濒危植物水青树的种群结构与数量动态

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制四川草坡自然保护区水青树Tetracentron sinense种群特定时间生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合时间序列模型,分析该种群数量的动态变化。结果表明：(1)草坡自然保护区的水青树的年龄结构表现为稳定型,虽然幼苗较多,但幼树死亡率高,种群处于衰退早期;(2)水青树种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅲ龄级出现一高峰,即幼树死亡率较高;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(3) 4个生存函数曲线表明,水青树种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定和末期衰退的特点,其种群处于衰退早期;(4)种群的时间序列预测模型分析表明,在未来9年水青树种群数量将下降,老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数更显不足,呈衰退势态。     

甘肃小陇山锐齿栎种群结构分析

利用种群统计中的年龄结构,静态生命表和波谱分析的方法,对甘肃小陇山沙坝林业实验基地和麦草沟自然保护区中的锐齿栎种群结构动态进行分析,结果表明该种群年龄结构为衰退型。而静态生命表分析显示锐齿栎种群的存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,死亡率曲线有两个高峰;谱分析结果表明在锐齿栎种群自然更新的过程表现出明显的周期性。     

濒危植物羽叶丁香种群结构与动态特征

羽叶丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl.)是中国特有的珍稀濒危物种,首次对中卫香山和贺兰山甘沟保护区两地的天然种群进行调查,通过建立种群静态生命表,绘制种群存活曲线描绘其种群结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测和时间序列分析定量研究其未来的发展趋势。结果显示,中卫香山种群属于增长型,贺兰山甘沟种群属于衰退型,二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。两地羽叶丁香种群均不同程度地缺乏幼苗,种群发展主要靠中老龄个体维持,存活曲线都趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,死亡率曲线和危险率曲线均显示随着年龄的增长,各龄级呈波状上升趋势,且中卫香山种群波动更明显,生存分析也显示中卫香山种群更早进入衰退期,结合生境气候条件,贺兰山甘沟地区更适宜羽叶丁香的生存。动态指数和时间序列分析显示羽叶丁香种群具有前期缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,幼龄个体的缺乏是导致其濒危的重要原因之一。因此,建议在目前封山育林保护基础上,加强羽叶丁香高效繁育技术研究,并适当进行人工抚育,以保证其种群的正常更新。     

燕山山脉黄檗种群结构与动态特征

黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）为我国珍稀濒危物种，具有较高的药用价值。以燕山地区野生黄檗种群为研究对象，采用典型抽样对8个保护区内的黄檗进行全面调查，通过编制静态生命表并绘制存活曲线，分析种群年龄结构和种群变化规律，并通过种群动态量化和时间序列预测分析种群未来数量变化。结果表明：（1）黄檗种群结构总体上呈倒"J"型，但存在外部干扰时，种群结构数量变化动态指数为1.017%，表明该种群趋于稳定型；（2）静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示，黄檗种群存活数量整体上随着径级增大，个体数量逐渐下降；黄檗种群的生存期望在不同径级间存在波动，而第Ⅶ径级的生存期望最高，种群存活曲线符合Deevey-Ⅱ型，黄檗种群具有前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点；（3）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个径级之后，黄檗中老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。黄檗种群濒危的主要因素是幼苗数量少，且呈现散生分布状态，建议加强幼苗抚育工作，提高幼苗的存活率，保护和改善生境，从而促进黄檗种群的自然更新和恢复。     

长白山区濒危植物朝鲜崖柏种群数量特征及动态

朝鲜崖柏为国家二级重点保护植物,是长白山区特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值.在对朝鲜崖柏主要分布区野生资源进行调查基础上,首次利用个体基径和年龄数据建立不同群落朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构、静态生命表和生存函数,用动态指数和时间序列分析预测其种群发展趋势.结果表明: 朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构呈“∩”型,属衰退型;分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,纯林群落种群趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型;种群生存分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的生存函数呈现不规则的波动状态,种群分布表现为早期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的动态特征,纯林群落中,种群分布表现为早期稳定、中期增长、后期缓慢衰退的特点;动态指数和时间序列分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的衰退速度略高于纯林群落.综合分析表明,朝鲜崖柏种群具有一定的恢复能力,应适当采取人工抚育,促进其种群正常更新.     

极小种群野生植物细果秤锤树种群结构与动态特征

细果秤锤树(Sinojackia microcarpa)是中国特有极小种群植物之一,属国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物。为揭示该种群的生存潜力与濒危机制,为种群保护提供依据,采用样地调查法在浙江省建德市细果秤锤树自然集中分布区进行野外调查,以空间代替时间研究了细果秤锤树种群的结构特征,绘制了种群静态生命表及种群存活曲线,并应用种群动态和时间序列量化预测种群未来发展态势。结果表明:(1)细果秤锤树的径级、高度和冠幅结构均表明该种群龄级结构总体呈衰退型,种群幼年树淘汰率较高,中年树到老年树过渡阶段适应力增强,生长情况较前期稳定。(2)生活曲线属Deevey-Ⅲ型,早期死亡率高,生存分析揭示细果秤锤树种群具有前期锐减的动态特征。(3)时间序列分析预测在未来2、4、6、8个龄级后,细果秤锤树的年龄结构存在幼年个体数下降,中、老年树占优势的衰退风险。(4)种群动态指数表明该种群结构总体波动大,抗外界干扰能力较弱,环境对个体的选择作用较强。为促进种群自然更新,应加强就地保护措施,降低人为干扰对个体生存环境的威胁,提高幼苗至幼树转化率,实现种群恢复。     

华北驼绒藜种群数量动态与生殖特性的相关性

采用立木级法研究华北驼绒藜种群的大小级结构,利用各龄级的存活数编制种群静态生命表和存活曲线,构建时间序列预测图对种群数量动态过程进行预测,利用生活史特征观察结果分析其生殖对策,探讨了生殖特性与种群动态的关系。结果表明:华北驼绒藜种群幼龄和老龄级个体数较少,中龄级个体数量较多,呈稳定或衰退趋势;种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管生境条件不同,但存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型;种群数量的时间序列预测表明,华北驼绒藜种群会随时间推移,呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难;生活史特征表明,华北驼绒藜在长期进化过程中形成了兼具r-对策和k-对策的双重特性来维持种群的相对稳定。良好的生殖适应性是物种发展的关键,华北驼绒藜种群年龄结构、生命表、存活曲线以及时间序列预测图反映出其种群数量动态与生殖特性具有密切的相关性,传粉系统效率低、胚胎发育过程营养失调、种子向幼苗的转化率低以及种群更新对母株的依赖性强等生殖生物学特性与种群动态相吻合;生境恶劣和人为干扰也成为其种群发展的制约因素。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭种群年龄结构及动态

基于野外样地调查数据，通过分析静态生命表、存活曲线、动态指数等参数，结合时间序列模型，研究了人工梭梭种群年龄结构动态，旨在预测人工梭梭种群演替趋势，为退化人工梭梭种群恢复与重建提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭种群的年龄结构近似于“金字塔”型，幼龄林个体占总物种数的90.1%;(2)人工梭梭种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型，为稳定型种群。不同区域人工梭梭种群的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级个体死亡率和消失率最高；(3)动态量化结果显示人工梭梭种群总体均表现为增长型，对外界干扰敏感性较强；(4)时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4个龄级时间后，种群Ⅱ、Ⅳ龄级个体数量大幅度增加，人工梭梭种群发展趋势较好。民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭种群为稳定增长型种群，种群具有一定的自然更新能力。针对该种群幼龄个体死亡率较高的问题，未来建议加强对第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级幼株的精准抚育管理，通过人为辅助措施提高幼苗的保存率，促进人工梭梭林的可持续发展。     

峨眉山桫椤种群结构与动态特征

以峨眉山桫椤种群为研究对象,采用实地调查方法,以高度级(H)代替年龄级,通过建立种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算生存函数描绘其种群结构与动态特征,并运用时间序列预测模型,研究其种群生存现状及未来发展趋势。结果显示:(1)峨眉山桫椤种群结构呈现不规则金字塔形,桫椤种群内中龄级(0.6mH≤2.1m)的数量占样本总量的58.5%,幼龄级(H≤0.6m)与老龄级(H4.8m)分别占比12.7%和1%,幼龄个体匮乏,种群结构的维持与发展主要依靠中龄和成龄级(2.1mH≤4.8m)个体。(2)考虑未来外部干扰下的总体数量动态指数V′_(pi)=3.0270,种群总体呈现增长趋势,但增长幅度逐渐降低。(3)存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,前期死亡率较为平稳,但后期死亡率有较大幅度上升,表明峨眉山桫椤种群具有前期减少,中期稳定,后期衰退的特点。(4)时间序列预测显示,桫椤种群在短暂增长过后,若不加以保护会逐渐走向衰退,甚至濒危。研究表明,峨眉山桫椤种群濒危的主要因素是幼树个体损失无法补充种群更新,建议在峨眉山设立局部自然保护区,并对幼苗进行抚育,加强对高效育种技术的研究,促进峨眉山桫椤种群的复壮与更新。     

安徽皇藏峪自然保护区南京椴种群结构分析

在野外样方调查基础上,根据径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和死亡曲线,探讨了安徽皇藏峪自然保护区内南京椴(Tilia miqueliana Maxim.)种群的动态变化规律及更新方式。结果表明,该种群的径级结构呈倒金字塔型,为衰退型种群;种群的存活曲线为DeeveyⅢ型曲线,幼树死亡率较高,苗期种群不稳定;其更新方式主要为实生苗和萌蘖,其中萌蘖是维持种群个体数量的主要方式。     

Effect of previous feeding conditions on survival in Daphnia pulicaria (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Survival of natural Daphnia populations without previous acclimatization in filtered water under laboratory conditions (starvation) was used as a parameter describing the actual competitive ability of populations in periods of food limitation. Two populations (1 and 2) of Daphnia pulicaria Forbes coming from two enclosures with a low (< 1 mgC l^–1) and a high (about 3 mgC l^–1) seston level were examined in their resistance to starvation. Juveniles of both populations survived better than adult females in the conditions without seston as well as in the control experiment, despite their much lower biomass. Animals from population 1 had lower mortality than those from population 2 in all variants of the experiment. The results confirm the hypothesis that the ability of daphnids to starve depends also on adaptation to previous feeding conditions.     

濒危植物海南龙血树的种群结构与动态

了解种群的生存现状与动态趋势对濒危植物的保护至关重要。为了更好地保护濒危海南龙血树种群,对海南岛不同生境的11个海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)种群进行了调查;并利用个体基径数据建立各种群的年龄结构和静态生命表,得到种群年龄结构动态指数,绘制种群存活曲线和生存函数曲线,从而获得海南龙血树的种群结构与动态。结果表明:海南龙血树种群年龄结构与种群所处的生境关系密切,海边的NS和YL种群结构为衰退型,LN和CH居群为稳定型,而非海边种群为增长型,没有老龄个体;11个种群中,EXL种群显示出最高的增长趋势和最好的种群稳定性,NS和YL种群稳定性最差,种群抗干扰能力极低;11个种群的存活曲线均属于Deevey-Ⅰ型,但生存函数分析显示海南龙血树种群生活史早期和晚期脆弱,中期稳定,这表明海南龙血树种群所处的生境更适合成年个体生存,现有的生境对幼龄个体的环境筛作用较强。海南龙血树属于退偿物种,针对其种群的生存现状,应采取多种方法相结合的方式进行保护与复壮。     

Submergence effects on rice genotypes during seedling stage: Probing of submergence driven changes of photosystem 2 by chlorophyll a fluorescence induction O-J-I-P transients

The effects of submergence on chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence were compared in seven Oryza sativa (L.) cultivars, namely FR 13A, Khoda, Khadara, Kalaputia (tolerant), Sabita, and Hatipanjari (avoiding type), and IR 42 (susceptible). Seedlings were submerged for 4 d under complete darkness. Oxygen concentration of flood water decreased with the period of submergence with concomitant increase in concentration of carbon dioxide. Submergence caused diminution in the amount of total Chl. Genotypic differences were observed for Chl content and survival percentage. Quantification of the Chl a fluorescence transients (JIP-test) revealed large cultivar differences in the response of photosystem 2 (PS2) to submergence. The kinetics of Chl a fluorescence rise showed complex changes in the magnitudes and rise of O-J, J-I, and I-P phases caused by submergence. The selective suppression of the J-I phase of fluorescence especially after 2 d of submergence provided evidence for weakened electron donation from the oxygen evolving complex whereas under severe submergence stress (4 d) both O-J and J-I steps were suppressed greatly with highly suppressed P-step, which resulted in lowering of variable fluorescence. Grouping probability or energetic connectivity between PS2 obtained through JIP-test from the data after 2 d of submergence showed a direct relation with survival percentage, i.e. fluorescence measurements contained the information of the survival chance of a plant under submerged conditions. The information could be used in identifying the submergence tolerant cultivars when the damage is not very severe.     

Survival of Helicobacter pylori in well water

The mortality of a clinical Helicobacter pylori strain was assessed by inoculating it in untreated well water, filtered well water, and autoclaved well water. Two different temperatures (5 and 25 °C) were used during the experimental period. Because Escherichia coli is commonly used as indicator of faecal pollution of water, we compared the survival of H. pylori using E. coli as indicator of its persistence. H. pylori was not culturable 48 h after inoculation, whereas the population of E. coli, monitored at the same temperature, decreased slowly, especially in filtered water. In untreated water, both H. pylori and E. coli survived less well than in filtered and autoclaved water. In general the survival of H. pylori and E. coli was better in filtered water than in autoclaved water and the ability of H. pylori to survive several days in water at 5 °C is reported, supporting the observation that H. pylori survives better at 5 °C than at higher temperature. This suggests a possible faecal–oral transmission of H. pylori in the presence of a contaminated water.     

Growth,maturation and survival in a laboratory-reared Rhabdocoelid Turbellarian,Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN 1885)

Growth, maturation and survival of a free living turbellarian Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN), from a brackish water fish-farm, were studied in the laboratory under a constant temperature of 24 °C. The worms tolerated a wide range of salinity (1 to 30‰). Maximum growth (total length) of 1000 μm was attained in 56 days with a mean growth rate of 15.7 μm d^-1. Minimum maturation time (7 days) and highest longevity (112 days) were recorded in 9%. salinity. Survival period was considerably longer at lower salinities (1 to 10‰) and showed negative relationship with higher salinities (11 to 30‰).     

The brief survival of free-ranging baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus) after separation from their mothers

The importance of mother — infant attachment in free-ranging primates is illustrated by events culminating in the deaths of two baboon infants a few days after losing their mothers. These two cases are contrasted with those of a severely injured infant, not separated from its mother, which lived, and an animal which lost and refound its troop. Protective behavior of adult males is described. In captivity, separation sometimes produces infant depression; in nature, such depression may be fatal.     

两种不同保护模式下坡垒种群发育特征

自20世纪60年代以来,坡垒种群的保护与恢复一直是海南地方林业工作者关注的内容,采用的保护与恢复方式主要有原地保护和迁地保护,历经50多年,该种群在原生境发育状况一直得不到有效的改善,一直被列为国家Ⅰ级保护植物,IUCN的极危种群,2012年又列入国家种极小种群(全国120种)。因此,该种群的有效保护方式一直在探索中。通过野外调查和数据统计分析,比较研究了海南霸王岭自然保护区野生坡垒种群与枫木林场迁地保护后形成的坡垒种群的发育状况。结果表明,迁地保护与原地保护的种群均属于增长型,幼龄个体占优势,中龄和老龄个体相对较少,迁地保护的种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅰ型,原地保护的种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型;时间序列预测分析表明,枫木迁地保护种群具备一定的恢复潜能,霸王岭种群正常更新难以维持,种群面临衰退。据生命表分析其主要原因是种群第Ⅰ龄级幼苗死亡率高达99.5%,生境对第Ⅰ龄级个体的环境筛选作用强,幼苗阶段数量仅0.53%能过渡到幼树阶段,迁地保护形成的小种群第Ⅰ龄级幼苗死亡率为90.3%,但幼苗阶段数量的8.85%能过渡到幼树阶段,具有充足的幼树个体数量,能够维持坡垒种群的稳定性,枫木林场地区更适宜坡垒的生存。因此,在原地保护的自然保护区内模拟迁地保护的环境特点,创造出适合的海南坡垒种群发育的环境条件,或许能缓解野生坡垒濒危状态。     

Some aspects of Artemia biology affected by cestode parasitism

Artemia individuals from a wild population, bearing cestode cysticercoids (Hymenolepididae) were kept in the laboratory during four months to observe influences of the parasite on the host biology. No differences were found between parasitized and unparasitized shrimps regarding final adult size. The higher survival of parasitized animals suggests that parasitism is not pathogenic. The most dramatic effect was host castration. Parasitized individuals showed higher total lipid levels, probably linked to carotenoid pigments conveying a red color to parasitized shrimps.     

Survival and proliferation in soil of Trichoderma koningii in alginate prills

Trichoderma koningii may act as an antagonist of several phytopathogenic fungi. The incorporation of its biomass as alginate prills with or without wheat bran and the storage temperature effects on viability were evaluated. The prills were produced by adding T. koningii (Tkp) biomass to a sodium alginate suspension and dripping into calcium chloride solution. In one of the treatments wheat bran was added. The prills were dried and stored for 1 month, 2 months, 1 year and 2 years at 5 and 25 °C. To assess viability, plastic trays filled with sterile soil were infested. The number of colony-forming units (c.f.u.) of T. koningii was evaluated after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Wheat bran prills remained biologically active for more than 2 years when kept at 5 °C. After 12 weeks the c.f.u. number per gram was 3.7 × 10⁴. This value indicates that T. koningii might be applied to the soil as alginate prills.