毕节喀斯特石漠化区野生植物资源及区系研究

为了明确毕节喀斯特石漠化地区的植物资源及区系特征,该研究于2018年、2019年分别采用样线和样方法对研究区的野生植物资源进行调查,同时通过标本采集、文献查阅等方法对研究区的植物资源及区系进行分析,为喀斯特石漠化治理及生态保护提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)研究区植物总计133科438属721种,其中蕨类10科13属16种,裸子植物7科9属11种,被子植物116科417属695种;被子植物中,单子叶植物15科75属121种,双子叶植物101科342属574种;珍稀濒危植物共35种,隶属于14科24属。(2)资源植物分类中,药用类植物121科339属516种,蜜源植物74科180属333种,食用类植物37科60属75种,观赏类植物75科146属209种,纤维类植物42科82属89种,淀粉和糖料类植物21科37属59种,芳香油类植物25科88属132种,油脂类植物63科117属144种,树脂及树胶类植物17科17属22种,鞣料类38科63属87种,其他植物资源合计68科128属155种。(3)植物区系上蕨类植物的科、属区系分化小,种子植物科的区系划分为9个分布区类型、9个亚型,以热带成分为主;属级水平上共15个分布区类型、20个亚型,属水平上温带成分占优势。研究表明,研究区植物资源种类丰富,植物区系具有温带和热带双重性质和过渡性特征。     

荣成大天鹅自然保护区泻湖湿地植物区系

在2004—2007年每年的7—9月4次实地调查及参考相关资料基础上,分析了山东荣成大天鹅自然保护区湿地植物区系的特征。区系中有单细胞浮游藻类59属192种,底栖多细胞大型海藻58属74种,维管束植物55科134属194种。区系中的单细胞浮游藻类包括近岸广布种116种、近岸暖水种31种、近岸温带种26种;维管束植物被划分为6大生态类群,包括盐生植物24种、水生植物22种、湿生植物35种、中生植物103种、旱生植物6种、沙生植物4种,保护区内湿地植被的建群种、优势种均为水生植物、湿生植物或盐生植物,反映了湿地植被的隐域性;维管束植物按照生活型划分,有20种高位芽植物、4种地上芽植物、54种地面芽植物、48种地下芽植物和68种1年生植物,其中地面芽植物、地下芽植物占区系植物总种数的比例较高,占52.58%,反映冷湿气候和局部低洼积水环境对区系的形成起较重要作用。维管束植物属有14个地理分布区类型,包括世界分布属42属、温带分布属55属、热带分布属30属、古地中海属2属、东亚分布属4属、中国特有分布属1属,其中世界分布属和温带分布属分别占区系维管束植物总属数的比例较高,分别为31.34%和41.04%,反映了湿地植被的隐域性和冷湿气候对湿地植被发育、分布的影响。     

辣根属和豆瓣菜属(十字花科)系统位置的分子证据

对十字花科葶苈族的辣根属、南芥族的豆瓣菜属及相关属种植物的叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列进行了测定分析。结果表明,辣根属植物与南芥族的山芥属、蔊菜属、豆瓣菜属、碎米荠属在系统发育树中聚成一支,与葶苈族的模式属葶苈属植物相隔较远,结合形态特征,本研究认为辣根属应从葶苈族移出,其系统位置应靠近山芥属、蔊菜属、豆瓣菜属、碎米荠属植物;此外,系统发育树中,豆瓣菜属植物并入碎米荠属中,表明二者具有更近的亲缘关系,本研究结果不支持《中国植物志》第33卷对辣根属和豆瓣菜属的系统位置的处理。     

乌头属植物化学成分、药理作用及其内生菌的研究进展

毛茛科乌头属植物广泛分布于北温带地区,具有重要的药用价值。乌头属植物主要的化学成分是生物碱,其中二萜生物碱是历来的研究热点。现代药理学研究证明,乌头属植物具有镇痛、抗炎、抗肿瘤及杀虫等作用。目前乌头属植物内生菌的研究也逐渐开展。本文对乌头属植物近年来报道的新的化学成分、药理研究和利用植物内生菌产生活性成分等进行了综述,可为乌头属植物的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

基于种皮形态和叶绿体trnL-F对菘蓝属（十字花科）的系统学位置研究

利用种皮微形态观察与叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列测定分析相结合,对十字花科菘蓝属植物及其相关属种的系统学关系进行了探讨.研究结果表明原属独行菜族的菘蓝属植物,其种皮特征与原属鸟头荠族的舟果荠属植物相似,同属一类型.而与独行菜族的模式属独行菜属植物、大蒜芥族的模式属大蒜芥属植物以及鸟头荠族的模式属鸟头荠属植物种皮微形态差异显著;在基于叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列所构建的系统发育树中,菘蓝属植物与舟果荠属植物距离最近,而与独行菜属、大蒜芥属、鸟头荠属植物具有一定的间隔,结合形态特征,本研究认为,菘蓝属与舟果荠属植物具有较近的亲缘关系,而不是同族的独行菜属植物.     

宽叶泽苔草萜类化学成分分析及其化学分类学意义

宽叶泽苔草Caldesia grandis隶属泽泻科Alismataceae,是一种珍稀濒危水生植物。其化学成分迄今未见报道。本文利用气质联用的方法鉴定了该植物的43种化学成分,并总结了已报道的其近缘泽泻属Alisma、慈姑属Sagittaria、刺果泽泻属Echinodorus植物的化学成分,据此进行化学分类学分析:它们的特征化学成分是二萜,宽叶泽苔草和泽泻属植物的二萜成分是处于二萜生源合成途径最顶端的kaurane类型;慈姑属植物的二萜成分既有处于该途径底端的clerodane型、中间的pimarene型,也有顶端的kaurane型、abietene型二萜;刺果泽泻属植物的二萜成分是处于该途径底端的clerodane型。宽叶泽苔草和泽泻属植物都有桉叶烷型和愈创木烷型的倍半萜。因此宽叶泽苔草和泽泻属植物的亲缘关系比慈姑属、刺果泽泻属植物的近,由此推测它们的进化层次可能依次是刺果泽泻属植物、慈姑属植物、泽泻属植物、宽叶泽苔草。     

历山自然保护区蔷薇科植物区系分析

蔷薇科是历山自然保护区种子植物的第一大科。该区有蔷薇科植物4亚科,23属,85种（含变种7）。在历山蔷薇科植物的区系组成中,优势属明显,尤以中等属突出,中等属占其蔷薇科植物总属数的43．48％,所含种数占该区蔷薇科植物总种数（包括变种）的75．29％。该区的蔷薇科植物从属、种层次上都表现出典型的温带性质,且以北温带性质为主;在属级、种级水平上,温带分布分别占该区蔷薇科植物总属数和总种数的95．45％、51．76％。该区蔷薇科植物属、种的特有现象不平衡,没有中国特有属,有中国特有种40种。     

贵州玉舍国家森林公园种子植物区系研究

玉舍国家森林公园位于贵州西部的六盘水市水城县南部。根据多年的考察、鉴定、资料整理和统计,有种子植物122科373属923种。通过对该区种子植物属的区系分析结果:有14个分布区类型17个变型。热带分布属105属,占总属数的30.97%,温带分布属223属,占总属数的65.78%。显示了该区温带成分的特性。植物区系成分复杂,起源古老,分布有许多单型属和古老的孑遗植物,共有珍稀植物19种,其中国家一级保护植物2种,国家二级保护植物8种,国家三级保护植物3种,尚未列入保护等级的有6种。     

初论中国兜兰属植物的保护策略及其潜在资源优势

兜兰属植物是最受人们喜爱的兰科植物之一 ,中国是兜兰属植物的主要产地。与世界其他地区一样 ,我国兜兰属植物也面临持续的商业采集压力。本文回顾了世界兜兰属植物的贸易、栽培和育种的历史 ,认为有菌播种方法可以更有效地保护兜兰属植物的多样性 ,同时也能够为兜兰属植物的人工栽培和育种提供新的手段。目前我国兜兰属植物一方面仍遭受各种人为因素的干扰 ,急需采取措施加以保护 ;另一方面对我国兜兰属植物的认识还不够全面和深入 ,还不能对人为因素影响的程度和范围作出客观的评价 ,特别是有关兜兰属植物的繁育技术还很薄弱。针对这种现状 ,作者提出在较长时期内我国兜兰属植物的保护策略宜以原地保护 (insituconservation)为主 ,同时积极开展有关兜兰属植物保护生物学的基础研究 ,大力发展和完善迁地保护 (exsituconservation)技术体系。最后 ,讨论了我国兜兰属植物的潜在资源和生态等方面的优势。     

北京山区野生维管束植物区系

在北京山区共有高等植物1166种(含变种、变型),隶属于122科、503属;其中蕨类植物17科、26属、62种(变种),裸子植物3科、7属、7种;双子叶植物88科、371属、863种(变种);单子叶植物14科、99属、234种(变种)。优势科属的统计表明,本区维管束植物一方面集中于菊科、蔷薇科等一些世界性大科之中,同时又向少种科、单种科分散。在北京山区共调查到1个单种科,6个单属科。本区分布的单种属和寡种属共72个,其中单种属有31个。种子植物属的分布区类型占有全国植物科的15个分布区类型,以温带成分的属为主,其占种子植物总属数的55.34%;其次是泛热带分布类型,共计60属,占总属12.6%,中国特有分布的属有11属,占总属数的2.31%,所占比例较小。     

煤炭开采对野生植物物种丰富度和物种组成的影响

煤炭开采引发的生态环境破坏早已引起关注,对其破坏机理和修复方法进行研究显得非常重要。本文探讨了煤炭开采对野生植物物种丰富度和物种组成成分的影响。从分布在晋西北地区的338个煤矿中,随机选择16个煤矿作为研究对象,调查了煤炭采空区和非采空区地面的野生植物物种,用Gleason丰富度指数分析了煤矿采空区和非采空区的野生植物物种丰富度差异,同时用Srensen指数分析了煤炭采空区野生植物物种组成成分和非采空区植物物种组成成分的相似性。结果表明:煤炭开采造成了野生植物物种数的减少,采空区的野生物种丰富度明显少于非采空区;煤炭开采也造成了野生植物物种组成成分的变化,采空区和非采空区的野生植物物种组成成分出现明显差异。     

云南普洱市野生果类植物资源研究

初步查明普洱市常见的野生果类植物有59种,隶属于25科37属。对部分特色野果作了叙述,并阐述了野生果类植物开发利用的现状,提出了合理开发利用野生果类植物资源的建议。     

Plant evolution can mediate negative effects from honey bees on wild pollinators

1. Pollinators are introduced to agroecosystems to provide pollination services. Introductions of managed pollinators often promote ecosystem services, but it remains largely unknown whether they also affect evolutionary mutualisms between wild pollinators and plants.
2. Here, we developed a model to assess effects of managed honey bees on mutualisms between plants and wild pollinators. Our model tracked how interactions among wild pollinators and honey bees affected pollinator and plant populations.
3. We show that when managed honey bees have a competitive advantage over wild pollinators, or a greater carrying capacity, the honey bees displace the wild pollinator. This leads to reduced plant density because plants benefit less by visits from honey bees than wild pollinators that coevolved with the plants.
4. As wild pollinators are displaced, plants evolve by increasing investment in traits that are attractive for honey bees but not wild pollinators. This evolutionary switch promotes wild pollinator displacement. However, higher mutualism investment costs by the plant to the honey bee can promote pollinator coexistence.
5. Our results show plant evolution can promote displacement of wild pollinators by managed honey bees, while limited plant evolution may lead to pollinator coexistence. More broadly, effects of honey bees on wild pollinators in agroecosystems, and effects on ecosystem services, may depend on the capacity of plant populations to evolve.

     

普通野生稻中增产相关QTL的发掘

普通野生稻(Oryza Rufipogon)是重要的遗传资源,发掘其优良等位基因将对水稻遗传改良产生重要影响。文章从以珍汕97为轮回亲本,普通野生稻为供体的BC2F1群体中选择一个与珍汕97表型明显不同的单株BC2F1-15,经过连续自交获得回交重组自交系BC2F5群体。均匀分布于12条染色体的126个多态性SSR(Simplesequence repeats)标记基因型分析,发现BC2F1-15单株在30%的标记位点为杂合基因型;利用该群体共检测到4个抽穗期、3个株高、4个每穗颖花数、2个千粒重和1个单株产量QTL。在第7染色体RM481-RM2区间,检测到抽穗期、每穗颖花数和产量QTL,野生稻等位基因表现增效作用;其他3个每穗颖花数QTL位点,野生稻等位基因也均具有增效作用。结果表明野生稻携带有增产相关的等位基因,这些有利等位基因无疑是水稻遗传改良可资利用的新资源。     

湖北大洪山野生植物资源调查研究

大洪山位于湖北省中北部,地处中纬度北亚热带季风气候带,植物种类非常丰富。初步统计大洪山共有野生资源植物1137种,隶属于132科、529属。对大洪山的野生植物资源按其性质和用途分为观赏植物、能源植物、药用植物、油脂植物、蜜源植物、纤维植物、淀粉及糖类植物、芳香植物、鞣料植物、饲用植物、土农药植物、树脂及树胶植物,并对其进行了统计和分析。文中列举了一些有代表性、经济价值较高的植物种类,分析了该地区野生植物资源的特点及存在问题,提出了合理开发利用植物资源的建议。     

A comparison of the wild food plant use knowledge of ethnic minorities in Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve, Yunnan, SW China

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Wild food plants (WFPs) contribute to the nutrition, economy and even cultural identity of people in many parts of the world. Different factors determine the preference and use of WFPs such as abundance, availability, cultural preference, economic conditions, shortage periods or unsecure food production systems. Understanding these factors and knowing the patterns of selection, use and cultural significance and value of wild food plants for local communities is helpful in setting priorities for conservation and/or domestication of these plants. Thus in this study knowledge of wild food plant use among four groups namely Dai, Lahu, Hani and Mountain Han in Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve ((NRWNNR), Xishuangbanna were documented and analyzed to find the similarity and difference among their plant use. METHODS: Data on wild food plant use was collected through freelisting and semi-structured interviews and participatory field collection and direct observation. Botanical plant sample specimens were collected, prepared, dried and identified. RESULTS: A total of 173 species and subspecies from 64 families and one species of lichen (Ramalina sp.) are used as WFP. There were differences on the saliency of wild food plant species among four ethnic groups. Consensus analysis revealed that knowledge of wild food plant use for each ethnic group differs from others with some variation in each group. Among informant attributes only age was related with the knowledge if wild food plant use, whereas no significant relationship was found between gender and age*gender and informants knowledge of wild food plant use. CONCLUSION: Wild food plants are still used extensively by local people in the NRWNNR, some of them on a daily base. This diversity of wild food plants provide important source of nutrients for the local communities which much of their caloric intake comes from one or few crops. The results also show the role of ethnicity on the preference and use of wild food plants. There is a big potential for harvesting, participatory domestication and marketing of WFPs especially in the tourism sector in the area.     

北京市房山区野生植物资源及濒危植物保护策略

北京市房山区植被丰富,以暖温带落叶阔叶林为主,并混生温带针叶林,表现出明显的垂直地带性分布。通过对北京市房山区进行野生植物资源调查,统计出共有野生植物80科,259属,409种,同时分析了房山区野生植物资源在园林中的潜在应用价值;另外,通过对比相关濒危植物资料,总结出房山区的濒危植物21种,并就重点保护植物保护策略进行探讨。     

Ethnobotanical Study of Edible Wild Plants in Some Selected Districts of Ethiopia

The ethnobotanical study on edible wild plants was carried out from May to December, 2001, in four districts of Ethiopia. The study areas included the rural and semiurban settings of Alamata, Cheha, Goma, and Yilmana Denssa districts of Tigray, Southern Peoples, Oromiya, and Amhara regional states, respectively. Voucher plant specimens were collected along with ethnobotanical information, and scientific names were determined. One hundred and fifty two plant parts from 130 species were recognized and consumed in these districts. Children consumed more wild plants during seasons of food availability (sufficient crop stock) than adults. There was marked increase in quantity and number of wild plant species consumed during food shortage and famine. A few of the reportedly edible species caused health problems that sometimes lead to fatality. Research into the safety and nutritional composition of edible wild plants and fungi is warranted. Selected edible wild plant species should be promoted as supplements to dietary variety and/or bridging the hungry periods of food shortage.     

Pollinator sharing between mass-flowering oilseed rape and co-flowering wild plants: implications for wild plant pollination

Pollinating insects are not only important in wild plant pollination, but also in the production of a large number of crops. Oilseed rape production is increasing globally due to demands for biofuels which may have impacts on pollinating insects which visit the crop and on the pollination services delivered to co-flowering wild plants. In this study, we tested (1) the degree of pollinator sharing between oilseed rape and native wild plants in field margins and hedgerows and (2) the effects of oilseed rape on the quality of pollination service delivered to these wild plants. We found large overlap between flower visitors of wild plants and oilseed rape, but the composition of species overlap differed with respect to each wild plant species. Nearly all individual visitors caught on both the crop and foraging on wild species carried crop pollen, but more than half the insects also carried pollen from wild plants. However, very little oilseed rape pollen was deposited on wild plant stigmas. This shows that (1) oilseed rape overlaps in pollinator niche with most co-flowering wild plants, and (2) crop pollen deposition on wild plant stigmas is low which may indicate that it is unlikely to cause reductions in seed set of wild plants, although this was not measured here. Furthermore, wild plants in field margins and hedgerows are important sources of alternative forage for pollinating insects even when a crop is mass flowering, and we suggest maintenance and augmentation of field margins and hedgerows to provide alternative forage for pollinator conservation to continue provision of pollination services to both crops and wild plants.     

安太堡矿废弃地侵入野生植物及对生态系统的影响

安太堡矿是我国最大、世界上少有的超大型露天煤矿 ,采煤使生态系统遭到严重破坏 ,恢复与重建人工生态系统的同时 ,野生植物相继侵入 ,本文介绍了侵入野生植物组成、资源类型及对人工生态系统的影响 ,说明野生植物对生态系统恢复与重建的必要性