再论2πω2的最优性

证明了用角2πω~2/(1 ω~2)、2π(3 ω~2)和2π/(2 ω~2)在圆周上作插分得到任意n个分点并将圆周分为11个角时,其最小角与最大角之比也至少是ω~2．根据叶序的基本功能,用模糊数学的综合评判理论证明了角2πω~2优于角2πω~2/(1 ω~2)、2π/(3 ω~2)和2π/(2 ω~2),从而从理论上说明了2πω~2作为互生植物的叶序分数所对应的极限角是合理的．     

角蒿总生物碱提取工艺的研究

本文的目的是利用正交试验设计优选渗滤法提取角蒿有效成分的工艺条件。以角蒿酯碱的含量为指标,通过L9（3^4）t交试验设计,对提取工艺的溶媒浓度、溶媒用量和渗滤速度3个因素进行优选研究,以筛选出角蒿的最佳提取工艺条件。试验结果表明影响提取的主次因素为：溶媒用量〉溶媒浓度〉渗滤速度。优选得到的最佳提取工艺条件是用25倍量0．2％盐酸渗漉提取,渗滤速度为7mL／min,且工艺条件稳定可行。     

年龄相关的种群系统的最优生育率控制

讨论了一类与年龄相关的时变种群系统最优生育率控制的非线性问题,利用Ba- nach空间的Saks-Masur引理,证明了系统最优生育率控制的存在唯一性,并得到了控制为最优的必要条件和最优性组．所得结果可为种群系统控制问题的实际研究提供必要的数学理论基础．     

基于nad5的西施舌漳州群体遗传分化水平分析——以蛤蜊属2个物种差异水平为参照

扩增了西施舌日照、连云港、北海、漳州4个野生群体、四角蛤蜊和中国蛤蜊各1个群体共73个样本的NAD5基因片段,测序获得了480bp核苷酸序列,分析核苷酸的多态性,旨在评估福建漳州西施舌与日照、连云港、北海西施舌之间的分化水平。结果:从73个序列中共检测到44种单倍型(Hap),其中西施舌4个群体有29种Haps,四角蛤蜊和中国蛤蜊分别有10种和5种Haps,漳州群体与北海、日照、连云港群体单倍型有明显差异;将西施舌分为北海、日照、连云港组(GP1)和漳州组(GP2)2个组,分析核苷酸差异,GP1与GP2间的T、A、G含量差异极显著(P0.01)。GP1与GP2间的遗传距离与组内(GP1、GP2)遗传距离之比为25.1—41.8,四角蛤蜊与中国蛤蜊之间的遗传距离与种内个体间遗传距离之比为24.4—36.7,GP1、GP2间的差异达到了四角蛤蜊和中国蛤蜊种间差异水平,而日照、北海群体间的遗传距离只有0.009,北海与日照群体地理位置虽远,但遗传差异则很小;AMOVA分析显示漳州西施舌发生了极显著遗传分化(FST=0.966—0.978,P0.01)。     

角叶铁破锣的核型及其系统学意义

本文首次报道了角叶铁破锣的核形态。其静止核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别属于复杂中央染色微粒型和中间型;中期染色体数目为2n=16;核型公式为2n＝10m+4st十2t(2sat)。根据上述结果并结合有关资料,本文讨论了铁破锣和角叶铁破锣之间的核型差异以及铁破锣属的系统位置,指出铁破锣属可能与升麻属等类群关系较近而与金莲花属等类群关系较远,因此将该属置于升麻族中比置于金莲花族中合理。     

不同发育阶段尖头斜齿鲨肝油脂酸组成的变化

采用气相色谱仪分析测定了不同发育阶段尖头斜齿鲨肝油的脂肪酸组成与含量。在尖头斜齿鲨肝油总脂肪酸组成中 ,饱和脂肪酸占 15 3%～ 34 6 % ,单不饱和脂肪酸占 13 8%～ 2 5 6 % ,多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)占 38 8%～ 6 8 1%。其中 ,最主要的脂肪酸为 16 :0 ,18:0 ,18:1ω9,2 0 :4ω6和 2 2 :6ω3。尖头斜齿鲨肝油脂肪酸组成与个体的发育状况关系密切。雄性尖头斜齿鲨 ,胚胎阶段肝油的脂肪酸主要由16 :0、 16 :1和 18:1(ω9+ω7)组成 ,2 2 :6ω3的含量很低 (3 8± 1 34 ,n =3) ;雄性幼鱼肝油 2 2 :6ω3的含量较胚胎阶段有了显著的提高 (2 7 1± 2 47,n =3) (P <0 0 5 ) ;性成熟个体肝油 2 2 :6ω3的含量达到最高值 (5 1 0± 7 42 ,n =5 ) ,退化期 2 2 :6ω3的含量明显降低 (34 4± 2 40 ,n =3)。雌性尖头斜齿鲨肝油 2 2 :6ω3的含量随着性腺的发育而逐渐增加 ,妊娠早期达到最高值 (49 7± 4 0 4,n =5 ) ,显著高于未成熟期个体 (2 5 7± 0 6 4,n =3)和卵巢发育期个体 (33 3± 3 46 ,n =4) ,妊娠结束期肝油 2 2 :6ω3的含量显著下降 (2 5 6± 8 0 8,n =3) ,提示 2 2 :6ω3在尖头斜齿鲨胚胎的生长发育中可能起了重要作用。     

离子交换树脂用于角蒿总生物碱的纯化研究

本文以角蒿总生物碱溶液为对象,以其主要有效成分角蒿酯碱（incarvillateine）为指标,研究了阳离子交换树脂纯化角蒿总生物碱的方法,包括树脂类型的选择、氨水浓度和乙醇浓度对洗脱效果的影响.试验结果表明强酸性阳离子交换树脂DOWEX 50WX2对角蒿生物碱成分的交换能力最强,且被树脂吸附的生物碱成分可用氨性乙醇溶液快速洗脱.验证试验结果表明,用含2.0 N氨水的不同浓度乙醇溶液（60%、70%和80%）进行洗脱,得到的总生物碱含量均在60%以上,且随着乙醇浓度的提高,总生物碱的含量也不断提高.     

重庆玉米洞遗址发现的骨角牙制品初步研究

在狩猎采集经济的旧石器时代,古人类依赖动物而生存。作为动物资源的副产品,骨角牙制品是古人类对肉食资源深度开发利用的表现。玉米洞遗址是重庆巫山县新发现的一处文化面貌特殊的旧石器时代洞穴遗址,其骨角牙制品颇具特色。本文主要对该遗址的骨角牙制品进行初步的类型学研究,将观察的材料分为骨器(n=104)、骨片(n=2)、骨断块(n=5)、牙器(n=6)和角器(n=3)进行详细记述;同时试图从操作链角度分析该遗址骨角牙制品的制作技术和反映的人类行为,显示出古人类简单粗放、灵活高效的技术特征和生存策略;最后对该遗址出土骨角牙器的时代及古人类行为现代性问题进行了探讨,认为玉米洞的骨角牙器的时代介于中更新世-早全新世,简单加工骨角牙制品与精致加工骨角器之间存在连续或断续的发展演变关系,以骨角器的发现作为衡量中国古人类"行为现代性"的标准需要重新考量。     

蚜小蜂和粉虱座壳孢对烟粉虱的控制作用研究

研究了烟粉虱两种寄生性天敌桨角蚜小蜂(Eretmocerus sp．)和粉虱座壳孢(Aschersonia aley-rodis)单独使用和联合使用时对烟粉虱种群的控制作用。结果表明,在单独进行控制时,在一个世代内按5×10^6个孢子·ml^-1喷施粉虱座壳孢2次,对烟粉虱种群的控制作用达95．74％,按每株植株3头雌蜂的密度释放桨角蚜小蜂2次,对烟粉虱种群的控制作用达57.58％。在两者联合控制时,一个世代内喷施粉虱座壳孢2次,再释放桨角蚜小蜂1次或2次,对烟粉虱种群的控制作用达97．02％～97．91％,烟粉虱种群增长趋势指数低于1,种群数量逐渐下降,联合使用时,桨角蚜小蜂和粉虱座壳孢间无消极影响。     

重齿当归形态数量性状的分级研究

为明确重齿当归（Angelica biserrata）数量性状的分布规律,对6份种质资源的14个数量性状指标进行测定与分析。结果表明,6份种质资源的8个数量性状存在显著差异,在6个数量性状的差异不显著。14个数量性状的变异系数为6.47%~33.34%,最大的是叶面积,最小的是复叶回数。复叶回数不符合正态分布,叶序数近似于正态分布,其余数量性状均符合正态分布。叶宽、叶长、叶面积、叶周长间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.568~0.925,其余数量性状间的相关系数均低于0.560;主成分分析表明,10个数量性状在2个以上主成分中起主要决定作用。概率分级结果表明,去除复叶回数、叶周长、叶面积、叶长、叶序数等5个数量性状,8个数量性状被分为5个连续分布的分级,1个数量性状被分为3个连续分布的分级。     

Strategic Escape Direction: Orientation,Turning, and Escape Trajectories of Zebra‐Tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides)

A prey's body orientation relative to a predator's approach path may affect risk of fleeing straight ahead. Consequently, prey often turn before fleeing. Relationships among orientation, turn, and escape angles and between these angles and predation risk have not been studied in terrestrial vertebrates and have rarely been studied in the field. Escape angles are expected to lead away from predators and be highly variable to avoid being predictable by predators. Using approach speed as a risk factor, we studied these issues in the zebra‐tailed lizard, Callisaurus draconoides. Lizards fled away from human simulated predators, but most did not flee straight away. Escape angles were variable, as expected under the unpredictability hypothesis, and had modes at nearly straight away (i.e., 0°) and nearly perpendicular to the predator's approach path (90°). The straight away mode suggests maximal distancing from the predator; the other mode suggests maintaining ability to monitor the predator or possibly an influence of habitat features such as obstacles and refuges that differ among directions. Turn angles were larger when orientation was more toward the predator, and escape angles were closer to straight away when turn angles were larger. Turning serves to reach a favorable fleeing direction. When orientation angle was more toward the predator, escape angle was unaffected, suggesting that turn angle compensates completely for increased risk of orientation toward the predator. When approached more rapidly, lizards fled more nearly straight away, as expected under greater predation risk. Turn angles were unrelated to approach speed.     

toBeeView: a program for simulating the retinal image of visual scenes on nonhuman eyes

We present toBeeView, a program that produces from a digital photograph, or a set of photographs, an approximation of the image formed at the sampling station stage in the eye of an animal. toBeeView is freely available from https://github.com/EEZA-CSIC/compound-eye-simulator . toBeeView assumes that sampling stations in the retina are distributed on a hexagonal grid. Each sampling station computes the weighted average of the color of the part of the visual scene projecting on its photoreceptors, and the hexagon of the output image associated with the sampling station is filled in this average color. Users can specify the visual angle subtended by the scene and the basic parameters determining the spatial resolution of the eye: photoreceptor spatial distribution and optic quality of the eye. The photoreceptor distribution is characterized by the vertical and horizontal interommatidial angles—which can vary along the retina. The optic quality depends on the section of the visual scene projecting onto each sampling station, determined by the acceptance angle. The output of toBeeView provides a first approximation to the amount of visual information available at the retina for subsequent processing, summarizing in an intuitive way the interaction between eye optics and receptor density. This tool can be used whenever it is important to determine the visual acuity of a species and will be particularly useful to study processes where object detection and identification is important, such as visual displays, camouflage, and mimicry.     

水稻冠层结构变化对二向反射率的影响

通过对植被二向反射特性的研究,可反演植被冠层结构信息,如叶面积指数、平均叶角、株高、覆盖率等。在大田晚稻（秀水63）移栽后第26、35、41、49、62、67和86d,对水稻冠层结构及二向反射率进行实测,并分析了二向反射率随冠层结构变化规律,结果表明,植被冠层二向反射率对入射角与观测角的敏感性随着植被冠层结构的变化而变化,蕴涵着丰富的植被结构信息。     

Δ5-3β,7β-二羟基甾醇及其C-7差向异构体波谱特征及胆碱酯酶的抑制活性

本文对Δ5-3β,7β-二羟基甾醇(1~3)和Δ5-3β,7α-二羟基甾醇(4~6)的一些核磁共振波谱特征进行了比较。活性测试表明化合物1~6对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)无明显的抑制活性,对丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuChE)则有较强的抑制活性,其中24-亚甲基胆甾-5-烯-3β,7α-二醇(6)的IC50值为9.5μM。通过活性数据比较我们发现7α-羟基甾醇对丁酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性明显比相应的7β-羟基甾醇高。我们通过计算7位羟基和四环平面之间的二面角角度来尝试解释这些活性差别。     

The Role of Elytra in Beetle Flight: I. Generation of Quasi-Static Aerodynamic Forces

We conducted a comprehensive study to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics and force generation of the elytra of abeetle,Allomyrina dichotoma.Our analysis included wind tunnel experiments and three-dimensional computational fluiddynamics simulations using ANSYS-CFX software.Our first approach was a quasi-static study that considered the effect ofinduced flapping flow due to the flapping motion of the fore-wings (elytra) at a frequency of around 30 Hz to 40 Hz.The dihedralangle was varied to represent flapping motion during the upstroke and downstroke.We found that an elytron producespositive lift at 0° geometric angle of attack,negative lift during the upstroke,and always produces drag during both the upstrokeand downstroke.We also found that the lift coefficient of an elytron does not drop even at a very high geometric angle of attack.For a beetle with a body weight of 5 g,based on the quasi-static method,the fore-wings (elytra) can produce lift of less than 1%of its body weight.     

A Latitudinal Cline in Leaf Inclination of Dryas octopetala and Implications for Maximization of Whole Plant Photosynthesis

Mean leaf inclination of the arctic and alpine shrub Dryas octopetala is a function of latitude and this functional relationship is consistent with a model that maximizes photosynthesis of the total plant canopy.     

Development of flight behaviour in maturing adults of Locusta migratoria: I. Flight performance and wing-stroke parameters

In tethered Locusta migratoria suspended from a flight balance, flight performance, wing-stroke frequency, stroke angle, and stroke plane angle were studied throughout adult life. No correlation between flight performance and age was found in adults older than 2 days. During continuous flight in locusts of all ages the wing-stroke frequency and the wing-stroke angle of both wings decreases, and the wing-stroke plane angle (forewing) increases slightly. Within 2 weeks of adult life the wing-stroke frequency increases by a factor of ca. 2, whereas the wing-stroke angles and the stroke plane angles remain constant.     

Solution scattering studies of conformation stability of xylanase XYNII from Trichoderma longibrachiatum

Xylanase (endo-1,4-beta-xylanase; EC 3.2.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of xylan. The structure of the xylanase II (XYNII) molecule from Trichoderma longibrachoatum (formerly Trichoderma reesei) in a solution and at different pH values has been studied by small- and wide-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation (SAXS-WAXS). Analysis of the radius of gyration that characterizes xylanase has confirmed the stability of the above enzyme structure (the radius of gyration varied from 1.65 to 1.74 nm). On the basis of the SAXS data, the low-resolution structure of the xylanase molecule in solution has been reconstructed by using ab initio methods and programs DALAI_GA and DAMMIN. The full SAXS-WAXS data set (0.15 > s > 9.5 nm(-1)) fed to the program GASBOR permitted us to construct a chain-like spatial distribution of a dummy residues model of the xylanase molecule. The shape of the model molecules is similar to that of xylanase molecule in the crystal and shows the characteristic asymmetry that makes the molecule to resemble a right hand.     

The influence of age,sex, population group,and dentition on the mandibular angle as measured on a South African sample

The mandibular angle is measured in physical anthropological assessments of human remains to possibly assist with the determination of sex and population affinity. The purpose of this investigation was to establish how the mandibular angle changes with age and loss of teeth among the sexes in South African population groups. The angles of 653 dried adult mandibles from the Pretoria Bone Collection were measured with a mandibulometer. Males and females of both South African whites and blacks were included. To compensate for imbalances in numbers among subgroups, type IV ANOVA testing was applied. No association was found between age and angle within either of the populations, within sexes, or within dentition groups. The angle was the most obtuse in individuals without molars and with an uneven distribution of molars, and most acute in the group with an even distribution of molars on both sides. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) were found in the angle between the two population groups and sexes in the overall sample as well as in the subgroup with absent molar teeth (P = 0.003 for sex, males more acute angle, and P = 0.001 for population group, blacks more acute angle), although a very large overlap existed. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the sexes or populations within the subgroups with molars. We concluded that the loss of molars, especially if complete or uneven, has a considerable effect on the mandibular angle. In the assessment of human remains, the mandibular angle is not very usable in determining sex. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.