 h,Western-blot检测心肌GRP78及CHOP的表达。结果与对照组相比,离体灌注心脏缺血40 min/再灌注120 min时,心肌GRP78表达最高（P〈0.01）,CHOP蛋白、GRP78 mRNA及CHOP mRNA表达均明显升高（P〈0.01,P〈0.05和P〈0.05）,同时,各项血流动力学参数受损（均P〈0.01）;Tm 10μg/mL和DTT 2 mmol/L孵育心肌组织切片3 h时,GRP78表达较对照组显著升高（均P〈0.001）,CHOP表达亦均明显升高（P〈0.05和P〈0.01）。结论使用离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注和孵育心肌组织切片的方法,均可成功构建体外心肌ERS模型。     

衣霉素诱导大鼠心肌细胞内质网应激凋亡模型的构建

目的：通过衣霉素诱导内质网应激建立新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡模型。方法：不同浓度、不同时间的衣霉素作用于原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞,通过MTT实验和流式细胞术测定心肌细胞的存活率和凋亡率,Western blot检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78,CHOP表达水平。结果：①与阴性对照组相比,衣霉素具有损伤心肌细胞的作用,并呈现剂量与时间依赖关系（P〈0.05,n=12）。②通过流式细胞术判断心肌细胞死亡的性质,当衣霉素浓度为100ng/ml,作用72h时,心肌细胞存活率和凋亡率分别为57.4±3.2%（n=12）,25.9±5.8%（n=3）。提示衣霉素损伤细胞的形式主要为凋亡性死亡。③内质网应激蛋白GRP78和CHOP表达于6h开始增加,24h达到峰值,随后呈下降趋势。结论：应用衣霉素成功诱导SD乳鼠心肌细胞内质网应激凋亡模型,衣霉素的最佳诱导浓度为100ng/ml,作用时间为72h。     

衣霉素诱导大鼠心肌细胞内质网应激凋亡模型的构建

目的:通过衣霉素诱导内质网应激建立新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡模型。方法:不同浓度、不同时间的衣霉素作用于原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞,通过MTT实验和流式细胞术测定心肌细胞的存活率和凋亡率,Western blot检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78,CHOP表达水平。结果:①与阴性对照组相比,衣霉素具有损伤心肌细胞的作用,并呈现剂量与时间依赖关系(P<0.05,n=12)。②通过流式细胞术判断心肌细胞死亡的性质,当衣霉素浓度为100ng/ml,作用72h时,心肌细胞存活率和凋亡率分别为57.4±3.2%(n=12),25.9±5.8%(n=3)。提示衣霉素损伤细胞的形式主要为凋亡性死亡。③内质网应激蛋白GRP78和CHOP表达于6h开始增加,24h达到峰值,随后呈下降趋势。结论:应用衣霉素成功诱导SD乳鼠心肌细胞内质网应激凋亡模型,衣霉素的最佳诱导浓度为100ng/ml,作用时间为72h。     

转录因子GADDl53/CHOP的激活与糖尿病大鼠肾组织固有细胞凋亡的关系初探

目的检测内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)标志蛋白:葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP78/Bip)、转录因子GADDl53/CHOP在糖尿病大鼠肾脏细胞中表达及其与肾脏固有细胞凋亡之间的关系,初步探讨ERS在糖尿病肾损害中的作用及机制。方法单侧肾切除大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱发糖尿病,于8周应用免疫组织化学检测GRP78、GADDl53/CHOP的表达与定位,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡部位,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡程度,并对GRP78、GAD-Dl53/CHOP表达水平进行半定量分析,同时观察尿蛋白、BUN、尿肌酐等反应肾功能的相关指标。结果建模8周,糖尿病大鼠较正常组的肾细胞凋亡率明显升高,GRP78、GADDl53/CHOP表达明显增加。结论糖尿病肾损害过程中,ERS被诱导并可能通过激活转录因子GADDl53/CHOP引起肾脏细胞过多丢失,在糖尿病肾病的发病机制中起重要作用。     

不同程度内质网应激对巨噬细胞自噬的影响

目的：采用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化模型,通过不同剂量衣霉素诱导巨噬细胞不同程度内质网应激,观察对其自噬的影响。方法：不同剂量衣霉素作用于小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7,通过TUNEL染色检测其凋亡率,Westernblot检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78,以及自噬标志蛋白P62的表达水平。结果：与ox-LDL组和大剂量衣霉素组相比,小剂量衣霉素组可以显著减少巨噬细胞的凋亡（P〈0．01）;与ox-LDL组相比,小剂量衣霉素组上调内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达的同时,自噬标志蛋白P62适度下降（P〈0．01）;大剂量衣霉素组更为显著地上调了内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达,但同时自噬标志蛋白P62也显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：小剂量衣霉素引起一定程度的内质网应激,可以激活适度的自噬,从而减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,可能有助于降低动脉粥样硬化的程度。     

不同程度内质网应激对巨噬细胞自噬的影响*

摘要目的：采用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化模型,通过不同剂量衣霉素诱导巨噬细胞不同程度内质网应激,观察对其自噬的影 响。方法：不同剂量衣霉素作用于小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7,通过TUNEL染色检测其凋亡率,Western blot检测内质网应激蛋白 GRP78,以及自噬标志蛋白P62 的表达水平。结果：与ox-LDL组和大剂量衣霉素组相比,小剂量衣霉素组可以显著减少巨噬细胞 的凋亡（P<0.01）;与ox-LDL 组相比,小剂量衣霉素组上调内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达的同时,自噬标志蛋白P62 适度下降（P< 0.01）;大剂量衣霉素组更为显著地上调了内质网应激蛋白GRP78 表达,但同时自噬标志蛋白P62 也显著增加（P<0.01）。结论：小 剂量衣霉素引起一定程度的内质网应激,可以激活适度的自噬,从而减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,可能有助于降低动脉粥样硬化的程 度。     

CHOP双重调控衣霉素诱导的DU-145细胞凋亡及自噬的研究

目的研究内质网应激分子CHOP调控细胞凋亡与自噬的作用和机制。 方法利用衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞产生内质网应激,Western Blot法检测内质网应激相关分子Grp78、Grp94、p-eIF2α和CHOP及自噬蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Atg5和Beclin1的表达;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平;沉默CHOP基因,用Western Blot法检测凋亡蛋白PARP、Caspase3的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;并利用免疫荧光检测自噬标志性蛋白LC3B的表达。 结果衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激能诱导一定程度的细胞凋亡,衣霉素处理8、12、24?h的细胞凋亡率分别为3.27﹪±1.02﹪,8.97﹪±0.71﹪和11.67﹪±1.41﹪,处理12?h及24?h的细胞凋亡率与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。同时也能通过抑制PI3K/AKt/mTOR信号通路激活DU-145细胞自噬。CHOP基因沉默抑制细胞凋亡,shCtrl组细胞凋亡率为32.17﹪±3.93﹪,shCHOP-1组细胞凋亡率为23.53﹪±3.41﹪,两组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。且CHOP基因沉默能促进细胞自噬分子LC3B的表达。 结论衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激状态下,CHOP在细胞凋亡与自噬之间发挥双重调控作用。     

Exercise protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by the inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rats

To explore the protective effect of exercise training on the injury of myocardium tissues induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in diabetic rats and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the male sprague-dawley (SD) rats were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ, 40 mg/kg, to establish a diabetes model, and then 10 rats were randomly selected as diabetes mellitus (DM) controls and 20 eligible diabetic rats were randomized into two groups: low-intensity exercise training (n = 10) and high-intensity exercise training (n = 10). After 12 weeks of exercise training, rats were killed and serum samples were used to determine cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I). Myocardial tissues were sampled for morphological analysis to detect myocardial cell apoptosis, and to analyze protein expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12. Different intensities (low and high) significantly reduced serum cTn-I levels compared with the DCM group (p < 0.01), and significantly reduced the percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells and improved the parameters of cardiac function. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining indicated that exercise training could attenuate myocardial apoptosis. Additionally, exercise training significantly reduced GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 protein expression in an intensity-dependent manner. These findings suggest that exercise appeared to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in diabetic rats.     

内质网应激在大鼠低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压中的作用

目的：观察低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压大鼠的肺血管重塑并探讨内质网应激（ERS）在肺动脉高压中的作用。方法：将40只SD大鼠随机分为四组：常氧对照组（N）、低氧高二氧化碳组（HH）、ERS通路抑制剂4-苯基丁酸（4-phenylbutyric acid）组（4-PBA）、ERS通路激动剂衣霉素（tunicamycin）组（TM）,n=10。测量各组大鼠的肺动脉平均压（mPAP）、颈动脉平均压以及右心室肥大指数,免疫荧光α-SMA标记法鉴定各组肺中小动脉平滑肌细胞,电镜观察肺组织及肺中小动脉形态学变化,原位末端标记法（TUNEL）检测各组肺动脉平滑肌细胞的凋亡指数,采用RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测各组大鼠葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）、c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）、天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-12（caspase-12）mRNA及蛋白质表达。结果：①与N组相比,HH组、4-PBA组、TM组mPAP、右心室游离壁重量/左心室加心室间隔重量[RV/（LV+S）]、肺动脉管壁面积/管总面积（WA/TA）比值增加（P<0.0 1）,肺动脉管腔面积/管总面积（LA/TA）比值减小（P<0.01）,细胞凋亡指数降低（P <0.05或P<0.01）。ERS相关蛋白质及mRNA的表达量升高,各差异均有统计学意义。②与HH组相比,4-PB A组mPAP和[RV/（LV+S）]、WA/TA值减小（P<0.01）,LA/TA值和细胞凋亡指数上升（P<0.05或P<0.01）,ERS相关蛋白质和mRNA的表达量均下调（P<0.05或P<0.01）;③与HH组相比,TM组mPAP、[RV/（LV+S）]、WA/TA值升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）;肺动脉中膜层增厚,LA/TA值和细胞凋亡指数降低（P<0.01）。ERS相关蛋白质及mRNA的表达量均升高,除GRP78蛋白质表达量无明显变化外,其余各差异均有统计学意义。结论：低氧高二氧化碳诱导的肺动脉高压大鼠肺血管重塑可能与肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖过度及凋亡过少有关;ERS相关因子（JNK、caspase-12和CHOP）参与低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压的调控。     

Glucose-regulated protein 78 may play a crucial role in promoting the pulmonary microvascular remodeling in a rat model of hepatopulmonary syndrome

Objective

This study is to investigate the role of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in the pulmonary microvascular remodeling during hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) development.

Methods

The rat models with liver cirrhosis and HPS were induced by multiple pathogenic factors for 4 to 8 wk. The concentrations of alanine transferase (ALT) and endotoxin in plasma were detected in the models, followed by the detection of GRP78 expression. RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting were employed to assess the mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to examine the expression of a specific vascular marker, factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RAg), and several cell proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins, including CHOP/GADD153, caspase-12, Bcl-2 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB.

Results

The levels of endotoxin and ALT in plasma were gradually increased as the disease progressed, so did GRP78, which were in a positive correlation. The expression levels of VEGF (both mRNA and protein) and FVIII-RAg were significantly elevated in the HPS models, indicating active angiogenesis, which was also positively correlated with GRP78 expression. Furthermore, the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins of CHOP/GADD153 and caspase-12 were dramatically decreased, while the anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 and NF-κB were significantly elevated, in the HPS models. There were also close correlation between these proteins and GRP78.

Conclusions

Over-expression of GRP78 in lungs may be the critical pathogenic factor for HPS. Through promoting cell proliferation and survival and inhibiting apoptosis, GRP78 may promote the pulmonary microvascular remodeling in HPS pathogenesis. Our results provide a potential therapeutic target for clinical prevention and treatment for HPS and related complications.     

微RNAs与内质网应激信号通路的相互调控作用

内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)是为恢复稳态和减轻蛋白质负荷的一种细胞防御性反应.过度激活的ERS可诱导细胞分化、增殖、凋亡和自噬等.微RNAs(microRNAs,miRNAs)作为一种内源性的非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA),可通过转录后作用调控...     

The Batten disease gene CLN3 confers resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin

Mutations in CLN3 gene cause juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL or Batten disease), an early-onset neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin within lysosomes. The function of the CLN3 protein remains unclear and is presumed to be related to Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To investigate the function of CLN3 in the ER stress signaling pathway, we measured proliferation and apoptosis in cells transfected with normal and mutant CLN3 after treatment with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (TM). We found that overexpression of CLN3 was sufficient in conferring increased resistance to ER stress. Wild-type CLN3 protected cells from TM-induced apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. Overexpression of wild-type CLN3 enhanced expression of the ER chaperone protein, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and reduced expression of the proapoptotic protein CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). In contrast, overexpression of mutant CLN3 or siRNA knockdown of CLN3 produced the opposite effect. Together, our data suggest that the lack of CLN3 function in cells leads to a failure of management in the response to ER stress and this may be the key deficit in JNCL that causes neuronal degeneration.     

Autophagy can repair endoplasmic reticulum stress damage of the passive Heymann nephritis model as revealed by proteomics analysis

Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, whole proteomic research is still lacking. We analyzed the passive Heymann nephritis animal model using label-free quantitative proteome technology. Results showed 160 differential proteins between control and PHN model groups at days 14 and 21. The expression level of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-associated protein GRP78 and GRP94 protein was up-regulated on day 14 or 21, which was confirmed by Western blotting. The results also showed that the autophagy marker LC3 was up-regulated in the models. Furthermore, we used tunicamycin to induce ERS of podocytes in vitro to investigate the mechanism. Results of Western blotting revealed that the expression of GRP78, GRP94, and LC3 was up-regulated, while that of the cytoskeletal protein tubulin-β was down-regulated, and immunofluorescence displayed disordered distribution of tubulin-β. These suggest that ERS plays an important role in podocyte damage. Autophagy can repair the cytoskeleton damage caused by ERS as a protective mechanism. This provides an important basis for a thorough understanding of the mechanism of podocyte damage and the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy.     

银杏叶提取物对AGEs诱导心肌细胞内质网应激的影响

目的：探索银杏叶提取物对晚期糖基化终产物（AGEs）作用下心肌细胞损伤以及内质网应激标记性分子GRP 78和CHOP的影响。方法：原代培养SD大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞,随机分为对照组、AGEs组、AGEs＋银杏叶提取物组。MTT法检测心肌细胞存活率,Western blot法检测GRP 78和CHOP蛋白表达水平。结果：与对照组比较,AGEs组48、72 h时心肌细胞存活率降低;与AGEs组比较,银杏叶提取物处理增加心肌细胞存活率。与对照组比较,AGEs组GRP 78和CHOP蛋白表达水平显著升高;与AGEs组比较,银杏叶提取物组GRP 78和CHOP表达水平显著下调。结论：银杏叶提取物能够抑制AGEs诱导的心肌细胞损伤,其机制可能与拮抗GRP 78和CHOP的表达,减轻内质网应激有关。