城市绿地中的声景观对精神复愈的作用

当前针对声景观的研究多数是以探索人们喜好的声音为主，而很少考虑声景观与视觉景观的相互作用。为探讨城市绿地中声景观与视觉景观相互作用对于精神复愈的作用，选取了8个具有代表性的城市绿地。以能够反映样地景观特点的视频作为复愈能力评测的媒介，通过计算机技术将选取的5种声音（单一鸟鸣声、多种鸟鸣声、蛙叫声、流水声和中国古典音乐）与在所选样地上录制的8段视频进行组合，选择191位大学生作为评价人员，对城市绿地的精神复愈性能力进行评价；并邀请5位景观专业的研究生对城市绿地的景观特征进行定量分析。结果显示：城市绿地中存在水流声或蛙叫声会降低绿地的精神复愈能力；把单一鸟鸣声和多种鸟类鸟鸣声设置在地形起伏较平坦的环境中能够更加有效地提高精神复愈能力。     

深圳市梧桐山毛棉杜鹃风景林景观质量评价

为了对毛棉杜鹃风景林的景观质量进行较为准确的景观评价，并提供较为全面和通用的观花乔木景观质量评价体系，在查阅国内风景林评价文献的基础上，采用层次分析法从3个准则和13个指标构建毛棉杜鹃风景林质量评价体系及各层次指标权重。通过德尔菲法确定林外景观质量、单木景观质量、林内景观质量三个项目层权重分别为0.6483、0.2270、0.1591。对毛棉杜鹃景观林贡献程度较大的有色彩对比度、树冠层次性、花色等指标。通过实地调查并按上述体系评价，得到梧桐山万花屏得分为52.8466，属于很好等级；毛棉杜鹃谷得分为44.5834，属于较好等级；双凤亭为20.0336，属于很差等级。     

鸟类鸣声与个体适合度关系的研究进展

鸣声蕴藏着丰富的生物学信息,是鸟类间信息交流最主要的方式之一。本文综述了鸟类鸣声行为与包括个体状态(体征、激素水平和健康状况)、社会等级及繁殖(性选择和成效)在内的个体适合度关系的研究进展。文章总结发现,鸟类的鸣声水平与单一体征参数关系的研究结果不稳定,鸣声可能受个体内部的多种激素调控,并与个体的社会等级有直接关系。雌雄个体鸣声均与繁殖有一定相关性,但双亲鸣声行为策略存在差异。鸣声对繁殖适合度的影响受到其他因素如物种、婚配制度等因素的影响。鸟类鸣声代表的生物学信息是个体身体质量的综合体现,与鸟类个体适合度的关系较为复杂。为解释鸣声所代表的生物学信息,需要从适合度的多个角度(社会等级、身体状况和繁殖情况等)来考虑多种鸣声参数。     

雄性凹耳蛙的争斗鸣声及其打斗行为

2017年4月17日,在黄山浮溪完整地记录了2只雄性凹耳蛙（Odorrana tormotus）之间争夺领地的打斗过程、争斗鸣声以及其中一只蛙打斗后的鸣声,并用摄像机记录了此行为的过程。争斗大约持续了8 min,并产生了一个胜利者和一个失败者。实验共录了胜利蛙的争斗鸣声17声,打斗后鸣声7声,失败蛙的争斗鸣声6声,其中两只蛙同时鸣叫了1声。随后通过Praat语音软件获取鸣声的时域参数和频谱参数,并利用T检验来判断两只蛙争斗鸣声参数是否具有显著差异,以及胜利蛙打斗时与打斗后的鸣声参数是否具有显著差异。对两只蛙争斗鸣声的时域和频谱参数分析发现,胜利蛙以多音节鸣叫为主,其平均基频（8 150 ± 1 305）Hz、最大基频（9 741 ± 1 283）Hz、最小基频（5 809 ± 1 139）Hz以及最大最小基频差（3 932 ± 1 122）Hz都高于失败蛙,尤其是平均基频和最大基频（P < 0.05）,而最小基频以及最大最小基频差二者差异并不显著（P > 0.05）,但是胜利蛙的主频却要略低于失败蛙（P > 0.05）;失败蛙的鸣声中非线性片段时长占总时长的百分比更大,甚至超过50%。将胜利蛙的争斗鸣声与打斗后鸣声进行比较,发现总时长、非线性片段时长和平均基频在争斗后都有明显减小（P < 0.05）,最大基频、最小基频有略微减小（P > 0.05）,而音节间隔时间占总时间的百分比和大小基频差都有所增大（P > 0.05）,这可能是为了在争斗过程中更快地击退对手。因此,推测胜利蛙获取胜利的原因可能是因为其具有较高的鸣叫率以及较低的主频。本文描述了雄性凹耳蛙争斗过程中的鸣声特征,可对凹耳蛙雄性之间的竞争过程有更进一步的了解。     

双斑蟋鸣声特征与行为关系的初步研究

利用计算机声分析技术对双斑蟋（Gryllus bimaculatus 1773)的召唤声、不同性比的求偶声和争斗声的结构、频谱与时域特征进行比较,以探讨鸣声特征与行为的关系。结果表明：①3种鸣声的脉冲时间长度（PL）、脉冲时间间隔（IPI）、每个脉冲群（PG）的脉冲数（PN）、声脉冲组合形态和密度等基本相同。这些特征参数较为稳定,为种间鉴别因子,其中以IPI为最。②节奏（Rh)、声长（SL）、间歇（IT）特征与蟋蟀的社会活动和个体活动有密切联系。从雄性单独生活时的召唤声到有雌性存在时的求偶声,每个节奏中的音节数逐渐增加,从单音节、双音节到多音节;SL、IT呈下降趋势。不同性比条件下,雄性数量明显影响鸣声特征。雄性数目增加,Rh、SL呈上升趋势;IT呈下降趋势。不同比例的雌性对雄性鸣声的影响无明显规律。③鸣声的频谱与时域呈一定对应关系。召唤声、求偶声和争斗声的脉冲能量主要集中在1个能量区上,表现出种的同一性。     

回放雄虫第二种鸣声对稻褐飞虱生殖过程的抑制作用

结果表明：１回放稻褐飞虱雄虫第二种鸣声（ＳＭＶＳ）１～１２ｈ可以显著降低雌雄虫的成功交配率,而回放ＳＭＶＳ２４ｈ则对此无明显影响;２回放ＳＭＶＳ对交配率的影响主要在于对试虫相遇前的求偶过程,表现为雌虫鸣叫率显著下降,对雄虫求偶声（ＦＭＶＳ）的反应延迟;雄虫对雌虫求偶声（ＦＶＳ）的反应程度有所降低;雌雄虫的相遇前期显著延长;３回放ＳＭＶＳ不影响交配试虫的授精率和产卵量,但影响授精的质量,表现在精包明显变小,卵的发育率下降。     

绿背山雀繁殖期鸣声声谱分析

2005年4～6月,在四川屏山县老君山自然保护区采用计算机声谱分析技术,对绿背山雀繁殖期护域、警告、报警、警戒和幼雏乞食的鸣声进行了初步研究。结果表明,雄性护域有3种不同音节鸣声,3种音节鸣声的MPF差异均不明显（P〉0.05）,全句持续时间差异显著（X^2=8,42〉x0.05^2,df=2,P〈0．05）;雌性护幼为2个音节的警告呜声;雌雄两性遇到危险时均发出音节不同的警戒声和报警声,其警戒声各音节持续时间差异极显著（P〈0,01）,各音节间隔时间差异不明显（P〉0.05）;幼雏乞食鸣声通常由2～3个音节重复而成。同时还探讨了不同鸣声与相应行为的关系。     

基于景观格局和生态敏感性的海南西部地区生态脆弱性分析

以海南岛西部地区为研究对象,选取分离度、分形维数、破碎度3个景观格局指标和土地沙化、土壤侵蚀2个敏感性指数,构建景观类型脆弱度和区域生态脆弱度模型,从景观格局与生态系统敏感性相结合角度探讨了区域生态环境脆弱性问题。结果表明：（1）研究区耕地的景观类型脆弱度最大,林地次之,水域最小;（2）相关分析显示,景观类型脆弱度与沙化敏感性、景观类型脆弱度与破碎度、破碎度与土地沙化敏感性、破碎度与区域生态环境脆弱性之间存在着显著和极显著的正相关关系;（3）区域生态环境脆弱性分区的空间分布与客观实际吻合良好,表现为：水平方向上,生态脆弱度大体平行于海岸线,呈条带状分布,离海岸线的距离越近脆弱度值越高;垂直方向上,生态脆弱度具有随海拔增高坡度变大而出现增大的趋势;（4）格局指数与区域生态环境脆弱性驱动力间的关联分析,表明琼西区域景观特征和区域生态环境脆弱性的变化主要受人类活动所调控,同时,还受控于海洋和地貌两大自然因素。区域生态脆弱性格局指标与脆弱性驱动力之间有着良好的信息反馈联系;（5）从景观视角出发,建立起景观信息与区域生态环境响应之间的联系,可以从更广、更高层面上来分析与评价区域环境问题,并为区域生态环境的建设提供新的研究方法和思路及有益的实践指导。     

中国国家公园原真性与完整性概念及其评价框架

国家公园保护管理的首要目的是有效保护国家重要自然生态系统原真性和完整性。我们提出了面向管理的中国国家公园原真性与完整性概念, 国家公园原真性是指国家公园内生态系统及构成国家公园价值或与国家公园价值紧密联系的自然与文化要素保持在原生状态, 强调“不受损”; 国家公园完整性是指国家公园具有足够面积和充分的组成要素, 以维持生态系统的结构、功能与过程, 维持自然区域的价值与特征, 强调“不缺失”。我们还提出了国家公园原真性和完整性评价框架, 从自然度、气候变化强度、传统文化及其载体的真实性、人类干扰程度、人与自然和谐关系的原真性5个方面评价国家公园原真性; 从生态系统组成完整性、生态系统结构完整性、生态系统功能完整性、景观组成要素完整性和文化景观的完整性5个层面评价国家公园完整性。此外, 我们还提出了国家公园原真性与完整性保护的建议, 包括重塑保护管理目标、更新保护管理理念与提升保护管理技术3个方面。国家公园原真性与完整性的讨论尚未成熟, 对评价指标设定、指标间的相互关系、保护管理技术等的研究均尚待深入。     

功能约束条件下的钱江源国家公园体制试点区游憩利用适宜性评价研究

国家公园功能分区根据生态系统和文化资源的保护要求划定不同的区域,并通过对区域内活动开展的范围和强度进行管控,实现生态保护、游憩利用等目标。从功能约束条件出发,以钱江源国家公园体制试点区(简称"钱江源国家公园")为例,采用德尔菲法和层次分析法,选取自然游憩资源、景观美景度、人文游憩资源、游憩利用能力、生态环境承载力、社会条件等6个因子构建了国家公园游憩利用适宜性评价体系。运用GIS空间分析工具对其进行单因子分级评价和综合评价,定量评估了钱江源国家公园游憩利用的适宜性,并将其适宜性从低到高依次划分为I—IV的4个等级。结果表明,钱江源国家公园游憩利用适宜性4个等级的面积呈"橄榄"型分布格局。在游憩利用适宜性分析结果及国家公园功能分区管理要求的基础上,本文进一步将钱江源国家公园游憩利用划分为6大游憩利用类型,并提出不同游憩利用类型的主导服务功能与管理措施。研究结果可为国家公园功能分区管理和游憩利用提供规划与管理指导。     

Soundscape Dynamics at Anuran Reproductive Sites in Pannonian Biogeographical Region:Effects of Road Noise on Vocal Activity

The emerging field of soundscape ecology views ecosystems in terms of biophony, geophony and anthrophony. Soundscape ecology considers the effects of sound on fauna, and this research focuses on anuran breeding lek soundscapes. The sensitivity of anuran breeding leks to acoustic disturbances makes breeding leks an important venue for a comparative soundscape study. We made long-term( 24 h) sound recordings in three representative wetlands and short-term( 30 min) recordings in ten sites in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region of Hungary and around the Hungary and Slovakia border. Long-term soundscapes of the floodplain stretch, where there is relatively minor anthrophonical disturbance, showed an obvious circadian change in sound intensities. The site with moderate sound contamination exhibited a disturbed pattern of circadian sound variation, while the site with heavy traffic noise displayed an apparently random temporal soundscape. At different amphibian breeding sites during mating season, our short-term recordings were dominated by anuran calls, bird songs and wind noises, while insect calls and rain were present to a lesser degree. Our study indicates that vehicle traffic noise is a severe imposition to the natural soundscape, and suggests that soundscape monitoring can provide a reliable and sensitive index of environmental change for both short-term and long-term periods.     

Zoo soundscape: Daily variation of low-to-high-frequency sounds

Most studies assessing the impact of noises on zoo animal welfare did not measure sound frequencies outside of the human-hearing range (infrasounds and ultrasounds). Many nonhuman mammals can hear these frequencies, and because loud and variable soundscapes are potentially detrimental for animal welfare, this overlooked aspect of their acoustic environment could have important consequences. This study evaluated the soundscape of an urban zoo in a large frequency range (17.5–90,510 Hz) by measuring its average sound levels (L_eq) and variability (the difference between highest and lowest peaks). Sound data were collected for 24 hr in 25 locations (e.g., indoor, outdoor, near the amusement park). The soundscape was not considered problematic for animal welfare when looking at the average sound levels in most locations (<77-dB sound pressure level [SPL]), except for a few indoor areas and near the water park. Ultrasounds were rare, had low average sound levels, and were less variable in time. Infrasounds were always present and were the loudest and most variable sound frequencies. The soundscape was louder and more variable during the day and when visitors were present, suggesting that human-related activities were the sources of these augmentations. Indoor environments were generally louder than outdoor environments and touristic features; however, the water park was near 85-dB SPL during the day. On the basis of results, we suggest a series of mitigation actions to minimize noise-related stress in captive animals.     

Silent oceans: ocean acidification impoverishes natural soundscapes by altering sound production of the world's noisiest marine invertebrate

Soundscapes are multidimensional spaces that carry meaningful information for many species about the location and quality of nearby and distant resources. Because soundscapes are the sum of the acoustic signals produced by individual organisms and their interactions, they can be used as a proxy for the condition of whole ecosystems and their occupants. Ocean acidification resulting from anthropogenic CO₂ emissions is known to have profound effects on marine life. However, despite the increasingly recognized ecological importance of soundscapes, there is no empirical test of whether ocean acidification can affect biological sound production. Using field recordings obtained from three geographically separated natural CO₂ vents, we show that forecasted end-of-century ocean acidification conditions can profoundly reduce the biological sound level and frequency of snapping shrimp snaps. Snapping shrimp were among the noisiest marine organisms and the suppression of their sound production at vents was responsible for the vast majority of the soundscape alteration observed. To assess mechanisms that could account for these observations, we tested whether long-term exposure (two to three months) to elevated CO₂ induced a similar reduction in the snapping behaviour (loudness and frequency) of snapping shrimp. The results indicated that the soniferous behaviour of these animals was substantially reduced in both frequency (snaps per minute) and sound level of snaps produced. As coastal marine soundscapes are dominated by biological sounds produced by snapping shrimp, the observed suppression of this component of soundscapes could have important and possibly pervasive ecological consequences for organisms that use soundscapes as a source of information. This trend towards silence could be of particular importance for those species whose larval stages use sound for orientation towards settlement habitats.     

Human-nature connection and soundscape perception: Insights from Tierra del Fuego,Argentina

Human disconnection from nature is thought to have contributed to the environmental crises we currently face, and increasing connection with nature has been proposed as one way of promoting pro-environmental behavior, nature conservation, and social-ecological sustainability. Some efforts to increase connection with nature (“nature relatedness”) have centered on exploring the social-ecological importance of soundscapes, but there is a paucity of empirical evidence supporting the theoretical linkage between soundscape perception and nature relatedness. Using prerecorded and in situ soundscape prompts, we conducted a street intercept survey in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina to assess: 1) the relative importance of senses in experiences of nature, 2) the relationship between nature relatedness and soundscape perception, 3) differences in soundscape perception between various soundscapes, and 4) possible sociodemographic influences on sense importance, nature relatedness, and soundscape perception. Participants reported that hearing was of secondary importance to vision in experiences of nature. We also found that nature relatedness was positively correlated with the valuation of soundscapes—particularly more natural ones—but not with the discernment of soundscapes or identification of where soundscapes were recorded. Valuation of more natural soundscapes was higher than valuation of more technophonically dominated soundscapes, while soundscape discernment and location identification were higher for soundscapes that were likely more familiar to listeners. Sociodemographic influences on these variables were minor, but women reported higher sense importance, and having a nature-based occupation was associated with higher nature relatedness and valuation of a soundscape from a penguin colony. Our study highlighted a number of potential research areas concerning soundscape perception, including differences between prerecorded and in situ soundscape prompts, defining various aspects of soundscape perception, and the relative influences of sound sources and quantitative acoustic parameters on soundscape perception. Further research is certainly needed to account for global diversity in cultures and soundscapes, but we found some promising empirical support for the use of natural-soundscape-focused educational programs in efforts to promote nature relatedness.     

The Soundscapes of Lakes across an Urbanization Gradient

Background/Methodology

A significant implication of increasing urbanization is anthropogenic noise pollution. Although noise is strongly associated with disruption of animal communication systems and negative health effects for humans, the study of these consequences at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales (termed soundscape ecology) is in early stages of application. In this study, we examined the above- and below-water soundscape of recreational and residential lakes in the region surrounding a large metropolitan area. Using univariate and multivariate approaches we test the importance of large- and local-scale landscape factors in driving acoustic characteristics across an urbanization gradient, and visualize changes in the soundscape over space and time.

Principal Findings

Anthropogenic noise (anthrophony) was strongly predicted by a landcover-based metric of urbanization (within a 10 km radius), with presence of a public park as a secondary influence; this urbanization signal was apparent even in below-water recordings. The percent of hourly measurements exceeding noise thresholds associated with outdoor disturbance was 67%, 17%, and 0%, respectively, for lakes characterized as High, Medium, and Low urbanization. Decreased biophony (proportion of natural sounds) was associated with presence of a public park followed by increased urbanization; time of day was also a significant predictor of biophony. Local-scale (shoreline) residential development was not related to changes in anthrophony or biophony. The patterns we identify are illustrated with a multivariate approach which allows use of entire sound samples and facilitates interpretation of changes in a soundscape.

Conclusions/Significance

As highly valued residential and recreation areas, lakes represent everyday soundscapes important to both humans and wildlife. Our findings that many of these areas, particularly those with public parks, routinely experience sound types and levels associated with disturbance, suggests that urban planners need to account for the effect of increasing development on soundscapes to avoid compromising goals for ecological and human health.     

Acoustic monitoring reveals diversity and surprising dynamics in tropical freshwater soundscapes

1. Freshwater systems are globally threatened and in need of enhanced monitoring and assessment. We applied soundscape recording and analysis—which presents an opportunity for long-term, high-resolution animal community monitoring and assessment—to a freshwater context to better understand the acoustic diversity and dynamics of these systems.
2. We recorded the aquatic soundscape of a Neotropical freshwater swamp in Costa Rica for 23 days in January and February 2015 during the dry season. We classified biological sound types in these recordings and developed measurements of richness and occupancy based on this classification. We also calculated six complementary acoustic indices to assess soundscape diversity and daily and longer-term soundscape dynamics, and we examined correlations between these acoustic indices and sound type metrics.
3. We found rich soundscapes in which biological sounds were almost always present, and we classified 18 sound types that we attribute to aquatic insects. These sound types showed distinct daily patterns and exhibited temporal and spectral acoustic niche partitioning. Sound type richness was most correlated with the number of peaks index (correlation = .36; p < .001), while sound type occupancy was most correlated with the Bioacoustic Index (correlation = .92; p < .001). In contrast to generally high levels of acoustic activity, there were brief (approximately 1 hr), unexpected quiet periods around dawn and dusk.
4. This study represents an early attempt to comprehensively describe tropical freshwater soundscapes in a systematic and quantitative manner. We demonstrate that sound type classification and the quantification of acoustic occupancy capture aspects of soundscape diversity and dynamics that are complementary to those assessed by acoustic indices. Our analyses reveal that the soundscapes of this tropical wetland were diverse and exhibited daily dynamics that differed from those found in other ecosystems.

     

城市公园春季声景观与植被结构的关系

城市公园是城市生态系统的重要组成部分和城市生物多样性热点地区，具有丰富的声景观资源。由于声景观及声学方法具有信息量大，成本低，低侵入的特点，因此其研究和应用对生态系统健康及监测具有较高价值。声景观研究通过总结生物声的活动或多样性来衡量生物多样性。记录了北京20个城市公园的春季声景观，使用定量方法描述了声景观特征与变化；测试三种了已被证明与生物多样性相关并被广泛使用的声学指数（BIO、ADI、NDSI）与植被群落关系，完成了城市环境中声景观与环境关系的初步探究。研究结果表明：（1）声学指数能够有效表征城市公园声景观信息，具有显著的时间动态特性，能准确反映鸟类黎明合唱等重要生物生态活动；（2）声学强度指数也具有显著的时间动态变化和沿频率梯度的变化，不同的频率区间反映了不同声学群落的活动信息；（3）植被结构尤其是垂直结构对声景观起着重要作用，垂直异质性越大，声学多样性越高。发现支持声景观作为公园植被状况的度量，强调了其作为生物多样性和生态系统健康状况监测方法，用于城市管理和可持续发展的巨大潜力。     

声景生态学研究进展和展望

声景生态学以景观中的声音为研究对象, 探讨其在不同时空维度上的分布和变化模式, 从而揭示自然环境、野生动物和人类活动的相互作用关系。本文通过系统检索声景生态学研究的相关文献, 回顾了该学科的研究框架和研究方法, 总结了目前常用的声学指标, 重点归纳了声景生态学的研究内容, 包括声景组成和各组分间的相互作用, 声景的时空格局, 以及声景生态学在生物多样性监测中的应用。目前, 声景监测中存在的问题主要包括监测的生态系统类型和物种类群有限、声学指标效力有待提高等。建议未来着重推进建立系统性的声景监测网络和数据管理平台, 开发和完善音频数据采集、分析方法和评估指标, 并重视声景数据的采集, 将声景视作一种资源进行研究和保护。     

Objective and subjective indexes of auditory motion processing

The objective and subjective indexes of sound stimulus discrimination have been studied in order to get insight into individual stages of signal processing in the human brain. The experiment employed two methods: electrophysiological (mismatch negativity or MMN recording) and psychophysical (two-alternative forced choice). Two types of spatial sound stimuli simulated gradual and abrupt sound motion from the head midline. The subjective discrimination between the gradual and abrupt motions was estimated as a function of the stimulus trajectory length. MMN as an objective index of spatial discrimination has been obtained in response to the subthreshold and the suprathreshold levels of psychophysical discrimination. An increase in the angular displacement of the moving stimuli resulted in an increase in both the MMN amplitude and the subjective discrimination, although their correlation remained below the significance level. The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of preconscious perception of auditory spatial information.     

基于语谱图特征信息分割提取的声景观中鸟类生物多样性分析

声学手段是监测和研究生态系统生物活动规律、评价生态系统健康状况的一种新方法,声景观生态学也是景观生态学的一个新兴研究领域。声景指数是描述复杂的音频数据生态学特征的有效方法,但是,单一的声景指数并不能有效的指示物种的真实丰度。在充分挖掘音频文件时频结构特征的基础上,将遥感领域常用的面向对象图像分割技术引入语谱图分割,并提出了适合于自然界鸟类生物多样性提取的知识规则和斑块统计分析方法。研究实验在杭州植物园的不同区域布点采集音频数据,研究结果表明:鸟类的多样性与地物景观类型和人类活动影响程度密切相关,鸟类叫声的中心频率集中分布在2.5—4.5k Hz之间,最低频率分布在0.67—2.1k Hz之间,最高频率分布在7.6—8.9k Hz之间,人类活动较多的区域,鸟类活动较少且叫声更短促。此外,该方法提取的斑块面积周长比参数,可以定量的反映鸟类叫声的婉转程度。