不同脱钙条件下三种脱钙液脱钙效果的比较

目的探讨在常温和加温脱钙条件下,甲酸混合液、Alexander硝酸甲醛液及Jenking脱钙液的脱钙效果和染色结果。方法取小鼠膝关节骨组织分为6份,根据脱钙条件和脱钙液的不同,分为常温脱钙组合加温脱钙组两组。常温脱钙组:三种脱钙液常温(25℃)脱钙48h并石蜡切片HE染色;加温脱钙组:三种脱钙液70℃温箱脱钙6h并石蜡切片HE染色,并分别观察骨组织在不同脱钙液及脱钙条件下的脱钙效果及染色结果。结果常温(25℃)脱钙组标本中,经甲酸混合液脱钙的骨组织较难切片,染色较差;经Alexander硝酸甲醛液脱钙的骨组织较易切片,染色较差;经Jenking脱钙液脱钙的骨组织较易切片,染色较好。加温脱钙组标本中,经甲酸混合液脱钙的骨组织较易切片,染色较好;经Alexander硝酸甲醛液脱钙的骨组织较易切片,染色一般;经Jenking脱钙液脱钙的骨组织较易切片,染色较好。结论不同的脱钙液种类及脱钙条件对脱钙及染色结果有较大的影响,标本经三种脱钙液加温脱钙后,使脱钙时间大大缩短,减少了酸对组织的破坏,在脱钙效果及染色结果方面,均要优于常温脱钙,而Jenking脱钙液无论在常温和加温条件下的脱钙和染色效果均要优于其它两种脱钙液,有一定的应用价值。     

脱钙对鼠颅骨标本中肥大细胞组织化学与免疫组织化学染色的影响

目的:探讨脱钙对鼠颅骨标本中肥大细胞组织化学与免疫组织化学染色影响.方法:用不同脱钙液处理小鼠颅骨标本,组织切片后进行苏木素一伊红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、醛品红染色以及免疫组织化学染色.结果:经过不同脱钙液处理后的颅骨组织切片组织结构保存完好,肥大细胞的组织化学染色(甲苯胺蓝和醛品红染色),及肥大细胞中胰蛋白酶的免疫组织化学染色清晰.结论:不同脱钙液(8%盐酸脱钙液、EDTA脱钙液、混合酸脱钙液)处理不影响鼻腔粘膜中肥大细胞的组织化学和免疫组织化学染色.     

对胸鳍棘鉴定鱼类年龄方法的技术改进——简易脱钙切片法

用大鳍Hu、粗唇Wei、瓦氏黄颡鱼等的胸鳍棘作为实验材料,用1％－5％的硝酸脱钙切片后,鉴定年龄。为适应大规模的年龄鉴定,对常规的组织切片步骤和时间进行了简化、缩短。与传统的锯片法及磨片法相比,该方法易于操作,有助于准确的年龄鉴定、年轮半径测量和生长推算,特别适用于中、小型无鳞鱼类的年龄鉴定。     

脱钙方法与脱钙液的选择及应用

骨 ,含有骨质的肿瘤及钙化组织和骨髓穿刺组织 ,均需经脱钙处理 ,钙盐被溶解 ,组织变软后才能制作切片。脱钙方法和脱钙液的选择与骨组织切片的制作质量有着密切的联系。1 骨的成分与结构骨是由粘多糖和一些蛋白纤维构成骨样组织及沉积于其中的无机盐所组成 ,无机盐以羟基磷灰石结晶的形式存在 ,其中绝大部分是磷酸钙和碳酸钙。2 脱钙机理脱钙是应用化学或物理化学的方法将骨组织成分中的钙盐与胶原纤维分离 ,弃去钙盐 ,保留完整的胶原纤维成分。无论使用何种方法和脱钙液都是为了清除骨组织中的钙盐。脱钙时间若太短 ,有钙盐沉着 ,组织切…     

塔里木兔年龄鉴定指标的研究

本文对塔里木兔的体重、体长、颅全长、颧宽、门齿孔长、下颌骨长和晶体干重等７项生长指标进行了主分量分析,确定了各项指标在年龄鉴定价值上的排序,结果显示用颅全长（因子负荷量０．９８）鉴定塔里木兔的年龄比较合理。     

青藏铁路对雄性藏羚行为时间分配的影响

行为时间分配是动物对资源获取和风险防御的权衡,受到诸多因素影响。本研究采用目标动物观察法记录了可可西里冬季（交配季）雄性藏羚的行为表现,并将行为分为觅食、警戒、卧息、移动和“其他”5种类型。首先,本文通过对比青藏铁路运营前后两个交配季（2003-2004年建设期和2017-2018年运行期）之间雄性藏羚的行为时间分配差异,探讨青藏铁路的出现对雄性藏羚行为的影响。随后,基于2017-2018年交配季雄性藏羚的行为数据,分析了年龄对其行为时间分配的影响。结果表明：与建设期相比,雄性藏羚的觅食和“其他”行为时间比例明显增加,而警戒和卧息的行为时间比例显著降低,这说明铁路稳定运营后对雄性藏羚的影响降低。交配群中成年雄性藏羚的警戒、移动,以及“其他”行为中的繁殖行为的时间比例显著高于亚成体,而觅食和卧息行为时间比例显著低于亚成体, 这与交配群中不同年龄雄性个体所处的地位等级有关。成年雄性藏羚在交配群中占据主导地位,拥有更多配偶资源,增加警戒和移动,减少觅食和卧息有助于其维持交配群的稳定。     

骨髓活检组织EBER原位杂交检测影响因素分析

目的探讨骨髓活检组织行EBV encoded RNA(EBER)原位杂交检测的影响因素,优化检测条件以期提高骨髓活检组织中EB 病毒的检出率。方法收集35 例EB 病毒相关疾病的骨髓活检标本,通过对比实验,比较不同脱钙方法、不同蛋白酶K 消化条件、不同抗体孵育温度下的骨髓活检组织行EBER 原位杂交检测的切片质量、脱片率及染色质量情况。结果脱钙以运用改良EDTA 脱钙液脱钙20~24h 后流水冲洗30min^1h 最佳;蛋白酶K 消化时间为9min 的组织切片脱片率低,杂交效果最好,阳性细胞着色深,定位准确;在37℃条件下进行抗体孵育杂交染色质量为佳。结论选取合适的脱钙方式,延长蛋白酶K 消化时间,选择最佳抗体孵育温度,可降低脱片率,显著提高骨髓活检组织行EBER 原位杂交检测的染色质量,为EBV 相关疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断提供重要依据。     

藏羚交配群成员间亲缘关系及遗传多样性分析

藏羚(Pantholops hodgsonii)是青藏高原特有物种,多集群生活且具有典型的性别分离现象。除交配季节外,雌雄两性个体组成的同性集群分开活动。本研究于2021年12月下旬在三江源国家公园可可西里片区以藏羚集群为单元采集了32个集群共188份新鲜粪便样品,利用多态性较高的10个微卫星位点进行亲缘关系鉴定与遗传多样性分析。结果表明：(1) 188份新鲜粪便样品来自145只藏羚个体,其中10只藏羚个体(8只雌羚,2只雄羚)出现更换集群现象,导致前后集群发生变化。结合野外实地记录,推测藏羚交配群的变化存在3种方式：集群解散,雄性个体离开(加入),雌性个体离开(加入)。新加入的藏羚个体与原集群成员间的亲缘关系较远。雄性藏羚更换的集群中雌性个体均多于之前的集群,能够获得更多交配机会。(2) 10个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数为16.1,平均多态信息含量为0.766。观测杂合度(Ho) 0.607～0.993,平均值为0.819;期望杂合度(He) 0.575～0.930,平均值为0.798,表明藏羚种群遗传多样性丰富。(3)经过亲缘关系鉴定,种群内所有亲子关系中14对(43.75%)发生...     

藏羚的分布与迁移

2003年7月至8月调查了藏羚的分布区及其生活习性,并对藏羚的迁移活动进行了总结。提出雌藏羚的迁移是以昆仑山为中心,分布在昆仑山南面的雌藏羚夏季至秋初在北方产仔,其它季节在南方交配栖息,因此两地间存在往返迁移。分布在昆仑山北面的雌藏羚的迁移活动正好与之相反。同时,讨论了人类活动对藏羚栖息造成的影响,认为遏制“沙图什”的消费,禁止藏羚分布区的一切人类活动是保护藏羚的有效措施。     

藏羚

<正>雌性藏羚具有长距离生殖迁移的习性,季节性往返于冬季栖息地与夏季产羔地之间。青海可可西里国家级保护区内的卓乃湖和太阳湖是已知藏羚最重要的产羔地之一,每年聚集了来自青海三江源、西藏羌塘和新疆阿尔金山不同地理种群的藏羚。图片拍摄于8月三江源种群于卓乃湖产羔后返回三江源冬季栖息地的途中,图片中央为一对藏羚母子,藏羚幼体尚在哺乳期。本图片拍摄地位于青藏公路K2996可可西里国家级自然保护区一侧,藏羚将先后跨越青藏公路和青藏铁路返回家园。     

云南禄丰古猿产地的獾类化石

记述了云南禄丰古猿产地的一些獾类化石,主要据其牙齿和下颌特征订为食肉目、鼬科、獾亚科中一个新的属种——禄丰云南獾(Yunnanotherium lufengense gen.et sp.nov.)。从M1的冠面和牙根的特征看,可把宗冠福1991年提出、1997年所订的Trochotherium yuanmouense 1)的1枚M1(另1枚所谓m2经本文作者鉴定不属于这类动物)以及在元谋雷老发现的1枚M1和1枚m2放入这个属中。另外,产自禄丰古猿产地D剖面6层的1枚单个的m1也可归入这个属中。云南獾与欧洲的Trochotherium在牙齿(主要是M1)方面有某种程度的相像(如冠面较平坦、齿尖较低、齿根多),都是一类主要以软体动物为生的食肉动物,但二者之间在牙齿(特别是M1)的结构和下颌形态方面仍有明显的区别。这可能与二者所生长的时代以及生态环境不同有关。     

An On-the-Slide Procedure for Microscopic Observation During Decalcification of Sections

A thin section of tooth was cemented to a microscope slide with Kodak 910 Adhesive and ground down to a thickness of approximately 6 μ The section was covered with a thin layer of dental impression material by squeezing it out under cellophane, using pressure on a second microscope slide. A channel was cut in the impression material exposing a portion of the tooth substance. The channel was covered with a coverglass enabling decalcifying solutions to be passed over the exposed area of the tooth and the section to be observed at the same time. This procedure enables sections of calcified tissue to be decalcified very slowly and the histological changes to be observed microscopically.     

Estimating the distribution of probable age-at-death from dental remains of immature human fossils

In two historic longitudinal growth studies, Moorrees et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (1963) 99-108; J Dent Res 42 (1963) 1490-1502) presented the "mean attainment age" for stages of tooth development for 10 permanent tooth types and three deciduous tooth types. These findings were presented graphically to assess the rate of tooth formation in living children and to age immature skeletal remains. Despite being widely cited, these graphical data are difficult to implement because there are no accompanying numerical values for the parameters underlying the growth data. This analysis generates numerical parameters from the data reported by Moorrees et al. by digitizing 358 points from these tooth formation graphs using DataThief III, version 1.5. Following the original methods, the digitized points for each age transition were conception-corrected and converted to the logarithmic scale to determine a median attainment age for each dental formation stage. These values are subsequently used to estimate age-at-death distributions for immature individuals using a single tooth or multiple teeth, including estimates for 41 immature early modern humans and 25 immature Neandertals. Within-tooth variance is calculated for each age estimate based on a single tooth, and a between-tooth component of variance is calculated for age estimates based on two or more teeth to account for the increase in precision that comes from using additional teeth. Finally, we calculate the relative probability of observing a particular dental formation sequence given known-age reference information and demonstrate its value in estimating age for immature fossil specimens.     

Increasing human tooth length between birth and 5.4 years

Most previous studies of tooth development have used fractional stages of tooth formation to construct growth standards suitable for aging juvenile skeletal material. A simple alternative for determining dental age is to measure tooth length throughout development. In this study, data on tooth length development are presented from 63 individuals of known age at death, between birth and 5.4 years, from an archeological population recovered from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. Isolated developing teeth (304 deciduous, 269 permanent) were measured in millimeters and plotted against individual age. Regression equations to estimate age from a given tooth length, are presented for each deciduous maxillary and mandibular tooth type and for permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and first permanent molars. Data on the earliest age of root completion of deciduous teeth and initial mineralization and crown completion of some permanent teeth in this sample are given, as well as the average crown height and total tooth length from a small number of unworn teeth. This method provides an easy, quantitative and objective measure of dental formation appropriate for use by archeologists and anthropologists. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The developing dentition and tooth structure in hominoids

This review of hominoid dental development is presented in two parts. The first section reviews (1) the general relationship between dental development and life history in hominoids; (2) the methods used to document dental development, and (3) the nature of incremental growth markings in hominoid teeth. The second section builds on this and reviews the contributions to hominoid dental development that have been made by (1) studies of tooth emergence; (2) studies of tooth calcification stages, and (3) histological studies of incremental growth markings made either from sections of teeth or replicas of early hominid teeth prepared for scanning electron microscopy.     

African elephant age determination from teeth: validation from known individuals

We assess tooth‐based age criteria for African elephants developed by Laws in relation to known‐aged individuals in the Amboseli elephant population. Laws’s technique remains a robust and useful mechanism for age determination, although we suggest revisions to the oldest age categories. Blind age assignment to jaws of unknown sex using the Laws criteria resulted in misclassification of M4 and M5; measures overlapped too much to differentiate these teeth by sex. Sexes could be reliably distinguished after age 30 or XIX in tooth category by two measures: mandible thickness and width of the ascending ramus, but individuals of the same known age differed in tooth wear and progression rates. Such variation needs to be incorporated in the error assigned to tooth age categories. Ages at death of found jaws (n = 266) were similar to results of survival analysis from all demographic data (n = 2455), excluding calves whose jaws decompose because of weathering and scavengers. Jaw‐based models of age at death need correction for the inability to detect this early mortality, which artificially extends mean longevity by up to 6 years.     

Field age determination of leopards by tooth wear

Age determination is an important tool in wildlife studies. Estimating the age of animals in the field using tooth wear criteria may be subject to error as a result of variations between individuals, habitats and populations. Data on age estimation of leopards and tooth wear characteristics are lacking. Nineteen leopards in Namibia were assessed for tooth eruption and wear. Between 1991 and 1995 leopards (including 13 individuals of known age) were monitored at one year intervals ('28 leopard years') to record age and tooth wear. At the age of two years leopards had fully developed dentition. Wear started with the incisors and canines, and spread to the premolars and molars. A chronology of tooth eruption and wear in relation to age is presented. Above the age of three years, male leopards showed higher frequencies of enamel flaking and canine fractures than females.     

大鼠肾被膜微环境对牙齿发育的诱导作用

目的 为探索一种组织工程化牙齿异位培养的理想环境,检测全牙胚、牙乳头及成釉器在肾被膜环境下的发育能力.方法 利用剖腹产取出胚龄18 d的大鼠胎儿,显微外科分离牙胚,并将之进一步分为牙乳头和成釉器两部分.使用特制玻璃移植管分别将获得的全牙胚、牙乳头及成釉器植入异体大鼠肾被膜下.2周后取出培养物,HE染色观察其发育情况.结果 在肾被膜微环境下,全牙胚在肾被膜下发育良好,形成较为完整的牙齿形态和结构,单独的牙乳头可以形成牙本质,而单独的成釉器无法形成特定形态的牙冠,也无法分化成釉质.结论 证明肾被膜下是牙齿异位生长的适宜环境,ED18后成釉器发育仍然受到牙乳头调控,与此相反,牙乳头发育不再依赖成釉器的信号.     

Accuracy and precision in estimation of age of Norwegian Arctic polar bears (Ursus maritimus) using dental cementum layers from known-age individuals

Validation of age estimation from tooth cementum growth layers was conducted for 32 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of known age, by two readers. Both readers correctly estimated age for 24% of the bears, and 50–53% were within the year of correct age. The age of young animals (age 1–8) was overestimated, while ages for bears over 8 years were underestimated. Comparison between the readings of the two readers indicated that the precision was low. Further, one of the readers reread tooth slides earlier prepared and read by another age estimation laboratory. There was a large discrepancy between these readings indicating a bias in the ages estimated. We conclude that age estimation of polar bears can be difficult, particularly in populations where individuals may forage throughout the year. As tooth growth layers may deposit differently for bears from different areas, and as different laboratories may read the same slides according to different criteria, an evaluation of the methods should be conducted for all populations, based on a significant number of tooth slides, with a broad age range, from animals of known age.     

Relationship of Tooth Wear to Chronological Age among Indigenous Amazon Populations

In indigenous populations, age can be estimated based on family structure and physical examination. However, the accuracy of such methods is questionable. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate occlusal tooth wear related to estimated age in the remote indigenous populations of the Xingu River, Amazon. Two hundred and twenty three semi-isolated indigenous subjects with permanent dentition from the Arara (n = 117), Xicrin-Kayapó (n = 60) and Assurini (n = 46) villages were examined. The control group consisted of 40 non-indigenous individuals living in an urban area in the Amazon basin (Belem). A modified tooth wear index was applied and then associated with chronological age by linear regression analysis. A strong association was found between tooth wear and chronological age in the indigenous populations (p <0.001). Tooth wear measurements were able to explain 86% of the variation in the ages of the Arara sample, 70% of the Xicrin-Kaiapó sample and 65% of the Assurini sample. In the urban control sample, only 12% of ages could be determined by tooth wear. These findings suggest that tooth wear is a poor estimator of chronological age in the urban population; however, it has a strong association with age for the more remote indigenous populations. Consequently, these findings suggest that a simple tooth wear evaluation method, as described and applied in this study, can be used to provide a straightforward and efficient means to assist in age determination of newly contacted indigenous groups.