油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)茎流动态及其环境控制因子

于2012年7—10月利用Flow32-1K(Dynamax,USA)包裹式茎流仪对宁夏盐池典型沙地的油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)茎流进行连续监测,同时观测环境因子。结果表明:油蒿茎流速率日变化动态受天气影响;晴天茎流速率峰值为107.81 g·cm-2·h-1,阴天茎流速率峰值为79.40 g·cm-2·h-1,降雨时茎流峰值是4.34 g·cm-2·h-1;油蒿茎流速率呈现明显的季节变化,7月最大,10月最小;在干旱期土壤水分为油蒿茎流速率的决定因素,其中30 cm深度土壤含水量的解释能力最强;在非水分胁迫期油蒿茎流速率与气象因子相关性最强,对油蒿茎流速率影响的大小顺序为饱和水汽压差平均空气温度太阳辐射相对湿度。     

开花期枣树茎流与气象因子的关系

阿克苏地区农田灌溉水资源利用率相对较低,大多采用漫灌为主、滴灌为辅,加上环境干旱、水资源紧缺已成为制约当地红枣种植业发展的主要因素,因此迫切需要寻找新型节水灌溉方法。该研究采用美国Dynamax公司生产的Flow-32包裹式茎流计对茎流速率进行连续监测,并在样地内安装HOBO小气候仪同步获取气象数据,将所得数据进行对比分析,探讨了不同灌溉方式下枣树茎流速率的变化规律以及与气象因子之间的关系。结果表明：两种灌溉方式下茎流连日变化呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,茎流速率均为单峰曲线且夜间茎流活动现象明显,早晨茎流启动时间W1早于W20.5 h,峰值前后W1和W2枣树茎流均出现较小幅度的“峰值群”,W1和 W2峰值出现时间分别为13：30－14：30和13：00－14：30,峰值大小分别为2133.33~2724.93 g·h-1和2234.11~2689.40 g·h-1;茎流日累积量变化过程曲线均为“S”形,但W1日茎流总量大于W2;茎流速率变化曲线均与太阳辐射和温度呈现正相关,与空气湿度呈现负相关,与风速相关性较差;太阳辐射表观波形变化趋势与两种灌溉方式下茎流变化曲线均存在异同,启动时间早于W1约0.5 h,W2约1 h,但峰值出现时间却晚于W1和W2。通过相关分析,太阳辐射均为主要影响因子,建立两种灌溉方式下液流速率与气象因子的多元线性模型,经过回归系数和相关系数检验,W1和W2多元线性回归方程均达到了显著水平。该研究结果为新型灌溉方式W1的实用性和优越性提供了科学依据。     

典型黑土区春玉米茎流特征及其环境影响因素

明确典型黑土区春玉米茎流变化规律，探究影响春玉米茎流速率的主控因素，对深入了解该区域春玉米蒸腾耗水特性以及调控田间水分管理具有重要参考价值。本研究采用包裹式茎流计和TDR探针对典型黑土区春玉米灌浆期至成熟期茎流速率及耕层土壤水热状况进行连续监测，并结合试验区自动气象站同步采集数据，分析不同时间尺度下茎流速率与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：典型黑土区春玉米茎流速率具有明显的昼高夜低变化特征，白天瞬时茎流速率峰值最高可达139.9 g·h^-1,夜间仍有微弱茎流。与晴天相比，阴天、雨天条件下春玉米茎流启动、结束时间以及峰值均受到显著抑制。小时尺度下，太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差、相对湿度、空气温度和风速均与茎流速率呈极显著相关；日尺度下，仅太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差和相对湿度与茎流速率呈极显著相关，相关系数绝对值在0.7以上。由于观测期内土壤含水量较高，本研究中耕层水热状况与茎流速率相关性不高(绝对值均小于0.1)。无水分胁迫条件下，无论小时尺度还是日尺度，太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差以及相对湿度始终是该区域影响春玉米茎流速率的3个主要因素。     

干旱胁迫下胡杨茎流日变化分析——以塔里木河下游英苏断面为例

用PHYTALK植物生理生态监测系统对塔里木河下游英苏断面胡杨的茎流和相关环境因子的日变化进行了监测.结果表明:在极端干旱区塔里木河下游的胡杨茎流日变化表现多峰值,且夜晚仍保持一定流速;主枝与侧枝茎流日变化趋势相似,主枝流速高于侧枝;侧枝对环境变化响应更加灵敏,波动强烈,主枝相对侧枝,茎流变化响应迟钝且有明显滞后效应;茎流变化受太阳辐射、风速和大气温度影响明显,而其它环境因子如空气湿度、土壤湿度等影响则不大,气温与叶温表现出极佳相关性,气温与空气湿度呈显著负相关;同时,日变化中,不同时段起主导作用的因子不尽相同.     

应用热平衡法测定玉米/大豆间作群体内作物的蒸腾量

通过田间试验采用基于热平衡法的茎流计测定玉米/大豆条带间作群体内作物的蒸腾规律.结果表明：间作群体内,玉米和大豆植株的茎流速率在晴天呈单峰曲线,在阴天则呈多峰曲线.植株的茎流受多个环境因子的影响,其中太阳辐射是影响植株茎流最主要的气象因子.玉米和大豆的单株日茎流量与多个气象因子间存在较好的相关关系,达到极显著水平.茎流观测期内（2008年6月1-30日）,间作群体内玉米植株的日均蒸腾量（1.44 mm·d^-1）为大豆（0.79 mm·d^-1）的1.8倍,玉米和大豆植株的蒸腾量分别占间作群体总蒸腾量的64%和36%.考虑到作物的茎直径和叶面积的空间变异,安装一定数量的茎流探头对于准确测定植株茎流是十分必要的.     

花棒液流变化规律及其对环境因子的响应

在西北干旱沙区,采用茎流热平衡技术对花棒主茎、一级分枝和二级分枝液流进行研究.结果表明,在整个生长季内液流速率日变化曲线峰型表现各异,但在短时间段内其液流速率日变化有较强的规律性.主茎和一级分枝液流速率的曲线在生长季中期出现了剧烈动荡,在生长季末期到达最大值后同一数值维持较长时间;二级分枝的液流量在生长季初期出现了“昼低夜高”、生长季中期的液流量低于6、9月份液流量;主茎和一级分枝单日液流量的最大值出现在7月份,分别为5 781.6 g和3 180 g,二级分枝的最大值出现在9月份(480 g).日液流量大小依次为主茎>一级分枝>二级分枝,而液流通量在整个生长期内表现比较复杂.通过对同时观测的气象因子的分析,表明在整个生长季影响花棒液流速率的主导因子是土壤含水率,而在一个较短的时间段内,光照强度、气温和水汽压亏缺则是影响花棒液流速率的主导因子.     

花棒茎流对降雨的响应

干旱半干旱区植物生理过程的水分响应依赖于降雨强度和频率,研究典型沙生植物对降雨的响应有助于预测未来气候条件下荒漠生态系统的结构和功能变化.2012和2013年花棒生长季,在宁夏盐池采用包裹式茎流仪对花棒茎流进行连续观测,分析茎流在晴天和雨天的变化特征及其对不同降雨事件的响应.结果表明: 雨天的花棒日茎流量低于晴天.晴天,茎流日变化呈“几”字型宽峰曲线,与太阳辐射和相对湿度呈正相关;雨天,茎流日变化呈多峰曲线或者一直处于极低状态,与太阳辐射和空气温度呈正相关.降雨不仅可以通过影响当天太阳辐射、空气温度、饱和蒸汽压差和相对湿度影响花棒茎流通量,还通过调控土壤含水量影响降雨后的茎流通量.降雨量<20 mm时,降雨前后茎流通量差异不显著;降雨量>20 mm时,降雨后的茎流通量比降雨前有显著提高.高土壤含水量不仅能够提高茎流通量,并且能够提高茎流通量对太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差和空气温度的响应敏感性.     

花棒茎流对降雨的响应

干旱半干旱区植物生理过程的水分响应依赖于降雨强度和频率,研究典型沙生植物对降雨的响应有助于预测未来气候条件下荒漠生态系统的结构和功能变化.2012和2013年花棒生长季,在宁夏盐池采用包裹式茎流仪对花棒茎流进行连续观测,分析茎流在晴天和雨天的变化特征及其对不同降雨事件的响应.结果表明: 雨天的花棒日茎流量低于晴天.晴天,茎流日变化呈“几”字型宽峰曲线,与太阳辐射和相对湿度呈正相关;雨天,茎流日变化呈多峰曲线或者一直处于极低状态,与太阳辐射和空气温度呈正相关.降雨不仅可以通过影响当天太阳辐射、空气温度、饱和蒸汽压差和相对湿度影响花棒茎流通量,还通过调控土壤含水量影响降雨后的茎流通量.降雨量<20 mm时,降雨前后茎流通量差异不显著;降雨量>20 mm时,降雨后的茎流通量比降雨前有显著提高.高土壤含水量不仅能够提高茎流通量,并且能够提高茎流通量对太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差和空气温度的响应敏感性.     

春季麻栎树干边材木质部液流垂直变化及其滞后效应

利用热扩散式边材液流茎流探针(TDP)和微型自动气象站组成的测定系统,对泰山林科院林场麻栎(Quercus acutissima)人工林树干不同高度边材液流及其相关环境因子进行了连续观测,对影响边材液流的主要环境因子进行了相关性和滞后效应分析。结果表明:同一立木,树干上位边材液流流速上升快,高峰期持续时间短,但高峰流速较高,最大流速在0.002 cm·s^-1以上;树干下位边材液流流速上升、下降慢,液流高峰期持续时间较长,最大流速不超过0.001 cm·s^-1。太阳净辐射是麻栎边材液流最主要的影响因子,且成正相关,空气温度、空气相对湿度对边材液流的影响较小,空气温度与麻栎边材液流的影响成正相关,相对湿度与边材液流速率成负相关。边材液流与主要环境因子日周期波动在时间上存在延迟效应,延迟效应因树干高度和环境因子而变。树干上、中和下部边材液流与太阳净辐射变化的滞后时间分为80、20和30 min,与空气温度的滞后时间分别为60、130和110 min,与空气相对湿度的滞后时间分别为170、160和90 min。     

温室番茄蒸腾量与其影响因子的相关分析及模型模拟

采用盆栽方法,研究不同灌溉量处理下温室番茄日蒸腾量与单株总叶面积、土壤相对含水量、空气温度、空气相对湿度、太阳辐射等因子的相关关系,并建立日蒸腾量的回归模型.结果表明：番茄日蒸腾量与单株总叶面积、土壤相对含水量、空气温度、空气相对湿度和太阳辐射等因子呈显著的线性关系,各因子之间存在复杂的相互作用;土壤水分状况是番茄蒸腾量的主要决策因子,决策系数为27.4%;日最低空气相对湿度是主要限制因子,决策系数为-119.7%;番茄日蒸腾量预测值和实测值的回归系数平方值(R²)为0.81,回归估计标准误差(RMSE)和相对误差(RE)分别为68.52 g和19.4%.根据通径分析筛选主要影响因子建立的番茄日蒸腾量回归模型能够较好地模拟温室番茄日蒸腾量.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.