芹菜斑枯病菌生物学特性研究

以沈阳地区芹菜斑枯病菌的纯培养菌株为试材,通过对菌丝生长、孢子萌发的营养及环境条件的多因子试验,明确了芹菜斑枯病菌菌丝生长以在CDAMS—VI培养基上最好,其次是CSA、CCSA和PDA,菌丝生长及产孢对碳源、氮源种类有明显的选择性。菌丝生长的最适pH值为4～5,最适温度为21℃,致死温度为39℃（处理40min）,光照明显抑制菌丝生长。病菌分生孢子在水和芹菜汁中不能萌发,在水琼脂上萌发最好;孢子萌发的适宜pH值为4．6～6．6,适温为17—25℃,致死温度为42℃（处理20min）,RH100％最适宜孢子萌发。光照和变温处理可促进分生孢子器的形成,病菌在PDA上从孢子萌发到分生孢子器形成并释放出分生孢子需要16～18d。     

苹果炭疽菌低毒性菌株生物学特性的研究

研究了温度、pH值及碳源对苹果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)强毒性菌株及低毒性菌株的生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:菌丝生长温度范围10℃~35℃、最适温度为28℃,低毒菌株生长速率较快,产生分生孢子的温度范围与分生孢子萌发的温度范围为15℃~35℃,低毒菌株孢子萌发率较高,菌丝生长的最适pH值基本相同,pH在3~10的范围内均能生长和产孢,产生分生孢子的最适pH值为4~5,但经离子注入的低毒性菌株C100-2-5的产孢量在不同的pH值和温度下却一直低于经磁场处理的C0.25-1-2和强毒性菌株(对照)。分生孢子的致死温度为47℃、15 min或50℃、5 min。但菌丝的致死温度却不同,对照为60℃、20 min,C0.25-1-2为60℃、25 min,C100-2-5为60℃、30 min,65℃下5 min(及5 min以上)。     

虫生真菌蝉拟青霉的研究

观察了蝉拟青霉的无性世代,在24℃下载片培养结果,分生孢子经8hr萌发,24hr普遍形成菌丝,36hr出现产孢结构和产生次代分生孢子。该菌生长合适温度24—26℃,分生孢子萌芽要求相对湿度在90%以上。pH4—12范围均见生长,但以5—6为佳。对10种碳源和9种无机氮源利用检测结果,用葡萄糖作碳源孢子产量高,用果糖作碳源菌丝体产量高。不利用菊糖、L-山梨糖、L-鼠李糖。对KNO_3利用佳,但不能利用NaNO_2,和硫脲。该菌能较强抗紫外辐射。     

鸭跖草生防菌叶点霉F-3菌株生物学特性的研究

主要研究影响鸭跖草生防菌叶点霉菌株菌丝生长和孢子萌发的条件。研究表明,PDA培养基和鸭跖草培养基是该菌生长的适宜培养基,该菌生长的温度范围为20~35℃,最适温度为25℃,分生孢子萌发的温度范围为25~35℃,最适温度为30℃;pH为6时生长最快,偏酸偏碱有利于孢子的萌发,在pH为10时萌发最好。F-3菌株在供试的6种碳源中生长速度相差不大,在不同氮源中差异显著,以硝酸铵为氮源生长最好。     

蚧镰孢菌的生长及产孢研究

蚧镰孢菌孢子萌发及产孢的最适温度是 2 8℃ ,菌生长的适温是 2 4℃～ 2 6℃。孢子萌发受 pH值影响较小 ,菌生长以 pH6.5～ 8.5为最适 ,而 pH8.5时产孢最多。菌的生长也可以调节培养液的pH值 ,使其达到最适生长的 pH范围。光照对该菌的生长及产孢也有一定影响。蚧镰孢菌能利用多种碳源和氮源 ,也能以几丁质为唯一碳源和氮源生长 ,但生长很差。Ca2 、Fe2 等金属离子以及硫胺素、核黄素、叶酸等维生素的加入可使产孢量增加 ,而维生素的作用更明显。该菌的产孢高峰期一般在 2 1天左右 ,而且在相同条件下 ,接种量越大 ,产生最大量孢子所需的时间越短。     

草坪草离蠕孢叶枯病菌生物学特性的研究

对草坪离蠕孢叶枯病病原菌进行分离鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:该病害由禾草离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)引起。该病原菌的菌丝生长及产孢的最适温度为30℃,孢子萌发最适温度为25℃,菌丝的致死温度为65℃,而孢子的致死温度则为55℃;该菌对酸碱度的适应能力较强,中性偏酸性的条件对菌丝的生长有利,而pH值为8.0时最易产孢;各碳源对菌丝的生长均有促进作用,但不同碳源对产孢量的影响很大,单糖和双糖利于产孢,多糖对产孢的影响不大。氮源对菌丝生长和产孢量非常重要,无机氮效果较好,硝态氮好于氨态氮,有机氮效果最差。花粉、叶面物质和草坪草汁液可促进孢子萌发。     

牛筋草离孺孢生物学特性及代谢产物活性测定

对牛筋草离孺孢属(Bipolaris sorokiniana)NJ-08菌株的生物学特性及代谢产物除草活性测定结果表明：此菌株的菌丝体生长速度慢, 但产孢量大, 致病性强。菌丝体生长最适温度25°C, 致死温度是55°C/10 min, 最适pH值为8, 碳源以葡萄糖最佳, 供试氮源则不利于菌丝体生长。产生分生孢子最适温度25°C, 最适pH值为8, 碳源以葡萄糖最好, 氮源以硝酸钠产孢量最高。分生孢子萌发温度在20°C~35°C之间没有差异, 适宜pH值为5~7, 碳源以D-木糖的孢子萌发率最高, 氮源以蛋白胨的孢子萌发率最高, 不同处理间存在明显差异。NJ-08菌株产生的代谢产物作用于牛筋草, 可使叶片黄化或枯死, 代谢产物对指示植物及杂草如柱花草、地桃花、猪屎豆和辣椒的胚根胚芽生长都有明显的抑制作用, 抑制率均超过了90%, 显示出很好的除草活性。     

辣椒炭疽病菌生物学特性的研究

辣椒炭疽病菌在不同培养基中培养,以PDA、PCA、CFA、CLA菌丝生长最佳,在CMA、PDA、CFA中产孢量最多。病原菌生长和产孢的最适温度和pH值分别为26—28℃和pH4.5—6.5,自然散光和完全黑暗有利于菌丝生长,12小时黑光灯与12小时黑暗交替处理有利于产孢。该菌对多种碳源和氮源均可利用,其中木糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖作碳源,天冬酰胺作氮源,菌生长和产孢最佳。分生孢子在25℃,pH6.0—8.0,相对湿度100%,黑光灯照射,以及20%辣椒叶煎汁或1%蛋白胨液中,萌发率最高,其致死温度为50℃处理10     

柑桔全爪螨高致病力菌株芽枝状枝孢霉的生物学特性研究

【目的】明确柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(Mc Gregor)高致病力菌株芽枝状枝孢霉Cladosporium cladosporioides(CQBBW3)的生物学特性。【方法】通过单因素试验,测试了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度及pH对CQBBW3菌株生长和产孢的影响。【结果】CQBBW3菌株的LC50为4.66×108个孢子/m L,LT50为6.2353 d。最佳生长培养基是淀粉琼脂培养基,最适产孢培养基为察氏培养基;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源为甘露醇和甘氨酸,产孢最适碳源和氮源为乳糖和赖氨酸;最适生长温度为25℃,最适产孢温度为15℃和30℃;最适生长pH值为6.0~8.0,最适产孢pH值7.0。【结论】CQBBW3菌株对柑桔全爪螨有较好的杀虫活性,喜好25℃、中性、富含有机营养的环境。本研究为菌株快速培养及其真菌杀虫制剂的开发与田间应用奠定基础。     

源自不同寄主的灰葡萄孢生物学特性的比较研究

本研究以分离自番茄、辣椒、草莓、葡萄的灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea为供试菌株,从生长温度、pH适应性、碳源、氮源营养利用等方面对不同寄主来源的灰葡萄孢菌株的生物学性状进行了比较研究。结果表明,5个不同寄主来源的灰葡萄孢菌株的菌丝生长温度范围相同,均为0-35℃;但它们的最适生长温度和分生孢子致死温度存在差异,来自和县番茄菌株HX12最适生长温度为20℃,分生孢子致死温度为47℃ 10min,其余最适生长温度均为25℃,分生孢子致死温度均为48℃ 10min;不同菌株在相同温度下的生长速率有显著差异。pH对不同寄主来源灰葡萄孢菌株菌丝生长的影响存在差异,来自长丰辣椒的菌株LJ菌丝在pH2-9的范围内均能生长,以在pH3-6.5时生长较快,pH6时最快;其余4个菌株在pH2-12的范围内均能生长,以在pH3-9时生长较快,pH6左右最快。不同碳源、氮源营养对灰葡萄孢菌株菌丝生长和分生孢子产生均有显著影响,不同寄主来源的菌株间在碳源、氮源营养利用差异均极显著。在相同碳源、氮源营养条件下,不同寄主来源的菌株的线性生长、菌丝干重和分生孢子产量均有显著差异。     

马铃薯干腐病菌硫色镰孢的生物学特性

从碳源、氮源、酸碱度及生长温度等方面对引起马铃薯干腐病的硫色镰孢Fusarium sulphureum的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,该病原菌在不同发育阶段对营养和环境条件的要求存在差异。在固体培养基上,菌落生长最佳碳源为葡萄糖、麦芽糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,pH8?为最佳;在液体培养基中,菌丝体生长以麦芽糖为最佳碳源,以硝酸钠为最佳氮源,pH6?为最佳;在分生孢子萌发阶段,在以羧甲基纤维素钠、蛋白胨和谷氨酸为碳、氮源的营养液中,分生孢子萌发率最高,最适pH 6–8。该病菌最适生长温度为25℃,分生孢子致死     

Biological fitness of Trichoderma atroviride during long-term storage,after production in different culture conditions

Identification of the production and storage factors that affect conidium germination and bioactivity (fitness) will assist the success of biological control agents. Effects of culturing conditions on conidium fitness of Trichoderma atroviride LU132 were examined in different storage conditions over time. Abiotic factors (temperature, nutrients, water activity and pH) during production were studied. Conidia from the culturing regimes which resulted in greatest and least bioactivity against Rhizoctonia solani in dual culture were selected to assess effects of storage conditions on conidium fitness. Fitness of the test conidia was examined after storage at 30°C and at 0% or 50% relative humidity (RH) over 6 months. Fitness declined over time, and the decline was greater for 50% RH than 0% RH, probably through reduced metabolic activity of conidia during long-term storage. Stored conidia were probably affected by dehydration, temperature and other factors such as oxidation, before and during storage, and also by rehydration after storage. The greatest number of conidia and germination percentage resulted from production at 25°C, but greatest bioactivity resulted from those produced at 30°C. No significant effects on bioactivity were detected between the conidium production treatments C?:?N 5?:?1 and C?:?N 160?:?1, indicating that C?:?N ratio in culture medium is not important for conidium survival of T. atroviride.     

蔗根土天牛高致病力绿僵菌菌株的生物学特性研究

【目的】明确对蔗根土天牛Dorysthenes granulosus具有良好杀虫活性的金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae JC002菌株生长和产孢所需要的最适营养条件和环境条件。【方法】通过单因素试验,测试了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH及紫外线照射不同时间对JC002菌株生长和产孢的影响。【结果】JC002菌株培养基的最佳配方是葡萄糖30 g、蛋白胨15 g、马铃薯200 g、琼脂20 g、水1 000 mL;蔗糖、NaNO3是菌落生长及产孢的最适碳源和氮源;菌株培养的最适温度为25℃,培养基的最适pH值为7.0;紫外光对菌株的生长速率无显著影响,但对产孢量有较大的抑制作用,紫外光照射时间越长,产孢越少。【结论】本研究为JC002菌株的大量培养及其孢子制剂的大量生产和有效利用奠定基础。     

Effect of relative humidity,temperature and fungicide on germination of conidia of Cercospora canescens caused the Cercospora leaf spot disease in mungbean

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the impact of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on conidial germination, nuclear position and effect of important fungicides on growth and conidial germination of Cercospora canescens. Germination of conidia was observed at RH range 92–100% at 5–35°C. Significant interaction between temperature and RH indicated that higher humidity and high temperature promoted quick germination both in the presence and absence of free moisture. Although in absence of free moisture at 92–95% RH higher temperatures 25–35°C promoted quick evaporation of moisture and no conidial germination. Number of germtube was increased significantly at the optimum temperature 25–30°C and higher humidity (98–100%). But higher temperature 25–35°C with lower RH did not support the conidial germination. This finding is very important for disease forecasting using meteorological data. The spray of Carbendazim as contact fungicide may not be useful since it is not effective against the conidia of C. canescens. Triadimefon did not inhibit the conidia germination but completely inhibited mycelium development at 50 μg/ml. Propriconazole inhibited both conidia germination and mycelial development. Therefore, Propiconazole may be taken as protective as well as curative spray. In non-systemic fungicide, Copper oxychloride gave anticipated result by inhibiting both conidial germination and mycelium development. Therefore, copper oxychloride can be used as protectant fungicides for Cercospora leaf spot caused by C. canescens.     

Factors affecting sporulation and germination of Pandora nouryi (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraecae), a pathogen of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Pandora nouryi discharged large numbers of primary conidia between 8 and 25°C from cadavers on the surface of water-agar. At 8°C conidial discharge lasted for 120 h, but most conidia were produced within 48 h when temperature was >15°C. Saturated humidity alone was not enough to allow for sporulation to occur freely and where RH?<?95%, no conidia were discharged. Light did not affect the pattern of conidial production nor the total number of conidia. Germination percentages of conidia on the surface of water-agar were 40 and 66% at 8 and 30°C, respectively, and were significantly lower than that at 15–25°C where germination was >95%. Conidia on leaves germinated well when RH?>?74%, while no germination occurred when RH?<?100% on cover slips. All eight insecticides tested entirely inhibited conidial germination at recommended doses (R), in particular, both the organophosphorus pesticides Lorsben (chlorpyrifos) and the organochlorine pesticides Thiodan (endosulfan) completely inhibited conidial germination even at 0.2R dose.     

飞虱虫疠霉分生孢子在不同温湿度组合条件下的存活率*

用荧光染色法研究了不同温度（１０～３０℃）和湿度（５１～１００％ＲＨ）组合条件下飞虱虫疠 霉 Ｐａｎｄｏｒａ ｄｅｌｐｈａｃｉｓ分生孢子的存活率。在无放回抽样观察中,孢子弹射后第２４ ｈ的存活 率在５１％、７４％、８５％、９０％、９５％和１００％ＲＨ与不同温度的组合中分别为４２～８１％、６９～８９％、７０～ ９５％、 ６７～１００％、 ７６～１００％和 ５６～１００％。存放４个月后,不同温度下的孢子存活率在 ５１％、 ７４％、 ８５％和 ９０％ＲＨ下分别为 ５５～７４％、 ５２～８７％、 ３８～７３％和 １～６５％。而在≥９５％ ＲＨ下孢子存活率 ２４ｈ 后锐减,至第７ ｄ几乎全部失活。以上结果表明,弹射后的飞虱虫疠霉孢子在头２４ ｈ的存活 易受低湿影响,但存活下来的孢子能继续在低湿下存活较久;饱和或接近饱和的高湿度最不 利孢子长久存活。     

薄皮干酪菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

大型真菌种质资源是国家种质资源库建设重要组成部分,为了充分开发利用大型真菌资源,对采自吉林省寒葱岭的一株野生菌进行分离纯化,并将获取的纯菌株作为实验材料。通过形态学和ITS序列分析,将其鉴定为薄皮干酪菌Tyromyces chioneus。本实验研究了固体培养条件下不同碳源、氮源、pH和温度对其菌丝生长的影响,并从4个单因素实验中选出3个最优水平进行正交实验。同时,在对其菌丝体最适培养条件研究结果的基础上,对其进行驯化栽培研究。结果表明,薄皮干酪菌的最适培养条件为：果糖(20 g/L)、酵母浸粉(2 g/L)、pH 4.0、温度30 ℃。正交实验结果表明,氮源对其菌丝体生长的影响最大,其次是碳源、pH和温度。驯化栽培结果表明,菌丝发菌时间为21 d;空气湿度为85%-95%,适量的散射光,降低温度至18-20 ℃刺激后原基逐步变成菇蕾,将温度、湿度分别提高至24-25 ℃、90%-98%,30 d后子实体成熟。通过本实验的研究为薄皮干酪菌的后续开发利用提供了基础实验数据。