木豆皮、茎、叶成分分析

在雨水充足的高地上,木豆(Cajanus cajan L.)生长9个月即成熟。木豆与黄麻有许多相似之处,它的皮比黄麻薄些,但用水浸泡后,也可制取纤维或用于造纸工业。木豆种子的含水乙醇提取物具有胞毒活性和低血糖活性。木豆叶的水提物可用来治疗黄疸、协助引产以及阻止子宫出血。目前,科研人员已经从木豆的叶、皮和根中提取分离出一些化合物单     

木豆不同品种和叶龄对叶片氨基酸形成的影响和聚类分析

为了解木豆(Cajanus cajan)叶片的氨基酸含量的变化,对19份种质资源和1～3叶龄的木豆叶片氨基酸含量进行研究。结果表明,不同种质资源和叶龄的木豆叶片中均含有17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸以苏氨酸、异亮氨酸和赖氨酸的含量最高,分别为0.67%、0.70%和0.48%,非必需氨基酸以丝氨酸、酪氨酸和组氨酸的含量最高,分别为0.69%、0.66%和0.44%。除赖氨酸和丙氨酸外,其余15种氨基酸含量在木豆叶片中总体上随着叶龄的增加呈现上升趋势。不同种质资源的木豆叶片中总氨基酸含量差异明显。聚类分析可将19个木豆种质资源划分为低氨基酸型(I)、中氨基酸型(II)、中高氨基酸型(III)、高氨基酸型(IV)等4大类型。这为高品质木豆叶茶的加工与高氨基酸木豆品种选育提供了理论依据。     

喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中适生植物的生理生态学研究进展

从喀斯特地区适生植物的生境适应性、光合生理、水分生理、养分生理、菌根生理以及遗传生理等方面综述了当前喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中开展的一些生理生态学研究成果,提出今后喀斯特地区需要开展适生植物的钙适应机制、碳循环以及抗旱遗传机制等方面的研究,为喀斯特地区植被恢复提供理论参考。     

我国西南喀斯特植物生态适应性与石漠化治理

我国西南喀斯特地区生态脆弱, 石漠化问题严重, 植被恢复/重建的难度极大。为此, 近年来开展了许多基础性研究, 以求为石漠化治理提供科技支撑。该文概略介绍了该地区喀斯特生境的特点, 回顾和评述了喀斯特生境中植物适应性、植物种群、植物群落和生态系统生态学方面取得的主要研究进展, 并结合石漠化综合治理的现状, 提出了喀斯特植物生态学研究的几点期望。     

重庆石灰岩地区木豆与十大功劳叶片气体交换的比较

对重庆石灰岩地区固氮植物木豆与非固氮植物十大功劳叶片气体交换进行了比较研究.结果表明木豆的日均净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）和光能利用效率（LUE）均大于十大功劳,但两者的水分利用效率（WUE）没有差别.净光合速率在中午出现了较明显的光合＂午休＂现象.经分析木豆的光合午休主要由气孔因素引起,而十大功劳的光合午休现象以非气孔因素为主.同样,在季节变化中木豆的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）和光能利用效率（LUE）的季节均值也均大于十大功劳,但水分利用效率（WUE）却相反.木豆和十大功劳的叶绿素含量的季节变化与净光合速率季节变化趋势基本一致,木豆的叶绿素含量呈8月份高峰的单峰曲线,而十大功劳在8月份和10月份各有一高峰.木豆的叶绿素a/b的季节变化呈递减趋势,相反,十大功劳呈上升趋势.经分析,木豆和十大功劳的净光合速率的季节变化与叶绿素含量的季节变化相关联.木豆单位叶重的含氮量季节均值为37.6mg/g,明显高于十大功劳的14.8 mg/g,说明木豆的高固氮能力导致了木豆的高光合能力.但木豆的水分利用效率不如十大功劳,说明有高光合能力的固氮植物木豆在石灰岩地区的植被恢复中也存在其不适应的因素,但木豆是否真正适应干旱环境还需要进行全面的水分生理的研究.     

木豆种质资源形态与农艺性状的多样性分析

为挖掘优异木豆(Cajanus cajan)种质资源,对10份木豆种质资源的10个质量性状和18个数量性状的遗传多样性进行了研究,并对其农艺性状进行了聚类分析。结果表明,质量性状的遗传多样性指数均较大,以鲜荚色(1.9219)的最高,其次是旗瓣点缀色、鲜籽粒颜色和干籽粒底色,多样性指数均为1.4855;再次为干籽粒色斑、干籽粒脐环色和有无种阜,均为0.8813;最小的是小叶叶形、旗瓣底色和株型,均为0.7219。聚类分析可将10份木豆种质资源划分为中茎稀疏型、中茎密生型和粗茎密生型3大类型。这为木豆品种选育提供了科学依据。     

木豆叶总黄酮测定方法的比较研究

采用比色法测定木豆叶中的总黄酮含量。对三氯化铝比色法、硼酸—柠檬酸比色法和硝酸铝比色法3种测定方法进行比较,确定了硝酸铝比色法为木豆叶总黄酮的最佳测定方法,该方法稳定性、精密度和重现性好,其RSD分别为2.1%、0.9%和2.3%,应用该方法测定木豆叶总黄酮含量为15.65 mg·g^-1 DW。本方法适用于木豆叶或其制剂中总黄酮的质量分析检验,为木豆叶中黄酮的研究开发提供了质控依据。     

喀斯特地区丛枝菌根真菌遗传多样性

为探明喀斯特地区丛枝菌根真菌( AMF)的遗传多样性特征,利用巢式PCR和DGGE相结合的分子生物学方法对茂兰喀斯特多个植被类型下的AMF遗传多样性进行了研究.结果表明,喀斯特地区AMF遗传多样性指数和物种丰富度分别平均为3.50和41,远高于非喀斯特对照样地的2.68和17,分析表明,喀斯特地区较高的AMF多样性与此地区丰富的植物多样性以及特殊的生态环境有关,是与喀斯特生态系统长期相互选择的结果.不同植被类型下的AMF多样性差异显著,相似性指数最高为0.34,喀斯特地区AMF的群落结构随着植被类型的改变发生显著变化;基因测序显示,喀斯特地区AMF的优势菌属是生态适应性很强的球囊霉属,在喀斯特石漠化生态恢复中具有较强的利用潜力.     

木豆种质资源遗传多样性研究中的AFLP技术优化及引物筛选

以来自国际半干旱热带作物研究所(ICRISAT)的2份栽培木豆( Cajanus cajan)和1份野生木豆(Cajanus scarabaeoides)资源为试材,将AFLP技术体系在木豆资源研究上进行优化,并筛选出20对多态性高的AFLP引物组合,推荐用于将来的木豆种质遗传多样性分析.     

木豆毛状根生长特性及相关生理生化指标研究

木豆毛状根液体培养过程中生长特性、碳源消耗情况及次生代谢产物合成规律,为木豆毛状根规模培养提供基础数据。结果表明:木豆毛状根的生长代谢周期为25 d,其生长经历了延迟期、快速生长期以及生长平缓期;在木豆毛状根的生长周期内,木豆毛状根的生长速度和碳源的消耗存在明显的正比关系,生长速度越快,碳源消耗越多。随着生长速度趋于平缓,碳源消耗也趋于平缓。芹菜素与染料木素的含量都是随着培养时间的延长而不断增加的,到生长平缓期趋于平稳。     

Yields and accumulations of N and P in farmer-managed intercrops of maize–pigeonpea in semi-arid Africa

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major staple food in Sub-Saharan Africa but low soil fertility, limited resources and droughts keep yields low. Cultivation of maize intercropped with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is common in some areas of eastern and southern Africa. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate dry matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation in different plant components of maize–pigeonpea intercropping systems and (2) to report the effects of the intercrops on soil fertility. Maize–pigeonpea intercrops were compared to sole maize grown using farmersȁ9 practices. Intercropping maize and pigeonpea increased (P < 0.05) total system yield compared to sole maize in terms of biomass, N and P accumulation. Pigeonpea planted in maize did not reduce (P < 0.05) the accumulation of dry matter, N nor P in the maize grain. The harvest indices of maize, calculated on basis dry matter, N or P did not differ either (P < 0.05). Total soil C and N contents and inorganic N content, nitrate and ammonium, were not affected by two seasons of maize–pigeonpea intercropping compared to sole maize (P > 0.11). Nitrate and ammonium levels in soil were still not affected by the treatments after the soils were incubated in anaerobic conditions for 8 days at 37°C (P > 0.11). However, pigeonpea added up to 60 kg of N ha⁻¹ to the system and accumulated up to 6 kg of P ha⁻¹ and only 25% of this N and P were exported in the grain. In conclusion, beside the added grain yield of pigeonpea in the intercropped systems, pigeonpea increased the recirculation of dry matter, N and P, which may have a long-term effect on soil fertility. Furthermore, the stems from pigeonpea contributed to household fuel wood consumption. The intercropped system thus had multiple benefits that gave significant increase in combined yield per unit area without additional labour requirements. The main requirement in order to up-scale the maize–pigeonpea intercropping approach is sufficient supply of high-quality pigeonpea seeds.     

西南喀斯特区域水土流失敏感性评价及其空间分异特征

西南喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩酸不溶物含量很低,成土速率慢、土壤允许流失量小,加上地形起伏大、植被破坏严重,导致该地区水土流失敏感性及其空间分异的独特特征。选取降雨侵蚀力、地形起伏度、土壤类型、植被类型及土壤允许流失量等5个指标,应用GIS技术对西南喀斯特区水土流失敏感性进行单因子和多因子综合分析评价,结果表明西南喀斯特区水土流失敏感性普遍很高,中度敏感以上区域占西南喀斯特区总面积的82.8%,不敏感区域所占面积比例为6.4%;水土流失中度敏感以上区域主要分布于贵州全境、广西峰丛洼地区、云南东南部、重庆东北部、东南部、湖北西南部及湖南西北部等区域;随着岩石中酸不溶物含量的增加,水土流失极敏感和高度敏感区面积比例减少,中度敏感区比例增加。研究结果有助于指导西南喀斯特地区水土流失防治及退化喀斯特生态系统的恢复与重建。     

异质性水分环境中克隆整合对活血丹生物量分配及叶片结构特征的影响

喀斯特石漠化环境有着高度的生境异质性,异质性生境中土被不连续,土壤瘠薄,岩溶漏斗上的土壤保水性差,严重制约着喀斯特植被的生长及分布。为探究克隆植物在喀斯特地区的适应策略,本研究以喀斯特黄色石灰土为基质,选用克隆植物活血丹（Glechoma longituba）,以一个节间连接的两个分株为材料,保持节间连接或切断,种植于相邻花盆中,并施以不同浇水量,以明确不同水分可用性水平下克隆整合对活血丹生物量积累、生物量分配、叶片气孔及叶片组织特征的影响。结果显示,克隆整合显著促进活血丹生物量的积累及对根、叶的生物量分配;增加了活血丹叶气孔导度,降低了气孔指数;叶海绵组织受克隆整合影响较小,但栅栏组织及栅海比（栅栏组织/海绵组织）表现为非整合分株高于整合分株。本研究表明,克隆整合可增加活血丹胁迫分株对根、叶的投资,并以更佳的叶气孔、组织适应策略提高其在喀斯特生境中的生存与适应。     

Tolerance to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) race A in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes

The reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) is an important pathogen of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Forty‐six medium maturity (mature in 151–200 days at Patancheru, India) pigeonpea genotypes were evaluated for resistance and tolerance to the reniform nematode in greenhouse and field tests, over the period 1990–97. Each genotype was screened for number of nematode egg masses on a 1 (no egg mass = highly resistant) to 9 (> 50 egg masses = highly susceptible) scale. Plant biomass production in carbofurantreated plots was compared with that in non‐treated plots in a field naturally infested with R. reniformis. Pigeonpea genotypes C 11, ICPL 87119 and ICPL 270 were used as nematode susceptible checks. Genotypes with good plant growth, both in nematode‐free and nematode‐infested plots, were identified as tolerant and evaluated for plant growth and yield for at least three years. All the tested genotypes were susceptible (7 and 9 egg mass score). Single‐plant‐selections, based on plant vigour and yield, were made from genotypes showing tolerance to nematode infection. The level of tolerance was enhanced by plant‐to‐progeny row selection for plant vigour and seed yield in a nematode‐sick field for at least three years. The most promising nematode tolerant genotypes produced significantly greater yield and biomass than the locally grown pigeonpea cultivars in fields naturally infested with R. reniformis at two locations. Pigeonpea landraces are considered to be the most likely sources of tolerance to the nematode. These reniform nematode tolerant lines represent new germplasm and they are available in the genebank of pigeonpea at ICRISAT bearing accession numbers ICP 16329, ICP 16330, ICP 16331, ICP 16332, and ICP 16333.     

Purification and characterization of urease from dehusked pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L) seeds

Urease has been purified from the dehusked seeds of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity with approximately 200 fold purification, with a specific activity of 6.24 x10(3) U mg(-1) protein. The enzyme was purified by the sequence of steps, namely, first acetone fractionation, acid step, a second acetone fractionation followed by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatographies. Single band was observed in both native- and SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass estimated for the native enzyme was 540 kDa whereas subunit values of 90 kDa were determined. Hence, urease is a hexamer of identical subunits. Nickel was observed in the purified enzyme from atomic absorption spectroscopy with approximately 2 nickel ions per enzyme subunit. Both jack bean and soybean ureases are serologically related to pigeonpea urease. The amino acid composition of pigeonpea urease shows high acidic amino acid content. The N-terminal sequence of pigeonpea urease, determined up to the 20th residue, was homologous to that of jack bean and soybean seed ureases. The optimum pH was 7.3 in the pH range 5.0-8.5. Pigeonpea urease shows K(m) for urea of 3.0+/-0.2 mM in 0.05 M Tris-acetate buffer, pH 7.3, at 37 degrees C. The turnover number, k(cat), was observed to be 6.2 x 10(4) s(-1) and k(cat)/K(m) was 2.1 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). Pigeonpea urease shows high specificity for its primary substrate urea.     

Fertility restoration in cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile lines derived from 3 wild relatives of pigeonpea

Three cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile (CMS) lines, one each derived from Cajanus sericeus (A(1) cytoplasm), Cajanus scarabaeoides (A(2) cytoplasm), and Cajanus cajanifolius (A(4) cytoplasm), were crossed to 7 pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) cultivars in a line x tester mating scheme to study the fertility restoration of the CMS lines. Twenty-one F(1) hybrid combinations were planted in unreplicated 3-row plots in 3 environments. There was no effect of environments on the expression of fertility restoration. Pigeonpea cultivar ICPL 129-3 restored fertility in A(1) cytoplasm and maintained male sterility in the other 2 (A(2) and A(4)) cytoplasms. Among crosses involving CMS line (of A(4) cytoplasm) ICPA 2039 one hybrid combination was male-sterile and another male fertile. The remaining 5 combinations segregated for male-fertility (66-84% fertility restoration). Such testers can easily be purified for use in hybrid breeding programs by selfing and single-plant selection for 2-3 generations.     

Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers

Pigeonpea is an important legume food crop grown primarily by smallholder farmers in many semi-arid tropical regions of the world. We used the Illumina next-generation sequencing platform to generate 237.2 Gb of sequence, which along with Sanger-based bacterial artificial chromosome end sequences and a genetic map, we assembled into scaffolds representing 72.7% (605.78 Mb) of the 833.07 Mb pigeonpea genome. Genome analysis predicted 48,680 genes for pigeonpea and also showed the potential role that certain gene families, for example, drought tolerance-related genes, have played throughout the domestication of pigeonpea and the evolution of its ancestors. Although we found a few segmental duplication events, we did not observe the recent genome-wide duplication events observed in soybean. This reference genome sequence will facilitate the identification of the genetic basis of agronomically important traits, and accelerate the development of improved pigeonpea varieties that could improve food security in many developing countries.     

木豆凝集素对蚜虫的抗性研究

用盐析法提取10个木豆品种的凝集素,经亲和层析法提纯后添加到全纯人工营养液用于桃蚜饲养,发现所有供试木豆的凝集素对桃蚜都具有不同程度的抗拒性,抗性强弱顺序为：ICP 8863〉ICPL 85010〉ICPL 99066〉ICPL 7035〉ICPH 8〉ICPL 9008〉ICP 6997〉“海南种”〉ICPL 87091〉ICPL 87119。     

广西弄拉岩溶植被不同演替阶段的主要土壤因子及溶蚀率对比研究

植被是土壤形成过程中最活跃的因素 ,在同样气候条件下又是最重要的因素 ,植被的演替改变了土壤的理化性质 ,促进了成土作用。植被的正向演替可改善土壤 A层的理化性状 ,降低容重 ,增加孔隙度、含水量和有机质含量 ;而 B层理化性状在演替初期得到改善 ,后期 (乔林期 )却明显下降 ,容重增加 ,孔隙度、含水量和有机质含量大大降低。土壤 p H值随演替进展逐渐降低。Mg含量随正向演替而降低 ;Ca因植物的作用而呈现复杂性。土壤 CO2 的变化也很复杂 ,表层 CO2 随正向演替明显增加 ,但当(青冈林土 )孔隙度很大时有利于 CO2 的逸出而大大降低 ;深层 CO2 与土壤孔隙度、含水量一致 ,初期随正向演替增加 ,到乔林期又降低。地表溶蚀率随植被正向演替 ,先降低后增加 ;土壤中岩石的溶蚀率随演替而增加 ,与 Ca、Mg含量 ,p H值成反比 ,与土壤有机碳、CO2 浓度成正比 ;植被进展演替有促进潜蚀的作用 ,演替初期表层溶蚀率较深层高 ,到乔林阶段后深层较高。岩石的溶蚀率还受土壤含水量、孔隙度等多种因素的影响。     

Exogenous dsRNA-mediated field protection against Pigeonpea sterility mosaic emaravirus

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Pigeonpea sterility mosaic emaraviruses (PPSMVs) cause sterility mosaic disease in pigeonpea which significantly reduce the crop yield. Currently...