利用根癌农杆菌和基因枪法转化获得转抗虫融合蛋白基因(Bt-CpTI)甘蓝植株

以下胚轴、带柄子叶和茎尖为外植体,利用根癌农杆菌和基因枪法将抗虫融合蛋白基因(Bt-CpTI)导人甘蓝品种“中甘8号”,得到了13株卡那霉素抗性植株。经PCR扩增反应和Southern blot分子验证表明:农杆菌介导转化下胚轴和带柄子叶来源的Ⅰ型抗性植株均为转基因植株,而农杆菌介导转化茎尖外植体得到的Ⅱ型抗性植株属“假阳性”植株,基因枪介导转化茎尖的2株Ⅲ型植株中,有1株是非转基因植株。经胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性分析和抗虫测试证明,部分转基因植株有较高的胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性和抗菜青虫能力。     

马铃薯遗传转化体系的优化及玉米淀粉分支酶基因SBEⅡb的导入

以马铃薯脱毒试管苗茎段为转化受体材料,建立并优化了农杆菌介导的马铃薯遗传转化体系。通过农杆菌介导法将玉米淀粉分支酶基因(Starch branching enzyme b,SBEⅡb)的过表达载体转化马铃薯,接种762个茎段,共获得35株抗性植株。经PCR检测获得了4株转基因阳性植株;对转基因植株进一步进行GUS活性组织化学染色,发现转基因植株的茎段与试管薯均被染上蓝色,表明外源SBEⅡb基因已整合到马铃薯基因组,且正常表达。     

根癌农杆菌介导天花粉蛋白基因TCS转化茎瘤芥的研究

以茎瘤芥(Brassica junceavar.tumidaTsen et Lee)的子叶为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)的介导,将天花粉蛋白(Trichosanthin,TCS)基因导入到茎瘤芥中。对所获得的31株抗性植株进行PCR扩增,其中阳性植株为23株;Northern blot分析结果表明基因TCS在转基因植株中能够正常表达。转基因植株接种病毒试验结果表明,转基因TCS的植株对芜菁花叶病毒TuMV的侵染有一定的抑制作用。     

Optimization of genetic transformation system of potato and introduction of maize starch branching enzyme gene SBEⅡb into potatoFAN

以马铃薯脱毒试管苗茎段为转化受体材料,建立并优化了农杆菌介导的马铃薯遗传转化体系.通过农杆菌介导法将玉米淀粉分支酶基因(Starch branching enzyme b,SBEⅡb)的过表达载体转化马铃薯,接种762个茎段,共获得35株抗性植株.经PCR检测获得了4株转基因阳性植株;对转基因植株进一步进行GUS活性组织化学染色,发现转基因植株的茎段与试管薯均被染上蓝色,表明外源SBEⅡb基因已整合到马铃薯基因组,且正常表达.     

双价抗虫基因陆地棉转化植株的获得

利用根癌农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ（ＳｍｉｔｈｅｔＴｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ）Ｃｏｎｎ）介导法将含有豌豆外源凝集素（ｐｅａｌｅｃｔｉｎ,ＰＬｅｃ）基因和大豆Ｋｕｎｉｔｚ型胰蛋白酶抑制剂（ｓｏｙｂｅａｎＫｕｎｉｔｚｔｒｙｐｓｉｎｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒ,ＳＫＴＩ）基因的双价抗虫基因植物表达载体ｐＢｉｎＬＫ用于陆地棉（ＧｏｓｙｐｉｕｍｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．）栽培品种“新陆早１号”、“新陆中２号”、“冀合３２１”和“辽９”的转化。棉花无菌苗下胚轴经过与根癌农杆菌共培养、卡那霉素抗性愈伤组织的筛选、体细胞胚状体的诱导和植株再生等阶段成功地获得了双价抗虫基因陆地棉转化植株。ＮＰＴⅡ的ＥＬＩＳＡ检测、ＰＣＲ鉴定和ＰＣＲＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ检测证实,两个外源抗虫基因同时存在于再生植株基因组内。抗虫测试结果表明,转基因棉株对棉铃虫（ＨｅｌｉｏｔｈｉｓａｒｍｉｇｅｒａＨｕｂｎｅｒ）幼虫具有较强的抗性     

豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因转化芥菜及抗虫鉴定

用农杆菌介导将豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂 (CpTI)基因导入芥菜 ,获得了Kan抗性植株 .经PCR扩增、PCR Southern印迹和Northern印迹分析 ,转化再生植株大部分呈阳性 ,而非转化的再生植株均为阴性 ,证明CpTI基因已存在于芥菜基因组中 .在室内进行了喂虫试验 ,结果表明转基因芥菜抗虫性明显高于对照 ,转基因植株之间存在抗虫性差异     

甘蓝型油菜抗虫转基因植株及其抗性分析

通过油菜子叶外植体－农杆菌共培养法将苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因导入甘蓝型油菜,获得抗虫的转基因植株。带有１￣２ｍｍ子叶柄的油菜子叶经农杆菌感染后,共培养２￣３天,然后转移到附加１５ｍｇ／Ｌ卡那霉素的ＭＳ选择培养基上筛选转化愈伤组织及不定芽。卡那霉素抗性苗相继在含２０￣５０ｍｇ／Ｌ卡那霉素的选择培养基上继代培养,再转移到含２５ｍｇ／Ｌ卡那霉素的生根培养基上诱导生根。以苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因为探针,进行１     

农杆菌介导法向玉米茎尖导入抗草甘膦EPSPS基因的研究

以玉米自交系郑58的茎尖为受体,通过农杆菌介导法将抗草甘膦EPSPS基因转入玉米中,研究以茎尖为受体的农杆菌转化体系的可行性。98株转化苗,经过300 ppm的除草剂(农达)筛选,共获得13株转基因植株,经PCR检测,其中7株表现阳性,转化率达7.14%。初步证明外源基因已经整合到玉米基因组中,以玉米茎尖作为受体的转化系统用于基因转化是可行、高效的。     

TA29-barnase基因转化菜心

利用根癌农杆菌导入法, 以菜心带柄子叶为外植体, 对TA29-barnase基因转化菜心进行研究。获得转化植株,进行PCR、Southern blotting杂交和半定量RT-PCR检测, 表明目的基因已经整合到转化植株中, 并且目的基因在转基因植株花蕾中得到表达, 但是表达水平在不同转基因植株间存在差别; 转基因植株开花后, 均表现雄性不育, 不能产生花粉或产生没有活力的少量花粉, 自交不能结实; 用未转化植株正常花粉对雄性不育植株进行授粉, 能够正常结实; 保持系(未转化植株)与不育株杂交后代中雄性不育株与可育株的比例为1:1, 在杂交后代植株子叶期, 喷洒10 mg/L的PPT可以完全杀死可育株; 利用其他菜心品种为父本与不育株进行杂交, 获得的F1植株在生长势和产量方面表现优势, 表明开展菜心优势育种具有一定的潜力。     

TA29-barnase基因转化菜心

利用根癌农杆菌导入法, 以菜心带柄子叶为外植体, 对TA29-barnase基因转化菜心进行研究。获得转化植株,进行PCR、Southern blotting杂交和半定量RT-PCR检测, 表明目的基因已经整合到转化植株中, 并且目的基因在转基因植株花蕾中得到表达, 但是表达水平在不同转基因植株间存在差别; 转基因植株开花后, 均表现雄性不育, 不能产生花粉或产生没有活力的少量花粉, 自交不能结实; 用未转化植株正常花粉对雄性不育植株进行授粉, 能够正常结实; 保持系(未转化植株)与不育株杂交后代中雄性不育株与可育株的比例为1:1, 在杂交后代植株子叶期, 喷洒10 mg/L的PPT可以完全杀死可育株; 利用其他菜心品种为父本与不育株进行杂交, 获得的F1植株在生长势和产量方面表现优势, 表明开展菜心优势育种具有一定的潜力。     

Biochemical and phenotypical characterization of transgenic tomato plants overexpressing a basic peroxidase

Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Pera) were transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens with the binary vector pKYLX71 containing a tomato basic peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) gene, tpx1 , under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S) promoter. Transgenic plants showed a 2–5-fold increase in the activity of the peroxidase ionically bound to the cell wall, whereas soluble peroxidase activity remained similar or even lower than wild-type plants. Isoelectric focusing showed the presence of a new isoperoxidase of pI ca 9 in the ionically bound extract. Western blot also showed the presence of a new band at 41 kDa that was absent in the wild-type extract. A 40–220% increment of lignin content of the leaf was found in transgenic plants. Shoot phenotype of transgenic plants was similar to wild type, although under stress, the plants appeared wilted and the new leaves had a reduced area and were thicker than wild-type or older transgenic leaves. The root system was underdeveloped in transgenic plants, but the rooting ability of the stem was not affected by the overexpression of peroxidase. Finally, the morphogenetic response of cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from transgenic plants was evaluated. In the case of cotyledons, the percentage of explants with shoot was not different from wild-type plants. For hypocotyl, one of the transgenic lines showed a 30% reduction in the percentage of shoot organogenesis. The results are discussed in relation to the role of tpx1 in lignin synthesis.     

An efficient mannose selection protocol for tomato that has no adverse effect on the ploidy level of transgenic plants

A protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with mannose selection was developed for cotyledon petiole, hypocotyl and leaf explants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill). More than 400 transgenic plants from three tomato varieties were selected with 1% mannose in combination with 0.1–0.5% glucose. Average transformation frequencies ranged from 2.0 to 15.5% depending on the construct, genotype and type of tissue used for transformation. The highest transformation rate was obtained for hypocotyl explants from tomato variety SG048. The ploidy levels of 264 independent transgenic events and 233 non-transgenic plants regenerated from tissue culture were assessed by flow cytometry. The incidence of polyploids within the total population of transgenic plants varied from 10 to 78% and was not significantly different from the non-transgenic population. The greatest variation in the proportion of polyploids was observed in plants derived from different explant types, both in transgenic and non-transgenic regenerants, across three studied genotypes. Transgenic and non-transgenic plants regenerated from leaves included the highest number of normal diploid plants (82–100%), followed by cotyledon petiole-derived plants (63–78%). Transgenic plants produced from hypocotyls contained 22–58% diploids depending on the genotype used in transformation. Results described in this study demonstrate that, although transformation frequencies for leaf tissue are still lower under current protocols, the high percentage of diploids obtained make leaf tissue an attractive transformation target.Abbreviations BAP Benzylaminopurine - MS Murashige-Skoog - MsCHI Medicago sativa chalcone isomerase - PMI Phosphomannose isomerase     

Transformation of LRP gene into Brassica napus mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to enhance lysine content in seeds

Lysine rich protein (LRP) gene derived from the seed of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus was transformed into Brassica napus, employing cotyledon petiole as explants and by using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Transformation efficiency was found to be closely related with phytohormone concentration, infection incubation, and co-cultured time. A medium containing 4 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.3 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was used for plant regeneration. With infection incubation of A. tumefaciens (OD600 = 0.4) for 20 min and co-culture of infected cotyledon petiole for 3 days, the highest transformation efficiency of 8.5% was obtained. To confirm LRP gene expression, PCR and Southern blot analysis were performed on leaf-isolated DNA from regenerated plants resistant to kanamycin. All transgenic plants of the generation T0 formed fertile seeds, which were sowed for the inheritance study of generational T1 and amino acid analysis. It was found that the lysine content of seeds from T1 generation increased by 16.7% compared with non-transgenic lines.     

Transgenic peppermint (Mentha×piperita L.) plants obtained by cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The first transgenic peppermint (Mentha×piperita L. cultivar Black Mitcham) plants have been obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by cocultivation with morphogenically responsive leaf explants. Basal leaf explants with petioles, from leaves closest to the apex of in-vitro-culture-maintained shoots (5 cm), exhibited optimal shoot organogenetic responsiveness on medium supplemented with thidiazuron (8.4 μm). Shoot formation occurred at sites of excision on the leaf blade and petiole either directly from cells of the explant or via a primary callus. Analyses of transient GUS activity data indicated that DNA delivery by microprojectile bombardment was more effective than Agrobacterium infection. However, no transgenic plants were obtained from over 22,000 leaf explants after particle bombardment. Cocultivation of leaf explants with Agrobacterium strain EHA 105 and kanamycin selection produced transgenic plants. Greater transient and stable -glucuronidase (GUS) activities were detected in explants or propagules transformed with the construct where gusA was driven by the pBISN1 promoter rather than a CaMV 35S promoter. Eight plants were subsequently regenerated and verified as transgenic based on detection of the nptII transgene by PCR and Southern blot analyses. The Southern analyses indicated that the plants were derived from eight unique transformation events. All transgenic plants appeared morphologically normal. Analyses of GUS activities in leaves sampled from different portions of these transgenic plants, 10 months after transfer to the greenhouse, indicated that six out of the eight original regenerants were uniformly transformed, i.e., did not exhibit chimeric sectors. Received: 12 December 1997 / Revision received: 3 June 1997 / Accepted: 18 July 1997     

An efficient protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Antirrhinum majus

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) is a popular ornamental and model plant species, and the recently released reference genome could greatly boost its utilization in fundamental research. However, the lack of an efficient genetic transformation system is still a major limiting factor for its full application in genetic and molecular studies. In this study, a simple method for quick regeneration and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of snapdragon was developed. Cotyledon petiole and hypocotyl explants derived from two-week-old seedlings were cultured on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L zeatin (ZT), 0.2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2 mg/L AgNO₃, and adventitious shoots were regenerated through organogenesis with an average regeneration of 48.00% and 41.33%, respectively. By contrast, the regeneration frequency was only 22.67% for cotyledon petiole and 25.67% for hypocotyl explants in the absence of AgNO₃. Moreover, the application of AgNO₃ promoted indirect shoot organogenesis, while direct shoot organogenesis occurred in the absence of AgNO₃ from both hypocotyl or cotyledon petiole explants. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems were developed with this high-efficient regeneration system. The transformation efficiency has been improved from 0 to 1% through the direct shoot organogenesis to 3 to 4% via the indirect shoot organogenesis. This efficient regeneration and genetic transformation method could be important for future use of snapdragon as a model plant to address some fundamental questions which are hard to be solved by using other model plant species, and to accelerate the breeding process through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Brassica napus winter cultivars

An efficient protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of six commercial Brassica napus winter cultivars is described. Two B. napus spring cultivars were analysed for comparison. Five strains of A. tumefaciens with different combinations of nopaline and octopine chromosomal backgrounds and virulence plasmids were used for cocultivation. Selection of putative regenerated transgenic plants was performed on kanamycin- or hygromycin-containing media. The scores of transgenic plants were calculated on the basis of GUS (-glucuronidase) activity, detected by the histochemical X-Gluc test. Target tissue derived from the cut surface of cotyledon petioles resulted in successful transformation with all the winter cultivars tested. Target tissue from hypocotyl segments resulted in a successful transformation with only one winter cultivar. The transformation rates for B. napus winter cultivars in this study were higher than in previous reports. Southern blot analysis revealed that integration of marker genes occurred in single and in multiple copies and at multiple loci in the genome. The transgenic plants all grew normally and developed fertile flowers after a vernalization period. After self-pollination, Southern blot analysis of selected GUS active F1 plants revealed that introduced marker genes were stably inherited to the next generation. These data demonstrate that morphologically normal, fertile transgenic plants of B. napus winter cultivars can be achieved with both nopaline- and octopine-derived A. tumefaciens strains. This protocol should have a broad application in improvement of Brassica napus winter cultivars by introduction of foreign genes     

Transgenic maize plants of tropical and subtropical genotypes obtained from calluses containing organogenic and embryogenic-like structures derived from shoot tips

A highly efficient system for the production of transgenic maize plants starting from tropical and subtropical genotypes was developed. The method is based on particle bombardment of organogenic calli derived from shoot tips. Six tropical maize genotypes were successfully transformed and regenerated using this protocol. Genetic transformation was confirmed by Southern blot analysis of T0 plants and segregation analysis of the resistance marker in the T1 progeny. Plant transfer into the greenhouse was 100% successful, and no problems of fertility were observed with the transgenic plants produced with this transformation protocol.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Eucalyptus globulus using explants with shoot apex with introduction of bacterial choline oxidase gene to enhance salt tolerance

Eucalyptus globulus is one of the most economically important plantation hardwoods for paper making. However, its low transformation frequency has prevented genetic engineering of this species with useful genes. We found the hypocotyl section with a shoot apex has the highest regeneration ability among another hypocotyl sections, and have developed an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method using these materials. We then introduced a salt tolerance gene, namely a bacterial choline oxidase gene (codA) with a GUS reporter gene, into E. globulus. The highest frequency of transgenic shoot regeneration from hypocotyls with shoot apex was 7.4% and the average frequency in four experiments was 4.0%, 12-fold higher than that from hypocotyls without shoot apex. Using about 10,000 explants, over 250 regenerated buds were confirmed as transformants by GUS analysis. Southern blot analysis of 100 elongated shoots confirmed successful generation of stable transformants. Accumulation of glycinebetaine was investigated in 44 selected transgenic lines, which showed 1- to 12-fold higher glycinebetaine levels than non-transgenic controls. Rooting of 16 transgenic lines was successful using a photoautotrophic method under enrichment with 1,000 ppm CO₂. The transgenic whole plantlets were transplanted into potting soil and grown normally in a growth room. They showed salt tolerance to 300 mM NaCl. The points of our system are using explants with shoot apex as materials, inhibiting the elongation of the apex on the selection medium, and regenerating transgenic buds from the side opposite to the apex. This approach may also solve transformation problems in other important plants.     

An Insect-Resistant Transgenic Cabbage Plant with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor(CpTI) Gene

Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene was transformed into Brassica oleracea var. capitara variety "Yingchun" and "Jingfeng" mediated by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404(pRCL27). Transgenic plants were obtained from transformed calli or explants. It was shown from the ELISA assay that NPT Ⅱgene was expressed in the transgenic cabbage cells. The integration of the CpTI gene into cabbage genome DNA was confirmed by Southem blotting. Insect-tolerance of the transgenic plants to Pieris rapae L. was observed by bioassays on the transgenic plants in the laboratory.