穆棱东北红豆杉种群结构特征

东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc)系红豆杉属的第三纪孑遗的珍贵乔木.为了探讨东北红豆杉自然演替的种群现状和发展动态,本研究在东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区25 hm2固定监测样地内进行,对区域内东北红豆杉种群进行每木调查,运用"空间代替时间法"编制静态生命表,分析其种群结构、数量特征及空间分布格局,研究东北红豆杉种群的现状与发展动态.结果表明,径级结构呈倒"J"型,种群幼苗、幼树、成树个体数目相近,种群数量呈现稳定的趋势,但按照龄级划分后,发现东北红豆杉种群前期呈现不稳定的状态.东北红豆杉种群存活曲线呈现为龄级Ⅰ,Ⅱ为Deevey-Ⅲ型曲线,龄级Ⅲ以后更接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型曲线,表现出幼龄期生长非常不稳定,中龄期、成熟期相对稳定衰退的特点,说明东北红豆杉种群早期死亡率很高,以至于龄级Ⅲ后数量稀少.东北红豆杉种群各龄级在不同尺度上表现出聚集分布格局为主.本研究为了解东北红豆杉种群濒危机制提供科学依据,也可为其保护提供前期研究基础,为其种群恢复重建提供理论依据.     

海南霸王岭陆均松种群年龄结构与点格局分布特征

陆均松(Dacrydium pectinatum)是构建海南热带山地雨林天然群落的关键种。本文通过实地调查,利用生存分析理论及空间点格局分析法,对陆均松种群龄级结构、空间分布特征及生存现状进行分析。结果表明:1)陆均松天然种群各龄级数量分布呈现前期锐减,波动强烈,中期稳定,后期衰退的特点,种群在生活史初期受到严苛的环境筛选作用;2)陆均松种群存活曲线波动较大,在Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄级阶段种群死亡率及消失率较高,存活曲线表现为Deevey-Ⅲ型,Ⅶ~ⅩⅦ龄级阶段,存活曲线表现为Deevey-Ⅰ型;3)在研究尺度范围内,陆均松种群不同生活史阶段空间分布格局存在明显差异,生活史初期和中期,个体在中小尺度上表现为聚集性分布,聚集强度随尺度的增大及年龄增长逐渐减弱并转为随机分布,生活史后期种群个体在整个研究尺度表现为随机分布;4)不同生活史阶段间的空间关联性不显著,多表现为无关联。     

准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群结构与动态研究

通过样地调查和数据统计分析,对准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群现状绘制径级结构图,编制生命表、分析存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:种群整体结构属于增长型,但梭梭种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目.存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关;环境因素和人为干扰的影响,梭梭在Ⅲ～V龄级死亡率较高,种群在第Ⅳ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大;时间序列分析表明,在未来第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持梭梭种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键.     

海南坡鹿种群发展动态与保护建议

就地保护的海南坡鹿种群分布于海南大田国家级自然保护区,有野生和半野放两种类型,其中野生种群个体数量为65头,在1986～1992年间年均增长率为2.0%;半野放种群个体数量为1093头,同期年均增长率为22.4%.迁地保护的海南坡鹿的分布种群有野放、半野放和圈养等3种类型,种群个体数量分别为524、337和86头.野放种群个体已有产仔现象;海南邦溪自然保护区的半野放种群在1994～2004年间的年均增长率为18.9%;枫木鹿场的圈养种群同期年均增长率为12.4%.目前,半野放是就地保护的主要方式;而野放是迁地保护的主要方式.应该注重发展迁地保护的半野放种群及其栖息地.对坡鹿的就地保护和迁地保护提出了一些建议.     

梵净山自然保护区珙桐天然种群生命表与生存分析

以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用空间代替时间法和分段匀滑技术,编制梵净山自然保护区珙桐天然种群特定时间生命表,绘制其死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:珙桐种群结构存在波动性,趋于DeeveyⅢ型,其幼年阶段的个体较丰富;珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在这一发育过程中有两个死亡高峰,一个出现在幼苗向幼树的过渡期(Ⅰ龄级→Ⅱ龄级),另一个出现在从中龄向老龄过渡的阶段(Ⅷ龄级→Ⅸ龄级);种群生存分析表明,珙桐种群的生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,Ⅷ龄级后,种群生存率小于8%,累计死亡率大于92%,危险率超过生存率;4个生存函数曲线表明,梵净山珙桐有前期锐减、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。幼苗和中龄级个体的不足是导致珙桐濒危的重要原因。     

狭域特有植物元江素馨的种群结构及动态特征

元江素馨(Jasminum yuanjiangense)为云南省元江河谷狭限分布的特有植物,该研究采用典型选样法在元江素馨较为集中分布地布置4个样方,包含干热灌丛、稀树灌木草丛2个植被类型,调查分析种群年龄结构及存活曲线,量化种群结构类型,比较各局域元江素馨种群的差异性,并运用时间序列预测种群数量动态,以揭示元江素馨种群结构及动态特征。结果表明:(1)元江素馨种群属于增长型,Vpi'=0.004 1,表明该种群趋近于稳定型;种群结构在发展过程中存在一定的波动性,种群生长前期个体数多于生长后期;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型和Deevey-Ⅰ型;幼苗充足,死亡率高,幼龄阶段到中龄阶段个体生长发育受阻。(2)时间序列预测分析表明,元江素馨种群具备一定的恢复能力,未来2、4个龄级时间后种群个体数均呈现小幅度的增加趋势。(3)各局域元江素馨种群结构存在差异,但依据其年龄结构大致可划分为两类,即样地1、样地2和样地4种群为增长型,存活曲线表现出Deevey-Ⅲ型;样地3的种群为稳定型,存活曲线呈现出Deevey-Ⅰ型,稳定型种群生境较增长型种群生境更适宜于元江素馨的生长。     

3种海桑属濒危红树植物的种群结构与动态特征

以3种海桑属（Sonneratia）濒危红树植物——海南海桑（Sonneratia × hainanensis）、拟海桑（S. × gulngai）、卵叶海桑（S. ovata）为研究对象,通过编制静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率和消亡率等曲线分析其种群结构,并用生存分析与时间序列对其未来的数量动态进行预测,以阐述其种群结构特征和动态变化规律,为海桑属濒危植物种群的保护和恢复提供基础资料和科学依据。结果显示：（1）卵叶海桑种群结构为增长型;而由于缺乏幼龄个体,海南海桑和拟海桑均为衰退型。（2）三者的种群存活曲线都表现为Deevey-Ⅱ型,各种群的死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势一致,并随着龄级的增加呈波状上升趋势,其中海南海桑和拟海桑均在老龄阶段遇到了障碍,而卵叶海桑幼龄个体的发展遇到了瓶颈。（3）海南海桑和拟海桑种群自我更新能力较差,未来种群数量将逐渐衰退。卵叶海桑种群具有良好的恢复潜力,未来种群数量将逐步增加,但由于其种群个体数随龄级增加呈衰减趋势,若继续保持这种态势,将有可能导致龄级断层现象。（4）人类的养殖活动导致原有生境破碎化,产生了一系列不适宜种子萌发与幼苗生长的环境因子（光照、盐度、潮汐等）,这在很大程度上抑制了海桑属濒危植物种群的自然更新。建议在加大天然种群就地保护力度的基础上,优化迁地保护策略和科学实施野外回归,并积极开展人工辅助育种工作,突破育种难题,以保证其种群的正常更新。     

甘南高山林线岷江冷杉—杜鹃种群结构与动态

高山林线是一种典型的生态交错带,是对气候反映最敏感的地区之一。甘肃南部高山林线区域主要以原始岷江冷杉种群和杜鹃种群为优势种,通过对岷江冷杉和杜鹃种群建立静态生命表,绘制存活曲线描述其结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测时间序列分析定量研究未来的发展趋势。结果显示:(1)岷江冷杉种群幼苗比较丰富,能很好的维持种群个体的自疏死亡,存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;杜鹃种群幼苗缺乏,存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅰ型;死亡曲线和危险率曲线都随着龄级的增加而增加,杜鹃种群的死亡率在各个龄级一直大于岷江冷杉种群,危险率在Ⅱ龄级以后杜鹃种群也始终大于岷江冷杉种群。(2)岷江冷杉种群结构动态变化指数Vpi大于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且大于0,而杜鹃种群结构动态变化指数Vpi小于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且小于0,则岷江冷杉种群属于增长型,杜鹃种群属于衰退型,岷江冷杉、杜鹃随机干扰极大值分别为0.027、0.011,说明二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。(3)杜鹃种群时间序列预测为前期幼苗比较缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,而岷江冷杉种群表现出各龄级时间变化较小,幼苗个体数较多,种群为稳定增长型,岷江冷杉更能适应甘肃南部高山林线区域当前环境。     

广东南澳岛中华楠种群结构及动态特征

通过对南澳岛中华楠次生林样地的调查,从种群年龄结构、静态生命表、生存分析和时间序列预测等方面分析了中华楠种群结构和数量动态,结果表明:种群年龄结构呈"倒J型",幼苗和小树阶段个体数量多,中树和大树阶段个体数量少,表现为增长型种群。存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,幼苗阶段死亡率高,大树阶段死亡率较低,且相对稳定。种群死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势相似,均出现2个高峰,最高峰出现在幼苗的第Ⅰ龄级,第2个高峰出现在中树的第Ⅴ龄级。中树第Ⅵ龄级死亡率最低,生命期望值最高。种群的生存率单调下降,积累死亡率单调上升,种群从第Ⅷ龄级开始逐渐进入生理衰退期。种群的死亡密度和危险率曲线变化趋势与种群死亡率和消失率曲线基本一致,前期和中期震荡,后期趋于稳定。对种群未来2、5和8年的时间序列预测表明:中华楠种群呈增长趋势。     

濒危植物水青树的种群结构与数量动态

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制四川草坡自然保护区水青树Tetracentron sinense种群特定时间生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合时间序列模型,分析该种群数量的动态变化。结果表明：(1)草坡自然保护区的水青树的年龄结构表现为稳定型,虽然幼苗较多,但幼树死亡率高,种群处于衰退早期;(2)水青树种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅲ龄级出现一高峰,即幼树死亡率较高;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(3) 4个生存函数曲线表明,水青树种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定和末期衰退的特点,其种群处于衰退早期;(4)种群的时间序列预测模型分析表明,在未来9年水青树种群数量将下降,老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数更显不足,呈衰退势态。     

Effect of previous feeding conditions on survival in Daphnia pulicaria (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Survival of natural Daphnia populations without previous acclimatization in filtered water under laboratory conditions (starvation) was used as a parameter describing the actual competitive ability of populations in periods of food limitation. Two populations (1 and 2) of Daphnia pulicaria Forbes coming from two enclosures with a low (< 1 mgC l^–1) and a high (about 3 mgC l^–1) seston level were examined in their resistance to starvation. Juveniles of both populations survived better than adult females in the conditions without seston as well as in the control experiment, despite their much lower biomass. Animals from population 1 had lower mortality than those from population 2 in all variants of the experiment. The results confirm the hypothesis that the ability of daphnids to starve depends also on adaptation to previous feeding conditions.     

濒危植物海南龙血树的种群结构与动态

了解种群的生存现状与动态趋势对濒危植物的保护至关重要。为了更好地保护濒危海南龙血树种群,对海南岛不同生境的11个海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)种群进行了调查;并利用个体基径数据建立各种群的年龄结构和静态生命表,得到种群年龄结构动态指数,绘制种群存活曲线和生存函数曲线,从而获得海南龙血树的种群结构与动态。结果表明:海南龙血树种群年龄结构与种群所处的生境关系密切,海边的NS和YL种群结构为衰退型,LN和CH居群为稳定型,而非海边种群为增长型,没有老龄个体;11个种群中,EXL种群显示出最高的增长趋势和最好的种群稳定性,NS和YL种群稳定性最差,种群抗干扰能力极低;11个种群的存活曲线均属于Deevey-Ⅰ型,但生存函数分析显示海南龙血树种群生活史早期和晚期脆弱,中期稳定,这表明海南龙血树种群所处的生境更适合成年个体生存,现有的生境对幼龄个体的环境筛作用较强。海南龙血树属于退偿物种,针对其种群的生存现状,应采取多种方法相结合的方式进行保护与复壮。     

Submergence effects on rice genotypes during seedling stage: Probing of submergence driven changes of photosystem 2 by chlorophyll a fluorescence induction O-J-I-P transients

The effects of submergence on chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence were compared in seven Oryza sativa (L.) cultivars, namely FR 13A, Khoda, Khadara, Kalaputia (tolerant), Sabita, and Hatipanjari (avoiding type), and IR 42 (susceptible). Seedlings were submerged for 4 d under complete darkness. Oxygen concentration of flood water decreased with the period of submergence with concomitant increase in concentration of carbon dioxide. Submergence caused diminution in the amount of total Chl. Genotypic differences were observed for Chl content and survival percentage. Quantification of the Chl a fluorescence transients (JIP-test) revealed large cultivar differences in the response of photosystem 2 (PS2) to submergence. The kinetics of Chl a fluorescence rise showed complex changes in the magnitudes and rise of O-J, J-I, and I-P phases caused by submergence. The selective suppression of the J-I phase of fluorescence especially after 2 d of submergence provided evidence for weakened electron donation from the oxygen evolving complex whereas under severe submergence stress (4 d) both O-J and J-I steps were suppressed greatly with highly suppressed P-step, which resulted in lowering of variable fluorescence. Grouping probability or energetic connectivity between PS2 obtained through JIP-test from the data after 2 d of submergence showed a direct relation with survival percentage, i.e. fluorescence measurements contained the information of the survival chance of a plant under submerged conditions. The information could be used in identifying the submergence tolerant cultivars when the damage is not very severe.     

Survival of Helicobacter pylori in well water

The mortality of a clinical Helicobacter pylori strain was assessed by inoculating it in untreated well water, filtered well water, and autoclaved well water. Two different temperatures (5 and 25 °C) were used during the experimental period. Because Escherichia coli is commonly used as indicator of faecal pollution of water, we compared the survival of H. pylori using E. coli as indicator of its persistence. H. pylori was not culturable 48 h after inoculation, whereas the population of E. coli, monitored at the same temperature, decreased slowly, especially in filtered water. In untreated water, both H. pylori and E. coli survived less well than in filtered and autoclaved water. In general the survival of H. pylori and E. coli was better in filtered water than in autoclaved water and the ability of H. pylori to survive several days in water at 5 °C is reported, supporting the observation that H. pylori survives better at 5 °C than at higher temperature. This suggests a possible faecal–oral transmission of H. pylori in the presence of a contaminated water.     

濒危植物羽叶丁香种群结构与动态特征

羽叶丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl.)是中国特有的珍稀濒危物种,首次对中卫香山和贺兰山甘沟保护区两地的天然种群进行调查,通过建立种群静态生命表,绘制种群存活曲线描绘其种群结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测和时间序列分析定量研究其未来的发展趋势。结果显示,中卫香山种群属于增长型,贺兰山甘沟种群属于衰退型,二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。两地羽叶丁香种群均不同程度地缺乏幼苗,种群发展主要靠中老龄个体维持,存活曲线都趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,死亡率曲线和危险率曲线均显示随着年龄的增长,各龄级呈波状上升趋势,且中卫香山种群波动更明显,生存分析也显示中卫香山种群更早进入衰退期,结合生境气候条件,贺兰山甘沟地区更适宜羽叶丁香的生存。动态指数和时间序列分析显示羽叶丁香种群具有前期缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,幼龄个体的缺乏是导致其濒危的重要原因之一。因此,建议在目前封山育林保护基础上,加强羽叶丁香高效繁育技术研究,并适当进行人工抚育,以保证其种群的正常更新。     

雅砻江冬麻豆(Salweenia bouffordiana)种群结构与动态特征

雅砻江冬麻豆(Salweenia bouffordiana)是近年发现的冬麻豆属新种,是中国西南特有的珍稀濒危植物。本文以四川省新龙县境内的雅砻江冬麻豆种群为研究对象,采用常规的种群生态学调查方法,旨在通过建立种群静态生命表和绘制种群存活曲线来描述其种群结构特征,并利用种群数量动态预测和时间序列以量化种群未来发展趋势。结果表明:(1)雅砻江冬麻豆种群龄级结构属于衰退型,动态指数显示该种群波动大、稳定性差、抗干扰能力低,对外界干扰具有较高的敏感性;(2)静态生命表显示雅砻江冬麻豆种群整体呈现出极不稳定的状态,种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,早期死亡率极高;(3)生存曲线表明种群具有前期薄弱,中期、后期衰退显著的特点;(4)时间序列分析显示该种群严重缺乏低龄个体,自然更新难以维持,未来仍然会继续衰退。建议尽快确定雅砻江冬麻豆种群的生物学地位,采取就地保护措施对雅砻江冬麻豆种群进行保护,以保证种群的更新和延续。     

Cell proliferation, survival, and death in the Drosophila eye

The Drosophila retina has a precise repeating structure based on the unit eye, or ommatidium. This review summarizes studies of the cell proliferation and survival episodes that affect the number of cells available to make each ommatidium. Late in larval development, as differentiation and patterning begin, the retinal epithelium exhibits striking regulation of the cell cycle including a transient G1 arrest of all cells, followed by a ‘Second Mitotic Wave’ cell cycle that is regulated at the G2/M transition by local intercellular signals. Reiterated episodes of cell death also contribute to precise regulation of retinal cell number. The EGF receptor homolog has multiple roles in retinal proliferation and survival.     

Growth,maturation and survival in a laboratory-reared Rhabdocoelid Turbellarian,Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN 1885)

Growth, maturation and survival of a free living turbellarian Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN), from a brackish water fish-farm, were studied in the laboratory under a constant temperature of 24 °C. The worms tolerated a wide range of salinity (1 to 30‰). Maximum growth (total length) of 1000 μm was attained in 56 days with a mean growth rate of 15.7 μm d^-1. Minimum maturation time (7 days) and highest longevity (112 days) were recorded in 9%. salinity. Survival period was considerably longer at lower salinities (1 to 10‰) and showed negative relationship with higher salinities (11 to 30‰).     

The brief survival of free-ranging baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus) after separation from their mothers

The importance of mother — infant attachment in free-ranging primates is illustrated by events culminating in the deaths of two baboon infants a few days after losing their mothers. These two cases are contrasted with those of a severely injured infant, not separated from its mother, which lived, and an animal which lost and refound its troop. Protective behavior of adult males is described. In captivity, separation sometimes produces infant depression; in nature, such depression may be fatal.     

Some aspects of Artemia biology affected by cestode parasitism

Artemia individuals from a wild population, bearing cestode cysticercoids (Hymenolepididae) were kept in the laboratory during four months to observe influences of the parasite on the host biology. No differences were found between parasitized and unparasitized shrimps regarding final adult size. The higher survival of parasitized animals suggests that parasitism is not pathogenic. The most dramatic effect was host castration. Parasitized individuals showed higher total lipid levels, probably linked to carotenoid pigments conveying a red color to parasitized shrimps.