黄芪甲苷Ⅳ对内毒素诱导RAW264.7细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的:研究黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞RAW264.7损伤的保护作用及机制.方法:测定细胞活力判断心肌细胞损伤的程度.TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10的释放以及NF-кB蛋白、Akt和磷酸化Akt表达用以研究作用机制.结果:黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对LPS引起的RAW264.7细胞损伤具有显著的抑制作用,1,3和10μM黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可显著降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的生成,促进IL-10的释放.黄芪皂苷Ⅳ剂量依赖性地增加了由LPS刺激而引起的RAW264.7细胞NF-kB蛋白的表达,抑制了LPS所致的p-Akt蛋白表达的升高.结论:黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可通过Akt-NF-kB途径调控促炎因子和抗炎因子表达的失衡,有效发挥对LPS诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7损伤的保护作用.     

表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯抑制脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β基因表达

表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG)具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎等多种生物学特性,但对巨噬细胞中表达TNF-α及IL-1β的报告尚存在争议.本文旨在探索EGCG对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和RAW264.7细胞促炎细胞因子Tnf-α和Il-1β基因表达的影响.MTT结果显示,0~100μmol/L EGCG对RAW264.7细胞活力没有影响;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和ELISA分析显示,1 mg/L LPS可显著升高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和RAW264.7细胞Tnf-α和Il-1βmRNA和蛋白水平,EGCG单独处理对巨噬细胞Tnf-α和Il-1β的基因表达与蛋白生成没有影响,但可以抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞Tnf-α和Il-1β的基因表达与蛋白生成,并存在剂量依赖效应.上述结果提示,EGCG可以剂量依赖方式抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞促炎细胞因子Tnf-α和Il-1β的表达,这可能与EGCG的抗炎效应有关.     

黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的RAW264.7细胞向M1型极化的影响,并初步探索其可能的作用机制。方法:分别采用马兜铃酸和脂多糖(LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞24 h,伴或不伴黄芪甲苷进行药物干预处理。采用细胞计数检测试剂盒-8(CCK 8)检测细胞活性变化,流式细胞仪检测巨噬细胞分型,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的分泌量。反转录实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测RAW264.7细胞IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达。蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测RAW264.7细胞p-p38和p38 MAPK蛋白表达水平。结果:CCK8结果提示黄芪甲苷在5~50μg/mL浓度范围对RAW264.7巨噬细胞无明显毒性,本研究选取10μg/mL作为实验干预浓度。黄芪甲苷能够显著改善马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞活性(P<0.05),同时减少IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平和mRNA表达水平(均P<0.05),抑制马兜铃酸和LPS诱导的M1/M2巨噬细胞比例(P<0.05)。黄芪甲苷可部分抑制马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞p38 MAPK磷酸化水平(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪甲苷可减少巨噬细胞M1型极化,降低炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α水平,减少巨噬细胞的活性,从而起到减缓马兜铃酸肾损害的作用,其作用机制可能与部分抑制p38 MAPK信号活性有关。     

人羊膜上皮细胞对脂多糖刺激下的RAW264.7 细胞向M1 极化的预防作 用及其初步作用机制

目的:本实验探讨人羊膜上皮细胞(human amniotic epithelial cells,h AECs)预防RAW264.7细胞在脂多糖(LPS)刺激后向M1极化的作用以及可能机制。方法:采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,划痕实验检测细胞迁移,ELISA检测细胞释放NO浓度,Real-time PCR检测白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、精氨酸酶1(arginase-1,Agr-1)及甘露糖受体(mannose receptor,MR又称CD206)等基因表达情况,Western blotting检测RAW264.7胞质蛋白p-IκBα以及胞核蛋白NF-κB的表达。结果:RAW264.7培养基组与h AECs条件培养基干预组的凋亡率分别为5.68%±2.3%、6.68%±2.1%(p0.05)。LPS刺激组与h AECs条件培养基干预组两组的迁移率分别为42.03±0.07%、14.71±0.04%(p0.05);LPS刺激组与h AECs干预组两组NO释放量分别为27.73±10μM、13.33±6.43μM(p0.05);Real Time-PCR结果显示,h AECs干预组M1型巨噬细胞相关基因如IL-1β、TNF-α、iNOS以及INF-β的表达显著下调,M2型巨噬细胞相关基因如Arg-1、CD206、CD36等表达上调(p0.01)。Western blotting结果显示,hAECs干预组RAW264.7中胞质蛋白p-IκBа以及胞核蛋白NF-κB的蛋白含量降低。结论:h AECs与RAW264.7预培养能有效预防LPS刺激下RAW264.7向M1极化,其机制可能是通过抑制IκBα蛋白磷酸化来降低核内NF-κB的含量,从而抑制了M1型相关基因的表达。     

黄芩苷对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞NF-κB活化和炎症因子表达的影响

目的:研究黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞核因子κB(NF-κB)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)表达的影响.方法:分别用LPS(终浓度1μgomL-1)和LPs+黄芩苷(终浓度10,50,100μmol moloL-1)处理生长良好的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,用RT-PCR法和Elisa法检测细胞及其上清液中TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化,用Western Blot法检测细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白含量变化.结果:LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞可导致NF-κB激活,上调TNF-α、IL-6表达;黄芩苷预处理能降低LPS诱导的NF-κB出活化和TNF-α、IL-6表达.结论:黄芩苷可通过抑制NF-κB活化,下调LPS诱导的巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-6的生成,发挥抗炎作用.这可能是其抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制之一.     

毛樱桃总黄酮对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞抗炎作用研究

利用LPS诱导的RAW264.7的细胞炎症模型,该研究检测了毛樱桃总黄酮对IL-6、IL-1β、PGE2生成的影响,同时,检测了毛樱桃总黄酮对COX-1和COX-2表达的影响。结果显示,当浓度为0.4、4μg/mL时,毛樱桃总黄酮对LPS诱导的RAW264.7生成IL-6、IL-1β及PGE2均有显著抑制作用(P0.05);当浓度为40μg/mL时,毛樱桃总黄酮对LPS诱导的RAW264.7的COX-1表达无明显影响;对LPS诱导的RAW264.7的COX-2表达具有明显的抑制作用。结果表明,毛樱桃总黄酮可以显著抑制细胞炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、PGE2的生成,并且可以明显抑制COX-2表达,而对COX-1表达影响不明显。     

连翘脂素对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的影响

为研究连翘脂素的抗炎效应及其抗炎机制,以地塞米松作为阳性对照,建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎症模型,检测炎症因子的释放及相关蛋白和mRNA的表达,以期提高对连翘脂素抗炎作用的全面认识并为连翘脂素临床开发提供有力的科学依据。实验采用Griess法检测细胞上清液中NO含量,ELISA法检测TNF-α和IL-6的含量,Westernblot法检测iNOS、COX-2蛋白的表达,RT-qPCR法检测iNOS、COX-2mRNA的表达。与LPS组比较,连翘脂素组和地塞米松组可以明显降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞释放NO、TNF-α和IL-6的量,并呈现浓度依赖关系。Westrenblot和RT-qPCR结果显示连翘脂素能抑制LPS诱导的iNOS、COX-2的蛋白表达以及mRNA的表达,并呈浓度依赖关系。实验研究表明连翘脂素能够明显抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症因子的释放,iNOS、COX-2蛋白及mRNA的表达从而抑制炎症反应。     

nAChRα1调控尼古丁促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖迁移的作用研究

目的:探讨nAChRα1是否参与调节尼古丁促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖迁移的作用。方法:将体外培养的RAW264.7细胞分4组为:(1)正常对照组;(2)尼古丁组;(3)对照干扰+尼古丁组;(4)nAChRα1干扰+尼古丁组。用尼古丁(5 ng/mL)刺激巨噬细胞RAW264.7,特异性nAChRα1 si RNA用脂质体3000转染细胞,CCK-8法检测尼古丁处理3 h、24 h和48 h后细胞的增殖情况,细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移情况,Western blot和RT-PCR检测细胞内nAChRα1、MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA的表达情况。结果:与空白对照组相比,尼古丁可显著促进RAW264.7细胞的增殖和迁移,增加nAChRα1、MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;而在干扰nAChRα1表达后,尼古丁诱导的RAW264.7细胞的增殖和迁移明显被抑制,且细胞nAChRα1、MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达均显著的降低。结论:nAChRα1可介导尼古丁促进RAW264.7细胞的增殖和迁移,这可能与其参与调控尼古丁增加RAW264.7细胞分泌MMP-2、MMP-9有关。     

阻断Kv1.3通道可增强RAW264.7巨噬细胞的吞噬功能

本研究旨在阐明电压门控性钾通道1.3(Kv1.3)在巨噬细胞吞噬功能中的作用.利用RAW264.7巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的半定量检测系统及吞噬异硫氰酸荧光素标记的大肠杆菌(E.coli)k-12的流式细胞术定量检测系统测定巨噬细胞的吞噬功能.研究发现,用海葵神经毒素(Sh K)(100 pmol/L)选择性阻断Kv1.3通道能显著增强处于静息状态的和被脂多糖(LPS)激活的RAW264.7巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力;Sh K也可增强静息RAW264.7细胞吞噬大肠杆菌的能力,但由于LPS刺激吞噬的效应近乎饱和,Sh K并不能进一步增加被LPS激活的RAW264.7细胞吞噬大肠杆菌的数量.Sh K促进LPS激活的RAW264.7细胞释放一氧化氮(NO),但并不增加静息RAW264.7细胞的NO释放.Sh K(100 pmol/L)自身并不影响静息RAW264.7细胞释放细胞因子,但能抑制LPS激活的RAW264.7细胞释放白细胞介素-1?.Sh K(100 pmol/L)对RAW264.7细胞的活力无明显影响.RAW264.7细胞表达Kv1.3通道蛋白;LPS使RAW264.7细胞的Kv1.3蛋白表达下调,菲律宾菌素Ⅲ(小凹蛋白依赖性内吞途径抑制剂)使Kv1.3蛋白表达上调,细胞松弛素D对Kv1.3蛋白表达无明显影响.研究表明,RAW264.7细胞表达Kv1.3蛋白;阻断Kv1.3通道可增强RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力和NO生成.结果提示,Kv1.3通道可能是RAW264.7细胞吞噬活动的负调节因子,有可能成为治疗巨噬细胞吞噬功能异常相关疾病的一个靶点.     

灵芝菌丝体冻干粉对脂多糖诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞相关因子分泌及蛋白表达的影响

通过体外培养小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,脂多糖(LPS)诱导刺激,考察了不同浓度灵芝菌丝体冻干粉(FDPGLM)处理后细胞活力、NO和IL‐6水平、Toll样受体4(TLR4)和i NOS m RNA表达、IκBa和磷酸化核转录因子κB(NF‐κB)p65蛋白表达之间的差异。结果显示:相对于LPS诱导来说,FDPGLM能以剂量依赖的方式显著抑制LPS诱导引起的NO和IL‐6水平上升(P0.01),显著下调TLR4 mRNA表达(P0.01),并显著抑制IκBa蛋白降解和NF‐κB p65蛋白磷酸化(P0.01),由此推测在LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中,FDPGLM可能经由TLR4/NF‐κB信号途径抑制促炎基因的激活并抑制促炎细胞因子比如IL‐6的分泌,提示FDPGLM在抗炎药理作用上的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).