西双版纳热带森林树洞丰富度及其分配特点

树洞是森林生态系统的重要结构,对动物多样性的维持起着重要作用。为研究热带森林树洞的数量特征及其分配特点,选取西双版纳20hm2热带森林动态监测样地为研究对象,采用地面观测法调查了样地内所有胸径≥5cm活立木上的树洞。结果表明:(1)该样地森林的树洞密度为108.4个·hm-2,具有树洞的树1725株(占树木总数的6.22%),隶属于208个种;(2)树木个体的树洞数量随径级增加而增加,并在种间变化不均匀;(3)树木出现空心的概率随胸径级的增加而显著增加,并且在树种间存在显著差异;(4)与其他纬度地区森林的树洞密度比较,本研究结果支持了Boyle等(2008)提出的低纬度森林具有较高树洞密度的推测。     

1995-2015年缅甸土地利用/覆被变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

缅甸土地利用变化对其生态系统服务的影响与中缅绿色"一带一路"、中缅经济走廊建设等重大战略的长期合作息息相关。利用缅甸1995年和2015年的土地利用数据，结合Costanza生态系统服务价值系数表，分析缅甸土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：（1）1995-2015年，缅甸土地利用类型以林地（71%）和耕地（26%）为主，林地和草地面积减少，而其他地类增加；林地和耕地之间的转化显著。（2）缅甸生态系统服务价值约4600-4700亿美元，林地贡献最大；调节（48%）和支持（29%）服务价值比重较大；（3）生态系统服务总价值增加了66.26亿美元，调节、供给和支持服务价值增加，而文化服务价值减少；生态系统服务二级类型中：废物处理、食物供给、生境/避难所等增加，气候调节、遗传资源、水土保持功能等减少；（4）缅甸土地利用变化对生态系统服务总价值和生态系统服务一级类型总价值影响较小，但生态系统服务二级类型价值的"此消彼长"会影响缅甸生态安全和生物多样性，在未来中缅"一带一路"建设中需要重点关注。     

植物功能性状与森林生态系统服务的关系研究综述

植物功能性状途径是揭示生物多样性与生态系统服务关系的重要视角，尽管植物功能性状与生态系统服务的关系在单一地点的研究取得突出进展，但对于植物功能性状与生态系统服务的关系仍缺乏整体认识。以森林生态系统为对象，通过系统文献检索及筛选，收集了216篇文献，应用整合分析和二分网络分析等方法，探讨了植物功能性状对森林生态系统服务及其权衡与协同关系的影响。结果表明：植物叶片功能性状关注最多，占研究性状数量的48%，生态系统服务中关注最多是生物量、土壤肥力、病虫害控制和固碳服务；81.1%的植物功能性状与生态系统服务关系组表现为稳定的正向或负向关系，而关联植物功能性状多的生态系统服务（生物量、固碳服务、土壤水分、土壤肥力和病虫害控制）往往与植物功能性状表现为不稳定关系；森林生态系统中存在6组"植物功能性状-生态系统服务簇（简称"性状-服务簇"）：水循环相关的性状-服务簇、土壤保持相关的性状-服务簇、物质生产相关的性状-服务簇、灾害控制相关的性状-服务簇、养分循环相关的性状-服务簇和授粉相关的性状-服务簇，揭示了各性状-服务簇内生态系统服务的权衡或协同关系以及与各性状-服务簇关系密切的植物功能性状。该研究从总体上阐明了植物功能性状与森林生态系统服务关系的研究重点和进展、揭示了植物功能性状对森林生态系统服务影响效应的方向和强度，可为深化森林生态系统服务形成机制认识以及协调生态系统服务权衡关系提供科学依据。     

滇中亚高山森林植物叶-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征

为了深入认识滇中亚高山区域5种典型森林生态系统养分循环规律和系统稳定机质，通过测定植物叶、凋落叶和土壤C、N、P含量，掌握该区域典型森林植物叶-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征。结果显示：（1）5种森林类型C、N、P含量差异显著，其中各林型植物叶和凋落叶C、N、P含量均高于土壤。（2）5种森林类型植物N、P再吸收率均为华山松林 > 云南松林 > 常绿阔叶林 > 高山栎林 > 滇油杉林；5种森林类型的再吸收率均为P（均值为61.20%）高于N（均值为36.48%），表明了该区域土壤P的相对匮乏。（3）5种森林类型C/N、C/P、N/P均表现为凋落叶 > 植物叶 > 土壤；各林型植物叶N/P范围为10.17-15.31。（4）5种森林类型植物叶与凋落叶C、N、P含量、C/N和C/P均呈极显著或显著正相关；凋落叶与土壤的C、N含量及N/P呈显著正相关；5种森林类型植物叶N与P含量呈显著正相关关系；土壤N与P含量呈显著负相关关系。本文探究养分元素在"植物叶-凋落叶-土壤"之间的化学计量特征，为了解该区域森林生态系统的养分状况和揭示生物地球化学循环过程提供了理论数据。     

粤港澳大湾区陆地生态系统演变对固碳释氧服务的影响

基于CASA模型、碳税法和工业制氧法，测算了粤港澳大湾区2015年固碳释氧量及其价值，并结合ESA CCI-LC产品探讨了2000-2015年研究区陆地生态系统演变及其导致的固碳释氧量和价值的变化。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年，研究区城市扩张明显，主要表现为城镇用地侵占农田和草地。（2）研究区陆地生态系统91.03%固碳释氧量及其价值集中在森林和农田生态系统，2000-2015年陆地生态系统演变造成区域内固碳量和释氧量分别减少了53.49 G g和518.65 G g，对应固碳释氧价值损失量分别为1.79亿元和2.06亿元，合计3.85亿元，91.57%损失量是由城市扩张导致的。（3）城市覆盖面积与固碳释氧价值呈现强负相关，其扩张会促使生态系统固碳释氧价值逐渐减少，林地覆盖面积与固碳释氧价值呈现强正相关，其比重增加将有利于生态系统固碳释氧价值的培育。本文利用"邻域代理法"获得了研究区多类陆地生态系统演变情况及其对固碳释氧服务的影响，具有一定的推广价值。在未来发展过程中，粤港澳大湾区应该优化陆地生态系统类型，合理控制城市扩张，保护森林和农田资源，减少人类活动作用，增强生态系统自然演变过程。     

西双版纳热带森林空心树形成概率及其影响因素

空心树是森林生态系统的重要结构组分,它在维持森林动物群落的物种多样性方面起着重要作用。选取西双版纳20 hm~2热带森林动态监测样地为研究对象,采用地面观测法调查了样地内所有胸径≥5 cm的活体乔木,研究热带森林主要空心树形成概率及其影响因素。运用逻辑斯蒂回归模型探讨空心树形成概率与胸径的关系;再结合地形数据,拟合空心树形成概率的最优模型。结果表明:该样地森林的空心树形成概率与物种有关,空心树形成概率最高的4个种分别是红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)(21.23%)、黑毛柿(Diospyros hasseltii)(13.53%)、毛猴欢喜(Sloanea tomentosa)(12.06%)和短刺锥(C.echidnocarpa)(11.99%);空心树形成概率随着树木胸径的增加而增加,相同径阶下各树种空心树形成概率不同;根据拟合的最优模型,空心树形成概率主要受胸径、坡度、坡向的影响。这些结果表明,空心树形成概率不仅与树木本身的生长有关,还受到地形因子的影响。提出对热带森林多样性的保护与管理的建议。     

西双版纳不同森林类型的树洞密度及其特征

树洞是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,它能为许多动物提供栖息、筑巢、繁殖和躲避天敌的场所。因而,树洞的密度和特征通常被认为是限制树洞巢居动物多样性和丰富度的主要因子,然而目前国内外对热带森林的树洞密度和洞口特征研究较少。选取西双版纳20 hm~2热带森林动态监测样地(包括热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林)为研究对象,采用地面观测法调查了所有胸径≥5 cm的活体乔木上的树洞,分析其树洞密度和特征(高度、洞口大小、类型和洞口方位,并探讨树洞在不同森林类型间的差异)。结果表明:(1)热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林的树洞密度不存在显著差异;(2)两种森林类型的树洞均以高度较低、洞口较小、干中部洞口为主,受盛行风的影响洞口朝向主要集中在东北方向;(3)树洞高度、类型和洞口方位在两种森林间的分布差异显著(P0.01),而洞口大小不存在明显差异。结果表明森林类型会影响树洞的特征,因而加强森林生境异质性的保护对维持树洞巢居动物的需要具有重要意义。     

杂种柳树分枝性状与主干生长的遗传相关

树木的分枝是与主干生长有着密切关系的 营养器官。量度其分枝长（BU)、分枝距(HB), 分枝数（Bn)、枝干高（Hon)、枝下高（Ho）和主 梢长（Hn)等因子（图1)可以反映树木分枝性 状的特点。由于分枝数、分枝长及其在主干上 分布状况的不同,构成了树木冠型的差异,一般 认为用材树木优良的冠型是窄冠浓密型。当前 在作物育种中提出株型（plant type)育种,它是 基于从叶的空间分布及光能利用的角度分析株 型结构,以合理株型（ideotypes)为其育种目标。     

面向居民生态福祉的国土空间生态网络构建——以临沂市为例

构建面向居民福祉的生态安全体系，统筹考虑生态安全格局中的生态系统要素连通关系和生态系统服务供需关系，是强化国土空间生态修复规划成果，提升居民生态福祉的重要途径。研究基于"源-汇"理论，构建景观生态安全维育网络与生态系统服务亲近网络。结果显示：（1）45%的生态系统服务保护目标是实现高生态系统服务供给和低机会成本的合理阈值，基于此识别的生态供给源地面积为1230.89km²，中心城区及部分主要街道的生态系统服务供需关系呈现高需求-低供给现象；（2）共识别景观生态安全维育廊道75条，其中重要廊道1054km，次重要廊道1154km，一般廊道1366km；（3）生态系统服务亲近廊道分为10个组团，网络化程度低，西北部主要由森林构成，中东部主要由沿河湿地提供服务；（4）构建临沂市"三区两带五廊多组团"的国土空间生态安全格局，在保障景观生态安全的同时有效协调区域生态系统服务供求关系，促进生态-社会协同可持续发展。     

生态-经济发展情景下内蒙古宏观生态系统模拟与分析

内蒙古自治区是我国北方面积最大、种类最全的生态功能区，是我国北方的重要生态屏障，其宏观生态系统状况不仅关系民众生存和生计，而且关系华北、东北、西北乃至全国的生态安全。构建了1990、2000及2015年3期宏观生态系统格局与影响因子数据集；融合区域生态系统发展规划，设置了基准、生态-经济协同发展和生态-经济权衡发展三种情景；应用土地利用均衡分析模型，模拟了3种情景下2025年及2035年内蒙古六大类生态系统结构与空间格局变化。结果表明：在延续历史发展趋势的基准情景和注重经济发展的生态-经济权衡发展情景下，草地和农田生态系统在2035年均无法恢复至2000年的水平，宏观生态系统结构难以达到规划目标；在注重生态保育的生态-经济协同发展情景下，草地、森林与湿地生态系统面积增长较大，符合内蒙古构建中国北方生态屏障的战略定位。从空间上看，农田生态系统面积的减少主要集中在农牧交错带地区，该区域的退耕还草构成了草地生态系统增加的主要来源；草地生态系统面积扩张还分布在近十年来发生草地退化的区域，这与近年来通过实施"京津风沙源治理"、"草原奖补政策"等生态工程建设后内蒙古自治区原有退化的草地生态系统在逐渐恢复的趋势相吻合；森林生态系统面积增加主要集中分布在大兴安岭等几个植被恢复地；城市生态系统主要以原有城镇居民点为中心，在其周边区域呈扩散式增长，特别是在采矿场、工业用地、交通沿线附近城镇面积增加较为显著；荒漠生态系统的缩减主要发生在与其它生态系统的交界处，这与开发利用的便利性、原有生态系统的可开发潜力等密切相关。研究表明，生态-经济发展情景下的宏观生态系统的空间显性模拟是区域国土空间规划和可持续发展的重要科学依据。     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Advances in cultivation of Gelidiales

Currently, Gelidium and Pterocladia (Gelidiales) are collected or harvested only from the sea. Despite several attempts to develop a cultivation technology for Gelidium, no successful methodology has yet been developed. Initial steps towards developmental efforts in Portugal, Spain, South Africa and Israel have been published. More developments have probably been performed but have not been published. Two different technological concepts have been tested for Gelidium cultivation: (1) the attachment of Gelidium fragments to concrete cylinders floating in the sea, and (2) free-floating pond cultivation technology. These vegetative cultivation technologies might be partially optimized by controlling physical, chemical and biological growth factors. The pond cultivation technology is the much more controllable option. The effects of all factors are discussed in detail in this review. It seems that the main difficulty with cultivation of Gelidium is its low growth rate. The claimed yields of the two technologies are far from being economically attractive at this stage of their development. It seems that in order to introduce Gelidium into commercial cultivation, major efforts in genetic improvement through selection or genetic engineering will be required. Only high yield strains will have the potential to compete economically with the present harvesting tradition. However, accumulated experience with genetic improvement of other useful seaweed species suggests that this is possible.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Mycoflora of Argentinian corn harvested in the main production area in 1990

Corn (Zea mays) is the main cereal produced in and exported from Argentina. The risk of contamination by mycotoxins is related to the mycoflora associated with the corn kernels. This paper reports on the identification of internal and external mycoflora of corn kernels harvested in the main production area in Argentina in 1990. A mycological survey was carried out on 178 corn samples, from five locations in that area and the isolation frequency and relative density of the prevalent fungal genera compared. GenusFusarium was the most prevalent component of the internal seedborne mycoflora in the five locations.Penicillium was prevalent in all locations, taking into account the frequency. However, this genus was predominant only in two locations, when the relative density was considered. The predominantFusarium wasF. moniliforme and the most frequently isolated species ofAlternaria, Aspergillus andPenicillium wereA. alternata, A. flavus andP. decumbens, respectively.Diplodia species were not isolated from any of the samples.     

The role of natural enemies in controllingIcerya purchasi in South Australia

The obscure occurrence of the cottony-cushion scaleIcerya purchasi Maskell in its native country Australia is generally attributed to its natural enemies. Twelve natural-enemy-exclusion experiments were conducted at monthly intervals to confirm the role of natural enemies. Each experiment had uncaged, open-caged, and caged treatments. The natural enemies were active throughout the year. The percentage of scales surviving to adults in the cages was significantly higher than in the open-caged treatments, except the April (first) cohort. In both open-caged and uncaged treatments, the percentage of scales surviving to adults was similar and matched the changes in the numbers of natural enemies, thus confirming their importance in controllingI. purchasi in South Australia.      

Air spore microfungi in dwellings of south of Spain

Summary Indoor and outdoor airborne microfungi were studied in fourteen homes of Córdoba (Spain) for two years. Samplings were done gravimetrically in three rooms in each home and, for comparison, also outdoors. An overall 128 taxa were identified, which were classified according to their occurrence into occasional, frequent and permanent. No statistically significant quantitative differences were found between the microfungi in each room. On the other hand, there were significant quantitative differences between indoor and outdoor microfungi. Spores occurred at their maximum concentrations in spring. Finally,Aspergillus andCladosporium were found to be the most abundant genera indoors and outdoors, respectively.     

Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in mitochondrial outer membranes

The results reported in this paper show two distinct ways for the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into mitochondrial outer membranes. The first one is the glycosylation of dolichol acceptors, which is indicated by the inhibition of the synthesis of these products by the inhibitors of the dolichol intermediates (tunicamycin and GDP). The second one is the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into protein acceptors directly from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This second way of glycosylation is only localized in mitochondria outer membranes.The existence of a direct route forN-glycoprotein biosynthesis has been based on the following evidence. First, the synthesis of theN-acetylglucosaminylated protein acceptors was not inhibited by tunicamycin or GDP. Second, the addition of exogenous dolichol-phosphate did not change the rate of biosynthesis of glycosylated protein material. Third, the sequential incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and mannose from their nucleotide derivatives in the presence of GDP and tunicamycin led to the synthesis of glycosylated protein material which entirely bound to Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycosylated protein material resulting from the direct transfer of sugars from their nucleotide derivatives to the protein acceptor is of theN-glycan type. On sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this glycosylated material migrated as a marker protein with a molecular weight between 45 000 and 63 000. HPLC chromatofocusing analysis revealed that the fraction studied was anionic. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycoprotein material can only be elongated by the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and galactose from their nucleotide derivatives.     

Adaptive ecology of traditionally derived agroforestry in China

This research was designed to test the following hypothesis: Among traditional (nonliterate and minimally literate) people residing in their home environment, traditionally derived knowledge of specific cases of ecological processes can approximate scientifically derived knowledge of those same cases. After locating three minimally literate peasant family lineages in Lijiayang and Linfengkeng villages, Shouning County, Fujian Province, China, not applying science-based systems of agroforest management, a decision-tree model of an indigenous agroforest management system was constructed from extensive interviews. The system was centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species with a long history of management in China. A major part of the management system is agricultural intercropping with a wide variety of cereal, cash, medicinal, and oil-producing crops. Intercropping is practiced in the initial phases of afforestation; is an integral aspect of site preparation and the tending of the young stand; and contributes to tree establishment, growth, and survival. The cases presented demonstrate that local peasant knowledge of the effects of burning, site preparation, crop selection, crop tending, and intercropping duration on soil quality and the survival and development of shamu is strongly analogous to the knowledge derived through systematic scientific research. This process of deriving scientifically valid ecological knowledge through traditional means is called protoscience.     

Isolation of spore-forming bacilli from mosquitoes in natural breeding habitats in Iraq

New isolates of spore-forming bacilli from larvae and pupae of 3 species of mosquitoes are recorded in central Iraq.Bacillus sphaericus Meyer and Neide was isolated fromCulex pipiens (L.) larva.Bacillus carotarum Koch andBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland were isolated fromTheobaldia longiareolata (Macquart) pupae.Bacillus laterosporus Laubach andBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) were isolated fromAedes caspius (Pallas) larvae. In addition, unidentifiedBacillus spp. were isolated fromCx. pipiens, T. longiareolata andAe. caspius larvae. Examination of soil samples collected from mosquito natural breeding habitats revealed isolates ofB. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H 12 and H 16 and an unidentifiedBacillus sp.

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Résumé Des souches bactériennes sporogènes sont isolées de moustiques qui se trouvent dans la région centrale de l'Irak. Les résultats obtenus sont les suivants:Bacillus sphaericus Meyer & Neide [Culex pipiens (L.), larve],Bacillus carotarum Koch etBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland [Theobaldia longiareolata (Macquart), nymphe],Bacillus laterosporus Laubach etBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) [Aedes caspius (Pallas), larvel]. L'examen des larves deCulex pipiens. T. longiareolata etAe. caspius, ainsi que l'analyse des échantillons du sol prélevés dans la région montrent la présence deBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H12 plus H16 et d'autresBacillus non identifiés.