增大罐压提高脱氮假单胞菌发酵生产维生素B12的产量

【目的】提高发酵罐的罐压,增加维生素B12的产率。【方法】利用常规代谢通量分析(MFA)方法,对脱氮假单胞菌生产维生素B12的发酵过程进行研究。【结果】发现随着VB12合成速率的加快,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)羧化生成草酰乙酸(OAA)的通量明显加大,以满足维生素B12合成对前体的需求。根据该分析结果,对发酵工艺进行了改进,即在脱氮假单胞菌进入合成维生素B12阶段时,提高发酵罐的罐压,增加发酵液中二氧化碳的溶解度,从而强化了羧化回补途径。维生素B12的产率明显增加,发酵160 h的产物浓度为176 mg/L,比对照批次终浓度147 mg/L高出了19.7%。【结论】通过增大罐压提高了脱氮假单胞菌进入合成维生素B12的产量。     

筛选脱氮假单胞菌启动子提高维生素B_(12)产量

维生素B_(12)(VB_(12)/钴胺素)具有多种生理学功能,广泛应用于制药、食品等行业。脱氮假单胞菌是维生素B_(12)常用工业菌株之一。通过筛选高表达启动子来过表达VB_(12)合成途径基因,能有效提高菌株的VB_(12)生产能力。通过对脱氮假单胞菌中某些编码热激蛋白和分子伴侣基因前含启动子在内的非编码序列用启动子在线预测软件进行分析,选取P_(ibpA)、P_(cbpA)、P_(dnaJ)、P_(htpG)、P_(dnak)、P_(grpE)的非编码区与编码绿色荧光蛋白的GFP报告基因相连,通过酶标仪检测GFP的荧光信号值,对编码热激蛋白和分子伴侣基因前的非编码区所含有的启动子的表达强度进行评估,以获得高表达的启动子对VB_(12)合成途径的基因进行过表达。结果表明,含有启动子P_(dnak)的非编码区,其表达的GFP荧光值最高。进而构建强启动子P_(dnak)与维生素B_(12)合成途径基因cobA的过表达重组菌,发酵数据表明,与对照菌株相比重组菌株维生素B_(12)产量提高21.5 mg/L。筛选高表达启动子用于维生素B_(12)合成途径关键基因的表达,是一种有效的提高维生素B_(12)产量的方法。     

城市污水处理系统的菌群分析和除氮基因工程出发菌的选择

目的:对脱氮污水处理工艺的活性污泥的菌群组成进行分析,以期获得适合于脱氮基因工程改良的出发菌.方法:首先采用平板稀释法对活性污泥进行菌落计数,并对分离到的菌落进行详细的生化鉴定,对其中的优势菌-假单胞菌进行脱氮能力测定,并分析其对常作为筛选标志的抗生素的药物敏感性.结果:发现在采用该工艺的活性污泥中,优势菌为假单胞菌、肠杆菌、莫拉菌和不动杆菌,分别占总菌数的23%、16%、16%和12%.根据菌群分析的结果,从中选择了两株耐药性弱、脱氮能力强的菌作为基因改良的出发菌.结论:本研究阐明了活性污泥的菌群构成,获得了两株适合基因工程改良的菌株,为日后脱氮基因工程菌的构建奠定基础.     

3种假单胞菌CaCl2法感受态细胞制备及转化条件

假单胞菌因其生境和代谢类型的多样性,在污染环境修复、生物转化、生物防治等领域具有广阔的应用潜力;外源基因的导入是假单胞菌遗传改造的重要环节,而感受态细胞的制备和转化方法的建立是导入外源基因的重要方法学基础.本研究以从石油污染土壤中分离筛选的假单胞菌属的3个菌株Pseudomonas putida TS11、P. stutzeri DNB、P. mendocina JJ12为对象,通过3因素4水平正交实验设计,研究了不同CaCl₂浓度、热激时间及复苏时间对不同假单胞菌感受态细胞制备及转化效率的影响.结果表明： CaCl₂浓度是影响假单胞菌转化效率的最主要因素(P<0.05),且在制备感受态细胞之前用无菌蒸馏水多次洗涤菌体细胞,转化率明显提高.3种假单胞菌的CaCl₂转化优化条件分别为：100 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂,热激3 min,复苏1.5 h;50 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂,热激6 min,复苏1.5 h;75 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂,热激4.5 min,复苏0.5 h.在上述转化条件下,3种假单胞菌的外源质粒转化效率均达到10.5个转化子·μg^-1 DNA水平.     

不同来源的尿卟啉原Ⅲ转甲基酶在脱氮假单胞菌中的表达及其对生产维生素B_(12)的影响

S-腺苷-L-甲硫氨酸依赖型尿卟啉原Ⅲ转甲基酶(S-adenosy-L-methionine uroprophyrinogen Ⅲ methyltransferase,SUMT)催化尿卟啉原Ⅲ(uroprophyrinogen Ⅲ,urogen Ⅲ)中心碳原子C-2和C-7甲基化生成前咕啉-2,是维生素B_(12)生物合成途径中的一步关键酶。本文分别克隆了荚膜红细菌来源的RCcob A1,RCcob A2和脱氮假单胞菌来源的PDcob A,并在VB_(12)生产菌株脱氮假单胞菌中过表达和发酵。通过对三株重组菌维生素B_(12)发酵结果分析可知,SUMT(PDcob A),SUMT1(RCcob A1)和SUMT2(RCcob A2)的表达有利于维生素B_(12)产量的提高,与对照菌株相比分别提高了16.48%,10.2%和31.86%。根据摇瓶发酵的结果在5 L发酵罐上进行了放大实验,p BBR122-PblaRCcob A2的产量为144.5 mg/L,相比对照菌p BBR122-Pbla(111.3 mg/L)产量提高了29.83%左右。结论:SUMT的表达可以在一定程度上解除维生素B_(12)合成途径中的瓶颈,提高维生素B_(12)产量。     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷16SrRNA甲基化酶基因分析

目的调查215株湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因分布情况。方法收集2011年1月至2012年12月湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌215株,琼脂稀释法测定5种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物（庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、伊帕米星、奈替米星）的MIC值;PCR检测armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD和npmA六种氨基糖苷类16S rRN甲基化酶基因,序列分析明确基因型。测定产16S rRNA甲基化酶菌株对常见抗菌的敏感性,并检测碳青霉烯耐药株产碳青霉烯酶情况。结果铜绿假单胞菌对异帕米星敏感率最高为81.4%,对5种氨基糖苷类抗生素全部耐药的22株菌株中,17株检出armA基因;未发现其他16S rRNA甲基化酶基因阳性菌株。17株armA阳性菌株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药5株（耐药率为29.4%）,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星耐药率均超过40%。5株碳青霉烯耐药菌株中检测到2株产VIM-2型金属碳青霉烯酶。结论铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率高,检测到16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA。产16S rRNA甲基化酶铜绿假单胞菌耐药性强,部分菌株同时产金属碳青霉烯酶,给临床抗感染治疗及院内感染控制带来挑战。     

VB1、VB12和VH对雨生红球藻生长及类胡萝卜素含量的影响

以淡水经济微藻雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis CH-1)为试验藻种,分别添加维生素B₁(VB₁)、B₁₂(VB₁₂)和维生素H(VH),每种维生素各分6个浓度梯度,测定了雨生红球藻的细胞密度、生物量、叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量等指标。结果表明,分别添加维生素B₁、B₁₂和H均显著促进了雨生红球藻细胞的生长。维生素B₁、B₁₂和H对雨生红球藻的最佳添加浓度分别为10mg·L^-1、50μg·L^-1和500μg·L^-1。在维生素B₁、B₁₂和H各自的最佳浓度处理下,雨生红球藻的细胞密度、生物量、叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量等4项指标均比对照有显著提高:维生素B₁处理分别提高了20.1%、14.6%、23.2%和21.3%;维生素B₁₂处理分别提高了29.5%、30.0%、28.0%和24.4%;维生素H处理分别提高了17.1%、29.2%、21.8%和10.1%。在雨生红球藻规模化生产的游动细胞培养阶段,适当地添加维生素B₁、B₁₂和H均能够有效地提高藻细胞密度、生物量、叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量。     

枯草芽孢杆菌cdd基因敲除及对胞苷发酵的影响

目的:通过敲除出发菌株上的胞苷脱氨酶基因,阻断嘧啶代谢通量由胞苷流向尿苷和尿嘧啶,选育胞苷产生菌。方法:采用同源重组的方法敲除枯草芽孢杆菌TS8的胞苷脱氨酶基因cdd,并通过遗传稳定性实验验证其缺失标记和胞苷产量,通过摇瓶发酵实验对比出发菌株和缺失株的产苷水平。结果:cdd基因缺失菌株TSb发酵72h,发酵液中胞苷产量达到1.72g/L,与原始菌株相比提高了44.19%,且遗传性状稳定。结论:cdd基因的缺失可有效阻断嘧啶代谢通量由胞苷流向尿苷和尿嘧啶,提高胞苷产量。     

假单胞菌中影响碳代谢的三种途径及其调控机制

当环境中存在多种生长介质时,微生物会利用自身的代谢调控系统优先选择最适碳源达到最佳的生长,同时抑制非优势碳源的利用,这种现象叫做碳代谢抑制。目前已知有CbrAB/Crc、CyoABCDE及PTSNtr三个系统参与假单胞菌中碳代谢抑制调控。其中CbrAB/Crc系统由双组份CbrA/CbrB、非编码sRNA以及RNA结合蛋白Crc组成,通过自由Crc的水平来调控非优势碳源代谢基因的转录。CyoABCDE系统由一些末端氧化酶构成,通过电子转移来调控非优势碳源代谢基因的表达。PTSNtr系统由PtsP、PtsO及PtsN三种蛋白组成,通过系统的磷酸化激活PtsN从而对代谢基因进行调控。本文将详细介绍了假单胞菌中三种碳代谢抑制调控系统的作用机制。     

脱氮除磷假单胞菌的筛选及定量检测

【目的】筛选具有较强脱氮除磷能力的细菌,建立结合S1酶保护分析的分子探针技术,以分析该菌在发酵过程中的数量变化情况。【方法】采用缺磷培养基厌氧培养、富磷培养基好氧培养和硝酸盐还原产气实验进行脱氮除磷菌筛选。通过16S rRNA基因序列分析及同源性比对,结合菌株的生理生化鉴定试验,鉴定筛选株。设计相应的16S rRNA探针组,建立结合S1酶保护分析的分子探针技术。【结果】筛选的菌株被鉴定为假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.,命名为LY10。菌株LY10在富磷培养基中好氧培养24 h,总磷去除率达90.01%。在反硝化聚磷培养基中培养48 h,总氮和总磷去除率分别为84.71%和89.37%。针对假单胞菌16S rRNA基因序列设计了一组用于结合S1酶保护分析的分子探针Probe-P.sp,该探针具有很高的甄别灵敏度,能够将LY10与丛毛单胞属(Commonas)等5种细菌区分开;分子探针定量分析假单胞菌LY10,其细胞量与吸光值呈线性关系,检测的线性范围为103~106 cells/mL,线性方程为:y=-0.967 87+0.372 99x(R2=0.996 7,n=5)。【结论】新筛的假单胞菌LY10的脱氮除磷能力较强,具有生物脱氮除磷的工业化应用潜质。所建立的结合S1酶保护分析的分子探针技术的特异性和灵敏度良好,有望应用于混菌体系中的假单胞菌的定性定量分析。     

葡萄糖和麦芽糖碳源底物对粪产碱杆菌合成凝胶多糖的胞内代谢流影响*

麦芽糖和葡萄糖对粪产碱杆菌发酵合成凝胶多糖有着显著的影响,为了详细分析两种底物对凝胶多糖合成的影响机制,利用恒化培养实验及稳态碳平衡代谢分析,研究发现在稀释速率为0.1h^-1时,利用麦芽糖和葡萄糖为碳源底物的条件下粪产碱杆菌的微观代谢途径通量有较大的差异。以麦芽糖为底物时凝胶多糖的摩尔得率为53.8%,比葡萄糖为碳源时的摩尔得率(36.9%)高出了45.8%以上。同时以麦芽糖为碳源时HMP途径的绝对代谢通量比葡萄糖时的通量提升了40%以上。这条途径通量的增加,提升了NADPH还原力供给速率,促进了依赖于还原力NADPH的凝胶多糖合成途径通量,提升了碳源底物向产物的摩尔转化速率。而且代谢流分析结果显示ED途径通量和能量提供也是影响粪产碱杆菌凝胶多糖合成效率的关键因素。麦芽糖作为碳源底物过程中维持的较低的残留葡萄糖浓度解除了高葡萄糖浓度条件下对凝胶多糖合成的抑制,能够实现更高通量的ATP能量提供效率,更加促进了凝胶多糖合成通量。     

Study on the mechanism of the BtuF periplasmic-binding protein for vitamin B12

BtuF is the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) that binds vitamin B₁₂ and delivers it to the periplasmic surface of the ABC transporter BtuCD. PBPs generally exhibit considerable conformational changes during ligand binding process, however, BtuF belongs to a subclass of PBPs that, doesn't show such behavior on the basis of the crystal structures. Employing steered molecular dynamics on the B₁₂-bound BtuF, we investigated the energetics and mechanism of BtuF. A potential of mean force along the postulated vitamin B₁₂ unbinding pathway was constructed through Jarzynski's equality. The large free energy differences of the postulated B₁₂ unbinding process suggests the B₁₂-bound structure is in a stable closed state and some conformation changes may be necessary to the B₁₂ unbinding. From the result of the principal component analysis, we found the BtuF-B₁₂ complex shows clear opening-closing and twisting motion tendencies which may facilitate the unbinding of B₁₂ from the binding pocket. The intrinsic flexibility of BtuF was also explored, and it's suggested the Trp44-Gln45 pair, which is situated at the mouth of the B₁₂ binding pocket, may act as a gate in the B₁₂ binding and unbinding process.     

Rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa engineered with the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene

The potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) for rhamnolipid production was studied. P. aeruginosa (NRRL B-771) and its transposon mediated vgb transferred recombinant strain, PaJC, were used in the research. The optimization of rhamnolipid production was carried out in the different conditions of cultivation (agitation rate, the composition of culture medium and temperature) in a time-course manner. The nutrient source, especially the carbon type, had a dramatic effect on rhamnolipid production. The PaJC strain and the wild type cells of P. aeruginosa started producing biosurfactant at the stationary phase and its concentration reached maximum at 24 h (838 mg/l(-1)) and at 72 h (751 mg l(-1)) of the incubation respectively. Rhamnolipid production was optimal in batch cultures when the temperature and agitation rate were controlled at 30 degrees C and 100 rpm. It reached 8373 mg l(-1) when the PaJC cells were grown in 1.0% glucose supplemented minimal media. Genetic engineering of biosurfactant producing strains with vgb may be an effective method to increase its production.     

Comparison of selenium level and glutathione peroxidase activity in tissues of vitamin B6-deficient rats fed sodium selenite or DL-selenomethionine

The effect of vitamin B₆ on the levels of tissue selenium (Se) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was studied. Male Wistar 4-week-old rats were fed a vitamin B₆-Se-deficient basal diet for 2 weeks, then divided into 10 groups of five or six rats and fed their respective diets for 4 weeks. The experimental design was a 2×2×2 factorial with two levels of vitamin B₆, two forms of Se, and two levels of Se, plus two extra groups (vitamin B₆-supplemented and deficient without Se). Vitamin B₆ was 0 and 250 μg pyridoxine-HCl/100 g of diet; Se forms were Na₂SeO₃ and DL-selenomethionine; Se levels were 0.5 and 5.0 mg Se/kg of diet. Regardless of form or level of Se, vitamin B₆-deficient rats had lower body weights and organ weights than vitamin B₆-supplemented rats. At 5.0 mg Se/kg of diet, Na₂SeO₃ caused a further depression. Vitamin B₆ deficiency resulted in a higher Se level and GSH-Px activity in plasma of rats fed selenomethionine. However, Se content an GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes were significantly elevated in vitamin B₆-supplemented rats compared with vitamin B₆-deficient rats. Se levels in muscle and heart were significantly lower in vitamin B₆-deficient groups fed Na₂SeO₃ than in vitamin B₆-supplemented groups. Vitamin B₆-deficient rats fed selenomethionine had higher Se levels in muscle, heart, spleen, liver, and kidneys than vitamin B₆-supplemented rats. Activity of GSH-Px in muscle, heart, and spleen was significantly lower in vitamin B₆-deficient groups than in vitamin B₆-supplemented groups, regardless of form of Se. A significant decrease of GSH-Px in liver was observed in vitamin B₆-deficient rats fed selenomethionine compared with vitamin B₆-supplemented rats, whereas no significant decrease was observed in those fed Na₂SeO₃. These results suggest that vitamin B₆ is involved in the distribution and transportation of Se in body and the metabolism of selenomethionine in liver.     

Metabolic analysis of the synthesis of high levels of intracellular human SOD in Saccharomyces cerevisiae rhSOD 2060 411 SGA122

The synthesis of human superoxide dismutase (SOD) in batch cultures of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain using a glucose-limited minimal medium was studied through metabolic flux analysis. A stoichiometric model was built, which included 78 reactions, according to metabolic pathways operative in these strains during respirofermentative and oxidative metabolism. It allowed calculation of the distribution of metabolic fluxes during diauxic growth on glucose and ethanol. Fermentation profiles and metabolic fluxes were analyzed at different phases of diauxic growth for the recombinant strain (P+) and for its wild type (P-). The synthesis of SOD by the strain P+ resulted in a decrease in specific growth rate of 34 and 54% (growth on glucose and ethanol respectively) in comparison to the wild type. Both strains exhibited similar flux of glucose consumption and ethanol synthesis but important differences in carbon distribution with biomass/substrate yields and ATP production 50% higher in P-. A higher contribution of fermentative metabolism, with 64% of the energy produced at the phosphorylation level, was observed during SOD production. The flux of precursors to amino acids and nucleotides was higher in the recombinant strain, in agreement with the higher total RNA and protein levels. Lower specific growth rates in strain P+ appear to be related to the decrease in the rate of synthesis of nonrecombinant protein, as well as a decrease in the activities of the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway and TCA cycle. A very different way of entry into the stationary phase was observed for each strain: in the wild-type strain most metabolic fluxes decreased and fluxes related to energy reserve synthesis increased, while in the P+ strain the flux of 22 reactions (including PP pathway and amino acids biosynthesis) related to SOD production increased their fluxes. Changes in SOD production rates at different physiological states appear to be related to the differences in building blocks availability between respirofermentative and oxidative metabolism. Using the present expression system, ideal conditions for SOD synthesis are represented by either active growth during respirofermentative metabolism or transition from a growing to a nongrowing state. An increase in SOD flux could be achieved using an expression system nonassociated to growth and potentially eliminating part of the metabolic burden.     

Enhancement of vitamin B6 levels in seeds through metabolic engineering

As a versatile cofactor for many enzymes catalyzing important biochemical reactions, vitamin B₆ is required for all cellular organisms. In contrast to bacteria, fungi and plants, which have the ability to synthesize vitamin B₆ de novo , animals have to take up the vitamin from their diet. Plants are the major source of vitamin B₆ for animals. The recent identification of vitamin B₆ biosynthetic enzymes PDX1 and PDX2 in plants makes it possible to regulate the biosynthesis of this important vitamin. In this study, we generated Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the PDX1 and/or PDX2 gene and used a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method to determine the levels of different forms of vitamin B₆ in these transgenic plants. It was found that expression of the PDX genes under control of the CaMV 35S promoter caused only a limited increase in pyridoxine contents in dry seeds but not in shoots or roots. When using the Arabidopsis seed-specific 12S promoter to drive the expression of the PDX genes, the levels of vitamin B₆ increased more than twofold in transgenic plants. Our work demonstrates that it is feasible to enhance vitamin B₆ content in seeds by metabolic engineering.     

Production of alpha-amylase in fed-batch cultures of vgb+ and vgb- recombinant Escherichia coli: some observations.

Synthesis and excretion of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase is analyzed in fed-batch cultivations of Escherichia coli JM103[pMK79] and E. coli JM103[pMK57], the former strain containing the plasmid-encoded Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene (vgb) and the latter strain being devoid of this gene. Fed-batch operation is observed to be substantially superior to batch operation as concerns the alpha-amylase production rate and the extent of excretion of the enzyme. Faster feeding of a nutrient medium (LB or M9) discourages synthesis of alpha-amylase. While synthesis of alpha-amylase in the vgb(-) strain is discouraged when oxygen availability is reduced, the reverse is the case with the vgb(+) strain, the promotion of alpha-amylase synthesis in the latter strain being linked to the synthesis of VHb. Increased availability of the principal carbon source (glucose) in a defined medium leads to overproduction of both alpha-amylase and VHb under oxygen limitation, which may be responsible for the segregational instability observed with the vgb(+) strain. The very high extents of excretion of alpha-amylase attained in fed-batch cultures are encouraging for downstream processing of the recombinant protein.     

一株高产黑色素香灰菌菌株的鉴定、筛选及培养条件的优化

为筛选一株产黑色素能力强的菌株并优化其培养条件。通过ITS测序鉴定11株供试菌株,以菌丝生长速度、平板L值等指标筛选出一株产黑能力强的香灰菌,并对其生长所需碳源、氮源、pH等培养条件进行优化。研究表明,11株供试菌株均为香灰菌（Hypoxylon sp.）,其中Hp.sp0006菌丝生长速度较快、菌球大且均匀、L值最低,并且发酵液黑色素含量最高。该菌株最优培养条件是,以葡萄糖为碳源、牛肉浸膏为氮源、碳氮比20∶1并添加10 mg维生素B₁,黑色素含量可达（1.21±0.17）g/L。香灰菌Hp.sp0006是一株产黑色素较高的菌株,优化后的培养基更有利于黑色素的合成,为香灰菌黑色素的开发利用奠定基础。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达对酵母中麦角固醇合成的影响

构建了含透明颤菌（Vistreoscilla）血红蛋白基因vgb和酵母遗传霉素（G418）抗性基因的重组质粒pVgbkanMX4,转化至酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1190中,经过分析,基因vgb在酵母细胞中得到表达。对重组菌和野生菌进行了摇瓶培养及5 L发酵罐培养的研究。在摇瓶实验中,重组菌的麦角固醇产量比野生菌有显著提高,在野生菌中的含量为0.573%、而在重组菌中的产量为1.07%。 经过30 h发酵罐培养的实验,野生菌中麦角固醇含量为0.9%,重组菌中其含量为1.38%,验证了摇瓶实验的结果。结果证明vgb基因有利于酵母中麦角固醇的合成。     

An effective and simplified pH-stat control strategy for the industrial fermentation of vitamin B12 by Pseudomonas denitrificans

In order to improve the productivity of vitamin B(12) by Pseudomonas denitrificans carried out in a 120-m(3) fermenter, the effect of pH on vitamin B(12) biosynthesis was investigated. Results obtained from shake flask experiments showed that the feeding of carbon source (beet molasses or glucose) and methyl-group donor (betaine or choline chloride) significantly influenced the pH and the biosynthesis of vitamin B(12). In contrast to beet molasses or choline chloride, using glucose as a feed medium and betaine as a methyl-group donor, pH could be maintained at a stable range. As a result, higher vitamin B(12) production was achieved. Accordingly, an effective and simplified pH-stat control strategy was established for the fermentation of vitamin B(12) in a 120-m(3) industrial fermenter. When the new pH control strategy was applied, pH was stably kept in the range of 7.15-7.30 during fermentation. Thus, 214.3 mug/mL of vitamin B(12) was achieved.