食品微生物风险评估概述

食源性致病微生物是世界各国共同面临的公共卫生问题,食品微生物风险评估是国际上公认的用于制定有效的食品安全限量标准和监管措施的必要手段和科学基础,总目标是为了避免食品中致病微生物引起的食源性疾病的发生,保障食品安全。现简要概述微生物风险评估的发展现状,并阐述目前微生物风险评估领域存在的问题、可能的解决方案及可应用的技术手段,从而为我国食品微生物风险评估提供理论和技术参考。     

食品中沙门氏菌预测模型的研究进展

沙门氏菌作为引起细菌性食物中毒的主要食源性致病菌之一,引发了国内外一系列食品安全事件,对人类健康造成严重危害。应用预测微生物学理论知识,通过建立能够描述和预测特定微生物在一定条件下的生长和存活模型,可快速对食品的微生物安全性进行评估。笔者通过综述近年来国内外开展的沙门氏菌预测模型研究,列举了肉类、蛋类及蛋制品、牛奶及奶制品等食物中建立的生长模型与失活模型,概述了在动态变化环境下的生长模型研究以及界面模型研究的最新进展,最后对沙门氏菌预测模型的研究提出了展望。     

微生物鉴定技术在食品安全中的应用及其发展概述

随着生活水平的提高,人们对于食品安全卫生标准的需求越来越高。为了能够准确、客观地反映食品的安全卫生质量,必须加强微生物鉴定技术的应用。本文通过论述微生物鉴定技术在食品安全中的应用及其发展概述,希望对食品检测工作带来一定帮助。     

致病微生物应对环境胁迫形成的VBNC状态及其对风险评估的潜在影响

防止食源性致病菌对食品的污染是保障食品安全的重要策略之一。研究表明,环境胁迫下微生物可能形成"活的不可培养状态"(VBNC状态),成为食品安全的潜在风险。本文对致病微生物VBNC状态的最近发现进行了归纳和总结,重点分析了不同环境胁迫(包括自然胁迫以及食品加工和保藏过程中的各种胁迫等)因素下菌体进入VBNC状态的普遍性、诱导条件和生理特点等,并对现行的基于微生物可培养性而建立起来的常规检测方法的局限性及其对食品安全风险评估潜在影响进行了讨论。     

生物信息学在微生物中的应用

生物信息学是建立在生命科学和计算机数学基础上的综合学科，其本质是信息技术在生物学中的应用。对于微生物领域而言，生物信息学对数据的整理和应用可以极大地提升微生物研究的质量。因此，文章采用文献研究的方法，积极搜集生物信息学在微生物中的应用研究，首先概述了生物信息学的组成部分，然后对微生物学的建立与发展进行了详细说明，最后探讨了生物信息学在微生物生态学、环境微生物、农业微生物、微生物药物合成设计以及微生物致病基因5个方面的应用。     

预测微生物学的研究进展

简要介绍了预测微生物学模型的2个类型(品质预测模型和安全评估模型),特定腐败菌在微生物预测中的特殊作用,可追溯技术、温度综合函数和生物指示器等新技术在微生物预测中的应用,以及国外的预测模型库和国内的研究现状,展望了预测微生物学未来的发展趋势。     

分子生物学方法在食品微生物检测中的应用

近年来,食品安全受到广泛关注。及时、准确地检测出食品中的病原微生物是食品安全检测的重要内容,食品病原微生物的分子生物学检测技术因其特异性和灵敏性而备受瞩目。我们主要介绍了基因探针检测法、PCR检测法和基因芯片检测法的原理、开发及其在食品微生物检测中的应用。     

食品微生物学检验实验操作

食品微生物不但影响着食物的质量、口感,还关系着食品安全。一般情况下包括食品的微生物发酵(如蒸馒头)和食品中微生物的检验(如菌落种数、治病微生物检验等)。对于食品微生物的检验是不容忽视,必须有一种严谨、认真、细心的检验心态,微生物学检验实验亦应如此。做好微生物微观领域的研究,为人类提供更营养、更安全的食品。这就是食品微生物研究的目的,也是食品微生物检验的重点。本文通过对食品微生物检验实验的若干实验的总结,阐述了如何做好食品微生物的检验试验。     

欢迎订阅《微生物学通报》

《微生物学通报》创刊于1974年,是中国微生物学会和中国科学院微生物研究所主办,国内外公开发行,以微生物学应用基础研究及技术创新与应用为主的综合性学术期刊。刊登内容包括:基础微生物学研究,农业微生物学研究,工业微生物学研究,医学微生物学研究,食品微生物学研究,环境微生物学研究,微生物功能基因组研究,微生物蛋白组学研究,微生物模式菌株研究,微生物工程与药物研究,微生物技术成果产业化及微生物教学研究改革等。     

欢迎订阅《微生物学通报》

《微生物学通报》创刊于1974年,是中国科学院微生物研究所和中国微生物学会主办,国内外公开发行,以微生物学应用基础研究及技术创新与应用为主的综合性学术期刊。刊登内容包括:基础微生物学研究,农业微生物学研究,工业微生物学研究,医学微生物学研究,食品微生物学研究,环境微生物学研究,微生物功能基因组研究,微生物蛋白组学研究,微生物模式菌株研究,微生物工程与药物研究,微生物技术成果产业化及微生物教学研究改革等。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.