雅砻江冬麻豆(Salweenia bouffordiana)种群结构与动态特征

雅砻江冬麻豆(Salweenia bouffordiana)是近年发现的冬麻豆属新种,是中国西南特有的珍稀濒危植物。本文以四川省新龙县境内的雅砻江冬麻豆种群为研究对象,采用常规的种群生态学调查方法,旨在通过建立种群静态生命表和绘制种群存活曲线来描述其种群结构特征,并利用种群数量动态预测和时间序列以量化种群未来发展趋势。结果表明:(1)雅砻江冬麻豆种群龄级结构属于衰退型,动态指数显示该种群波动大、稳定性差、抗干扰能力低,对外界干扰具有较高的敏感性;(2)静态生命表显示雅砻江冬麻豆种群整体呈现出极不稳定的状态,种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,早期死亡率极高;(3)生存曲线表明种群具有前期薄弱,中期、后期衰退显著的特点;(4)时间序列分析显示该种群严重缺乏低龄个体,自然更新难以维持,未来仍然会继续衰退。建议尽快确定雅砻江冬麻豆种群的生物学地位,采取就地保护措施对雅砻江冬麻豆种群进行保护,以保证种群的更新和延续。     

濒危植物海南龙血树的种群结构与动态

了解种群的生存现状与动态趋势对濒危植物的保护至关重要。为了更好地保护濒危海南龙血树种群,对海南岛不同生境的11个海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)种群进行了调查;并利用个体基径数据建立各种群的年龄结构和静态生命表,得到种群年龄结构动态指数,绘制种群存活曲线和生存函数曲线,从而获得海南龙血树的种群结构与动态。结果表明:海南龙血树种群年龄结构与种群所处的生境关系密切,海边的NS和YL种群结构为衰退型,LN和CH居群为稳定型,而非海边种群为增长型,没有老龄个体;11个种群中,EXL种群显示出最高的增长趋势和最好的种群稳定性,NS和YL种群稳定性最差,种群抗干扰能力极低;11个种群的存活曲线均属于Deevey-Ⅰ型,但生存函数分析显示海南龙血树种群生活史早期和晚期脆弱,中期稳定,这表明海南龙血树种群所处的生境更适合成年个体生存,现有的生境对幼龄个体的环境筛作用较强。海南龙血树属于退偿物种,针对其种群的生存现状,应采取多种方法相结合的方式进行保护与复壮。     

长白山区濒危植物朝鲜崖柏种群数量特征及动态

朝鲜崖柏为国家二级重点保护植物,是长白山区特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值.在对朝鲜崖柏主要分布区野生资源进行调查基础上,首次利用个体基径和年龄数据建立不同群落朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构、静态生命表和生存函数,用动态指数和时间序列分析预测其种群发展趋势.结果表明: 朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构呈“∩”型,属衰退型;分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,纯林群落种群趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型;种群生存分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的生存函数呈现不规则的波动状态,种群分布表现为早期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的动态特征,纯林群落中,种群分布表现为早期稳定、中期增长、后期缓慢衰退的特点;动态指数和时间序列分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的衰退速度略高于纯林群落.综合分析表明,朝鲜崖柏种群具有一定的恢复能力,应适当采取人工抚育,促进其种群正常更新.     

长白山水曲柳种群动态

通过对长白山水曲柳种群的调查,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用空间代替时间的方法,对水曲柳种群的年龄结构、静态生命表以及种群时间动态预测进行了分析。结果显示:长白山水曲柳种群幼龄个体偏少,中老龄个体较多。其中阔叶红松林中水曲柳种群主要依靠中老龄植株维持,幼龄个体缺乏;白桦次生林中水曲柳植株龄级较阔叶红松林幼龄,但仍然存在幼树缺乏现象。长白山水曲柳种群的存活曲线基本属于偏正态DeeveyⅢ型,总体呈现衰退趋势。种群时间动态预测显示,随着水曲柳老龄个体短暂增多后的逐渐减少,水曲柳种群逐渐衰退。因此建议在立足现有种群的维持保护上,研究水曲柳濒危机制,采取适当人工抚育措施,保证种群持续稳定发展。     

濒危树种庙台槭种群数量特征及动态分析

庙台槭(Acer miaotaiense Tsoong)为我国三级保护植物,是秦岭特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值。通过对庙台槭主要分布区野生资源进行调查,研究其种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和死亡曲线,用动态指数(Vpi、Vpi')和时间序列模型预测其种群发展趋势。结果显示,庙台槭种群幼龄个体多,中龄和老龄个体少,其生存曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示,庙台槭种群的存活率与径级表现出显著负相关,而种群死亡率曲线总体呈先下降后增加的趋势;种群数量动态分析显示,庙台槭种群整体结构处于增长型,在缺乏成年个体的情况下,种群对外部环境的抗干扰能力下降;时间序列预测发现,经过幼苗、幼树阶段,同一时间曲线的庙台槭种群数量在高径级所占比例略有增加,但高龄级个体相对较少;庙台槭分布地区的主要植被类型为落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林,但庙台槭个体受保护较少,人为活动及病虫害影响较大,天然更新困难,生存和保护状况不容乐观。     

濒危植物水青树的种群结构与数量动态

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制四川草坡自然保护区水青树Tetracentron sinense种群特定时间生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合时间序列模型,分析该种群数量的动态变化。结果表明：(1)草坡自然保护区的水青树的年龄结构表现为稳定型,虽然幼苗较多,但幼树死亡率高,种群处于衰退早期;(2)水青树种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅲ龄级出现一高峰,即幼树死亡率较高;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(3) 4个生存函数曲线表明,水青树种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定和末期衰退的特点,其种群处于衰退早期;(4)种群的时间序列预测模型分析表明,在未来9年水青树种群数量将下降,老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数更显不足,呈衰退势态。     

甘南高山林线岷江冷杉—杜鹃种群结构与动态

高山林线是一种典型的生态交错带,是对气候反映最敏感的地区之一。甘肃南部高山林线区域主要以原始岷江冷杉种群和杜鹃种群为优势种,通过对岷江冷杉和杜鹃种群建立静态生命表,绘制存活曲线描述其结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测时间序列分析定量研究未来的发展趋势。结果显示:(1)岷江冷杉种群幼苗比较丰富,能很好的维持种群个体的自疏死亡,存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;杜鹃种群幼苗缺乏,存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅰ型;死亡曲线和危险率曲线都随着龄级的增加而增加,杜鹃种群的死亡率在各个龄级一直大于岷江冷杉种群,危险率在Ⅱ龄级以后杜鹃种群也始终大于岷江冷杉种群。(2)岷江冷杉种群结构动态变化指数Vpi大于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且大于0,而杜鹃种群结构动态变化指数Vpi小于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且小于0,则岷江冷杉种群属于增长型,杜鹃种群属于衰退型,岷江冷杉、杜鹃随机干扰极大值分别为0.027、0.011,说明二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。(3)杜鹃种群时间序列预测为前期幼苗比较缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,而岷江冷杉种群表现出各龄级时间变化较小,幼苗个体数较多,种群为稳定增长型,岷江冷杉更能适应甘肃南部高山林线区域当前环境。     

海南吊罗山濒危植物山铜材种群结构与动态特征

为探究海南吊罗山山铜材（Chunia bucklandioides）种群结构与动态特征，以当地山铜材野生种群为研究对象，将种群集中分布区域设为典型样地并开展样地调查，以空间代替时间构建种群年龄结构，采用动态量化分析、绘制存活曲线、计算生存函数等方法分析现有种群结构特点和动态特征，并通过时间序列预测模型推测种群未来发展趋势。结果表明：（1）吊罗山山铜材种群年龄结构接近不规则金字塔型，动态量化分析显示该种群为增长型种群，但第Ⅰ～Ⅲ龄级间存在衰退现象，种群增长性弱，稳定性差，受外界干扰敏感度高，有向稳定型种群转变的趋势。（2）随龄级增加，山铜材标准化存活个体数量减少，生命期望降低，死亡率和消失率总体呈上升趋势，存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型。（3）生存分析显示吊罗山山铜材种群具有前期增长、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。（4）经过未来2、4、6龄级时间后，Ⅰ～Ⅲ龄级个体数量将逐渐减少，Ⅳ～Ⅶ龄级个体数量少量增加，幼龄苗木自我更新能力不足，种群存在规模收缩和衰退的风险。研究表明，生境碎片化、分布范围小、植株结实量少和幼龄个体不足是导致吊罗山山铜材濒危的主要因素，建议通过设立自然保护小区、辅助种子入...     

稀有濒危植物长柱红山茶种群特征及数量动态研究

长柱红山茶(Camellia longistyla Chang ex F.A.Zeng et H.Zhou)是贵州特有经济植物,分布于贵州省金沙沟桫椤自然保护区和雷公山自然保护区海拔950~1400 m的常绿阔叶落叶混交林中,为我国珍稀濒危物种。通过对长柱红山茶密集分布的两个典型样地(望乡坡A和方山B)采样调查,采用径级代替龄级的方法绘制种群生命表、存活曲线(ln(ln))、生存率函数(Sn)进行生存分析研究,用动态指数(Vn、Vpi)和时间序列模型预测种群发展动向。结果表明:长柱红山茶种群的年龄结构总体上呈衰退型早期阶段,即中龄个体数量多、幼龄个体数量少,其生存曲线基本属于Deevey-Ⅰ型;生命表及其相关曲线分析显示,长柱红山茶种群有早期锐减、中期稳定、后期逐步衰退的特征;种群数量动态分析发现,幼苗不足,自然更新困难,但仍有一定的恢复潜力,且A种群受环境影响较大,对环境变化较敏感;时间序列分析表明,A、B两个种群的衰退现象是在最近的1~2个龄级时间内开始的,如果不采取有效保护措施,在未来4个龄级时间后,该物种原生种群将进入典型的衰退型年龄结构。因此,系统研究其种群特征及繁殖规律,并在加强就地保护的同时,采取人工繁育幼苗并种植回归原生境或引入相似生境中,通过栽培增加其种群数量和扩散能力,对其种质资源的有效保护和开发利用具有重要意义。     

珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉种群生命表分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编制珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉种群生命表,绘制死亡密度函数曲线、危险率函数曲线及生存曲线,分析种群动态趋势。结果表明,长苞铁杉种群有２个死亡高峰,存活曲线趋于Ｄｅｅｖｅｙ－Ⅱ型。     

Effect of previous feeding conditions on survival in Daphnia pulicaria (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Survival of natural Daphnia populations without previous acclimatization in filtered water under laboratory conditions (starvation) was used as a parameter describing the actual competitive ability of populations in periods of food limitation. Two populations (1 and 2) of Daphnia pulicaria Forbes coming from two enclosures with a low (< 1 mgC l^–1) and a high (about 3 mgC l^–1) seston level were examined in their resistance to starvation. Juveniles of both populations survived better than adult females in the conditions without seston as well as in the control experiment, despite their much lower biomass. Animals from population 1 had lower mortality than those from population 2 in all variants of the experiment. The results confirm the hypothesis that the ability of daphnids to starve depends also on adaptation to previous feeding conditions.     

Submergence effects on rice genotypes during seedling stage: Probing of submergence driven changes of photosystem 2 by chlorophyll a fluorescence induction O-J-I-P transients

The effects of submergence on chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence were compared in seven Oryza sativa (L.) cultivars, namely FR 13A, Khoda, Khadara, Kalaputia (tolerant), Sabita, and Hatipanjari (avoiding type), and IR 42 (susceptible). Seedlings were submerged for 4 d under complete darkness. Oxygen concentration of flood water decreased with the period of submergence with concomitant increase in concentration of carbon dioxide. Submergence caused diminution in the amount of total Chl. Genotypic differences were observed for Chl content and survival percentage. Quantification of the Chl a fluorescence transients (JIP-test) revealed large cultivar differences in the response of photosystem 2 (PS2) to submergence. The kinetics of Chl a fluorescence rise showed complex changes in the magnitudes and rise of O-J, J-I, and I-P phases caused by submergence. The selective suppression of the J-I phase of fluorescence especially after 2 d of submergence provided evidence for weakened electron donation from the oxygen evolving complex whereas under severe submergence stress (4 d) both O-J and J-I steps were suppressed greatly with highly suppressed P-step, which resulted in lowering of variable fluorescence. Grouping probability or energetic connectivity between PS2 obtained through JIP-test from the data after 2 d of submergence showed a direct relation with survival percentage, i.e. fluorescence measurements contained the information of the survival chance of a plant under submerged conditions. The information could be used in identifying the submergence tolerant cultivars when the damage is not very severe.     

Survival of Helicobacter pylori in well water

The mortality of a clinical Helicobacter pylori strain was assessed by inoculating it in untreated well water, filtered well water, and autoclaved well water. Two different temperatures (5 and 25 °C) were used during the experimental period. Because Escherichia coli is commonly used as indicator of faecal pollution of water, we compared the survival of H. pylori using E. coli as indicator of its persistence. H. pylori was not culturable 48 h after inoculation, whereas the population of E. coli, monitored at the same temperature, decreased slowly, especially in filtered water. In untreated water, both H. pylori and E. coli survived less well than in filtered and autoclaved water. In general the survival of H. pylori and E. coli was better in filtered water than in autoclaved water and the ability of H. pylori to survive several days in water at 5 °C is reported, supporting the observation that H. pylori survives better at 5 °C than at higher temperature. This suggests a possible faecal–oral transmission of H. pylori in the presence of a contaminated water.     

Growth,maturation and survival in a laboratory-reared Rhabdocoelid Turbellarian,Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN 1885)

Growth, maturation and survival of a free living turbellarian Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN), from a brackish water fish-farm, were studied in the laboratory under a constant temperature of 24 °C. The worms tolerated a wide range of salinity (1 to 30‰). Maximum growth (total length) of 1000 μm was attained in 56 days with a mean growth rate of 15.7 μm d^-1. Minimum maturation time (7 days) and highest longevity (112 days) were recorded in 9%. salinity. Survival period was considerably longer at lower salinities (1 to 10‰) and showed negative relationship with higher salinities (11 to 30‰).     

The brief survival of free-ranging baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus) after separation from their mothers

The importance of mother — infant attachment in free-ranging primates is illustrated by events culminating in the deaths of two baboon infants a few days after losing their mothers. These two cases are contrasted with those of a severely injured infant, not separated from its mother, which lived, and an animal which lost and refound its troop. Protective behavior of adult males is described. In captivity, separation sometimes produces infant depression; in nature, such depression may be fatal.     

两种不同保护模式下坡垒种群发育特征

自20世纪60年代以来,坡垒种群的保护与恢复一直是海南地方林业工作者关注的内容,采用的保护与恢复方式主要有原地保护和迁地保护,历经50多年,该种群在原生境发育状况一直得不到有效的改善,一直被列为国家Ⅰ级保护植物,IUCN的极危种群,2012年又列入国家种极小种群(全国120种)。因此,该种群的有效保护方式一直在探索中。通过野外调查和数据统计分析,比较研究了海南霸王岭自然保护区野生坡垒种群与枫木林场迁地保护后形成的坡垒种群的发育状况。结果表明,迁地保护与原地保护的种群均属于增长型,幼龄个体占优势,中龄和老龄个体相对较少,迁地保护的种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅰ型,原地保护的种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型;时间序列预测分析表明,枫木迁地保护种群具备一定的恢复潜能,霸王岭种群正常更新难以维持,种群面临衰退。据生命表分析其主要原因是种群第Ⅰ龄级幼苗死亡率高达99.5%,生境对第Ⅰ龄级个体的环境筛选作用强,幼苗阶段数量仅0.53%能过渡到幼树阶段,迁地保护形成的小种群第Ⅰ龄级幼苗死亡率为90.3%,但幼苗阶段数量的8.85%能过渡到幼树阶段,具有充足的幼树个体数量,能够维持坡垒种群的稳定性,枫木林场地区更适宜坡垒的生存。因此,在原地保护的自然保护区内模拟迁地保护的环境特点,创造出适合的海南坡垒种群发育的环境条件,或许能缓解野生坡垒濒危状态。     

Cell proliferation, survival, and death in the Drosophila eye

The Drosophila retina has a precise repeating structure based on the unit eye, or ommatidium. This review summarizes studies of the cell proliferation and survival episodes that affect the number of cells available to make each ommatidium. Late in larval development, as differentiation and patterning begin, the retinal epithelium exhibits striking regulation of the cell cycle including a transient G1 arrest of all cells, followed by a ‘Second Mitotic Wave’ cell cycle that is regulated at the G2/M transition by local intercellular signals. Reiterated episodes of cell death also contribute to precise regulation of retinal cell number. The EGF receptor homolog has multiple roles in retinal proliferation and survival.     

Some aspects of Artemia biology affected by cestode parasitism

Artemia individuals from a wild population, bearing cestode cysticercoids (Hymenolepididae) were kept in the laboratory during four months to observe influences of the parasite on the host biology. No differences were found between parasitized and unparasitized shrimps regarding final adult size. The higher survival of parasitized animals suggests that parasitism is not pathogenic. The most dramatic effect was host castration. Parasitized individuals showed higher total lipid levels, probably linked to carotenoid pigments conveying a red color to parasitized shrimps.