嘉陵江大鳍鳠的年龄和生长的研究

1986年5月至1987年12月,在嘉陵江水系采集大鳍鳠标本926尾,鉴定了826尾鱼的年龄,用比较对照法证明了所鉴定年龄的有效性。分析了渔获物的年龄组成。用电子计算机计算了棘切片“半径”与体长的相关关系式,优选出最适的生长方程,并进行了生长推算。根据体长、体重生长方程计算了各龄理论体长、体重值、生长指标和年增积量。讨论了大鳍鳠年轮形成的原因和与年轮形成有关的物质基础,并肯定了用鳍棘脱钙切片的方法研究小型(鱼危)类的年龄和生长是可靠易行的。     

一种呈多色反应的徒手切片染色剂

徒手切片法是指用刀片将新鲜的或固定的材料（一般为植物材料)切成薄片的方法,因其方法简便、制片迅速并能及时观察植物组织生活状态下的结构而成为组织化学、生物鉴定、教学实验及科研选材的常用方法。常用的徒手切片染色剂如质量分数1％番红水溶液、质量分数1％苯胺蓝溶液及0．5％固绿溶液只     

建立PCR-CE-RFLP方法快速诊断女性生殖道的细菌感染

目的建立PCR-CE-RFLP方法直接检测女性生殖道感染标本中的细菌,为临床提供快速、准确的诊断依据。方法利用细菌16SrRNA集保守性和变异性于一体的特点,合成1对通用引物,其上游5’端用5＇-FAM标记。将8株已知菌和38例临床诊断为生殖道炎症的标本及其培养物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ消化,经毛细管电泳（CE）通过限制性片断长度多态性分析（RFLP）来鉴定不同病原菌。结果（1）已知菌株PCR扩增阳性率为75％（6／8）、生殖道感染标本的PCR扩增阳性率为79％（30／38）,毛细管电泳阳性率两者均为100％。（2）已知菌株PER扩增产物的5’端HaeⅢ完全酶切片段的毛细管电泳结果,与电子克隆产物的酶切片段基本一致。（3）用传统培养检测法在生殖道能检出的常见致病菌,实验用PCR-CE-RFLP法同样也能检出。（4）实验还发现数种传统培养法未检出的细菌。结论PCR-CE-RFLP法比传统的细菌培养法具有快速、准确、灵敏的优点,比传统方法缩短20h,可用于临床标本的直接鉴定。     

用子房整体透明法和微分干涉差显微镜研究水稻的胚胎发育

水稻的胚囊处于胚珠组织的包围之中,外面还有子房壁,以往观察子房都是用切片的方法.切片制作的过程相当繁杂,并且需要掌握熟练的染色技术。根据连续切片来建立立体概念也需要经验。为了寻找观察胚囊结构的简便方法,人们曾提出过胚珠水解压片法、整体解剖法、酶分离法等,但也需要精细的手工操作,并且不能保证每个子房或胚珠都可获得其中的胚囊。整体透明是个比较好的方法,Herr采用胚珠整体透明法在相差和干涉显微镜下观察一些植物的大孢子母细胞、大孢子和早期的胚囊;Young用此法鉴定buffelgrass的无融合生殖过程     

酵母菌快速鉴定新方法:用DHPA法及ID 32C试条鉴定酵母菌

目的：建立酵母菌快速鉴定新方法。方法：依据双歧鉴定法和层次分析原理建立DHPA法，用DHPA法及ID32C试条鉴定酵母菌。结果：DHPA法和32C法对酵母菌63个KIU鉴定的正确性均为100％。DHPA法与32C法对酵母菌3759个试验编码分析的总符合率为81．5％。结论：DHPA法解决了32C法存在的缺码或不能鉴定问题，是酵母菌准确、快速、简便、经济和实用的鉴定方法。     

小鼠早期胚胎性别鉴定的研究

用改进的细胞遗传学方法制备染色体标本,鉴定了小鼠晚期桑椹胚(晚桑)、囊胚和扩展囊胚(扩囊)的性别。在实验中,利用小鼠早期胚胎染色体标本制备的理想实验参数,鉴定了242枚小鼠晚桑、囊胚和扩囊的性别,性别鉴定成功率分别为80.4％、99.0％和94.5％。以细胞遗传学方法鉴定小鼠早期胚胎性别的结果为标准,得出用间接免疫荧光法和PCR(聚合酶链反应)扩增SRY(y染色体的性别决定期)部分序列法分别鉴定100枚和26枚小鼠胚胎性别的准确率相应地为74.0％和92.3％。     

基于骨龄学方法鉴定吐鲁番沙虎的年龄

基于113个标本的吻肛长频次数据,初步划分吐鲁番沙虎(Teratoscincus roborowskii)的年龄组,各年龄组共选取54例个体,分别截取第2右前趾骨第3趾节,用常规石蜡切片法进行了骨龄学鉴定。同时,根据野外标记重捕方法获得个体的形态学生长指标来验证年龄组划分的合理性。结果表明,吐鲁番沙虎雌雄个体间吻肛长差异不显著,可以合并进行年龄鉴定;吐鲁番沙虎的吻肛长和骨龄间有显著的相关性;对于小于6龄的个体,骨龄学的方法适用于吐鲁番沙虎年龄的鉴定。     

整块染色法在生物切片制作中的应用

整块染色法在生物切片制作中的应用为了制作大量教学切片，我们用块染法略加改进将羊和兔的肝、脾、胃肠、软骨等２０余种不同器官组织块固定于Ａ、Ｄ、Ｎ固定液（无水酒精、蒸馏水和硝酸）中固定２４ｈ、经７０％和５０％酒精以及蒸馏水洗涤，染于０．１％碘酸钠—一苏木...     

厚颌鲂年龄材料的比较

对长江上游特有鱼类厚颌鲂的鳞片和骨组织中的耳石、鳃盖骨、匙骨、基枕骨五种材料的形态结构及年轮特征进行了研究,对用不同材料鉴定年龄的优缺点和鉴定结果进行了比较,认为鳞片、耳石和基枕骨是鉴定厚颌鲂年龄的较理想材料,用鳞片和基枕骨鉴定年龄结果的相符率为95．5％;鳞径和骨径均与体长呈线性关系,并以鳞片和基枕骨为材料进行了生长退算,以骨径进行生长退算更接近于实测值,能更好地反映实际情况。     

珠江三角洲黄毛鼠种群年龄鉴定及年龄组成的研究

本文以眼球晶体干重,牙齿磨损度和牙齿切片观察白垩质沉积环的方法,鉴定黄毛鼠的年龄。探讨了晶体干重与年龄组之间的线性关系,将3337只黄毛鼠划分为5个年龄组,同时分析了不同月份的种群年龄组成,可以反映种群动态和繁殖特征的趋势。通过实验证明了牙齿切片观察臼齿白垩质沉积环,用来鉴别年龄,对寿命短的动物,特别对于啮齿动物可行性不大。     

Pectoral fin size in a fish species with paternal care: a condition-dependent sexual trait revealing infection status

1. The three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., is a territorial fish with exclusive male parental care. Males oxygenate the eggs with fanning movements of their pectoral fins. The present authors investigated whether the apparent sexual differences in the functional demands of the pectoral fins have resulted in sexual differences in fin size. If males have relatively larger pectoral fins, females may use this as a signal to aid their mate choice for good fathers. Therefore, further objectives were to study the condition-dependency of relative pectoral fin size in males and the relationship with male parasite load. 2. Reproductively active males possessed relatively larger pectoral fins than females in both wild-caught and laboratory-bred fish. 3. In the field, caring males with relatively large pectoral fins were in better physical condition and had more food in their stomachs. 4. Relatively small pectoral fins and poor body condition were associated with infection by the intestinal parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala), the prevalent parasite species in the study population.     

A Three-Dimensional Kinematics Analysis of a Koi Carp Pectoral Fin by Digital Image Processing

Pectoral fins fascinate researchers for their important role in fish maneuvers. By possessing a complicated flexible structure with several fin rays made by a thin film, the fin exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) motion. The complex 3D fin kinematics makes it challenging to study the performance of pectoral fin. Nevertheless, a detailed study on the 3D motion pattern of pectoral fins is necessary to the design and control of a bio-inspired fin rays. Therefore, a highspeed photography system is introduced in this paper to study the 3D motion of a Koi Carp by analyzing the two views of its pectoral fin simultaneously. The key motions of the pectoral fins are first captured in both hovering and retreating. Next, the 3D configuration of the pectoral fins is reconstructed by digital image processing, in which the movement of fin rays during fish retreating and hovering is obtained. Furthermore, the method of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is adopted to extract the basic motion patterns of pectoral fins from extensive image sequences, i.e. expansion, bending, cupping, and undulation. It is believed that the movement of the fin rays and the basic patterns of the pectoral fins obtained in the present work can provide a good foundation for the development and control of bionic flexible pectoral fins for underwater propeller.     

A comparison of different structures and methods for estimating age of northern-form Dolly Varden <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus malma malma</Emphasis> from the Canadian Arctic

Assessment of anadromous northern-form Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma malma in the Western Canadian Arctic requires reliable methods for estimating ages. Additionally, conservation efforts warrant determining whether fin rays provide a non-lethal alternative to otoliths. Precision and bias of whole and sectioned otoliths, and sectioned pectoral and pelvic fin rays were examined. Two age readers with different levels of experience ageing this species read each structure three times. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to measure precision, and age bias plots were created for each method of preparation/structure within and between readers. The experienced reader demonstrated the highest precision with sectioned otoliths (CV = 1.6 %) followed by whole otoliths (CV = 4.2 %) while pectoral and pelvic fins were the lowest, CV = 7.7 % and 7.5 %, respectively. The age bias plot showed little difference between whole and sectioned otoliths, although greater imprecision/bias was evident for whole otoliths at age ≥9. Compared to otoliths, fin rays produced younger age estimates starting at 5 years; however, pelvic fins were more biased towards younger estimates than pectoral fins. The less experienced reader had greater inconsistencies, tending to overage younger and underage older samples for all methods compared to the more experienced reader, underscoring the importance of experience when estimating age for this species. We conclude that both types of fin rays are a poor non-lethal alternative to otoliths for fish ≥5 years and recommend an experienced ager could use whole otoliths up to age 8 and sectioned otoliths for fish ≥9 years (>500 mm fork length).     

Fin duplications and deletions induced by disruption of retinoic acid signaling

 Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, plays a critical role as a signaling molecule in axial patterning of vertebrates. Here we report that RA exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) embryos during gastrulation results in homeotic duplications of the pectoral fins in up to 94% of fish. We have observed three to four pairs of fins in an individual fish. Although some duplications are partial, many represent complete axial duplications of the pectoral girdle and fin and include coracoscapulae, proximal radials, and dermal fin elements. Fin duplications are observed only at a defined dose of RA. Inhibition of RA synthesis by exposure to citral during a narrow developmental window leads to fish which lack pectoral fins but can be rescued by addition of exogenous RA, suggesting that RA signaling is critical to fin specification during early development. The ability to consistently induce multiple fins in a large number of vertebrate embryos should contribute to the understanding of genetic regulation of the normal positioning of limbs during embryogenesis. Received: 30 August 1997 / Accepted: 6 December 1997     

Design and Implementation of Paired Pectoral Fins Locomotion of Labriform Fish Applied to a Fish Robot

In present,there are increasing interests in the research on mechanical and control system of underwater vehicles.Theseongoing research efforts are motivated by more pervasive applications of such vehicles including seabed oil and gas explorations,scientific deep ocean surveys,military purposes,ecological and water environmental studies,and also entertainments.However,the performance of underwater vehicles with screw type propellers is not prospective in terms of its efficiency andmaneuverability.The main weaknesses of this kind of propellers are the production of vortices and sudden generation of thrustforces which make the control of the position and motion difficult.On the other hand,fishes and other aquatic animals are efficient swimmers,posses high maneuverability,are able to followtrajectories,can efficiently stabilize themselves in currents and surges,create less wakes than currently used underwater vehicle,and also have a noiseless propulsion.The fish’s locomotion mechanism is mainly controlled by its caudal fin and paired pectoralfins.They are classified into Body and/or Caudal Fin(BCF)and Median and/or paired Pectoral Fins(MPF).The study of highlyefficient swimming mechanisms of fish can inspire a better underwater vehicles thruster design and its mechanism.There are few studies on underwater vehicles or fish robots using paired pectoral fins as thruster.The work presented in thispaper represents a contribution in this area covering study,design and implementation of locomotion mechanisms of pairedpectoral fins in a fish robot.The performance and viability of the biomimetic method for underwater vehicles are highlightedthrough in-water experiment of a robotic fish.     

No role for direct touch using the pectoral fins,as an information gathering strategy in a blind fish

Blind Mexican cave fish (Astyanax fasciatus) lack a functional visual system and have been shown to sense their environment using a technique called hydrodynamic imaging, whereby nearby objects are detected by sensing distortions in the flow field of water around the body using the mechanosensory lateral line. This species has also been noted to touch obstacles, mainly with the pectoral fins, apparently using this tactile information alongside hydrodynamic imaging to sense their surroundings. This study aimed to determine the relative contributions of hydrodynamic and tactile information during wall following behaviour in blind Mexican cave fish. A wall was custom built with a ‘netted’ region in its centre, which provided very similar tactile information to a solid tank wall, but was undetectable using hydrodynamic imaging. The fish swam significantly closer to and collided more frequently with the netted region of this wall than the solid regions, indicating that the fish did not perceive the netted region as a solid obstacle despite being able to feel it as such with their pectoral fins. We conclude that the touching of objects with the pectoral fins may be an artefact of the intrinsic link between pectoral fin extensions and tail beating whilst swimming, and does not function to gather information. During wall following, hydrodynamic information appears to be used strongly in preference to tactile information in this non-visual system.     

Compensatory swimming in the kokanee and sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)

When negatively buoyant, such as by increased pressure or loss of swimbladder gas, kokanee and sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) attempt to swim upward by increased use of the pectoral fins. This response is termed compensatory swimming. Prior to initial filling of the swimbladder, sockeye fry showed no behavioural response to pressures above atmospheric. Following air-gulping at the surface and bladder inflation, kokanee and sockeye fry responded to increased pressure by assuming a more vertical position and by beating the pectoral fins more rapidly. In young sockeye this response occurred over the pressure range of atmospheric to 20 lb/in², and the effect of this behaviour would be to distribute these fish in the upper 14 m of the lacustrine environment. Fingerling kokanee showed a more gradual increase in compensatory swimming over the range of pressure equivalent to depths of 0–50 m. The behaviour of yearling kokanee would tend to concentrate these fish in the upper 30 m. Sockeye older than 1 year responded to negative buoyancy with increased horizontal swimming whilst planing upward on the pectoral fins. Depth distribution postulated on the basis of pressure-induced compensatory swimming is consistent with the known vertical distribution of kokanee and sockeye salmon.     

The morphology of the cephalic lobes and anterior pectoral fins in six species of batoids

Many benthic batoids utilize their pectoral fins for both undulatory locomotion and feeding. Certain derived, pelagic species of batoids possess cephalic lobes, which evolved from the anterior pectoral fins. These species utilize the pectoral fins for oscillatory locomotion while the cephalic lobes are used for feeding. The goal of this article was to compare the morphology of the cephalic lobes and anterior pectoral fins in species that possess and lack cephalic lobes. The skeletal elements (radials) of the cephalic lobes more closely resembled the radials in the pectoral fin of undulatory species. Second moment of area (I), calculated from cephalic lobe radial cross sections, and the number of joints revealed greater flexibility and resistance to bending in multiple directions as compared to pectoral fin radials of oscillatory species. The cephalic lobe musculature was more complex than the anterior pectoral fin musculature, with an additional muscle on the dorsal side, with fiber angles running obliquely to the radials. In Rhinoptera bonasus, a muscle presumably used to help elevate the cephalic lobes is described. Electrosensory pores were found on the cephalic lobes (except Mobula japonica) and anterior pectoral fins of undulatory swimmers, but absent from the anterior pectoral fins of oscillatory swimmers. Pore distributions were fairly uniform except in R. bonasus, which had higher pore numbers at the edges of the cephalic lobes. Overall, the cephalic lobes are unique in their anatomy but are more similar to the anterior pectoral fins of undulatory swimmers, having more flexibility and maneuverability compared to pectoral fins of oscillatory swimmers. The maneuverable cephalic lobes taking on the role of feeding may have allowed the switch to oscillatory locomotion and hence, a more pelagic lifestyle. J. Morphol. 274:1070–1083, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The evolution of paired fins

Summary The Archipterygium is Gegenbaur’s most lasting contribution to the study of vertebrate limb evolution. This transformational hypothesis of gill arches to limb girdles, rays to fins, and proposal of a vertebrate fin-limb groundplan, is generally treated as a flawed alternative to the more widely accepted lateral fin-fold hypothesis of vertebrate limb evolution. When compared to the phylogenetic distribution and diversity of fins and limbs, both hypotheses fail. Dermal skeletal lateral folds, spines and keels originate repeatedly in vertebrate evolution, but paired fins with girdles originate at pectoral level and are anteroposteriorly restricted. Pelvic fins emerge later in phylogeny; pectoral and pelvic appendages primitively differ. Endoskeletal girdles never exhibit characteristics of gill arches. The emergent sequence of paired fin evolution depends upon phylogenetic hypotheses within which extant agnathan interrelationships are uncertain; positions of jawless fossil fish along the gnathostome stem are insecure; the fossil data set is patchy. However, certain features of the data set are robust. This has prompted a reconsideration of Gegenbaur’s hypothesized arch-girdle relationship, and an iterative homology between scapulocoracoid and extrabranchial cartilages is suggested. No transformation of arch to girdle is necessarily implied, but some signal of developmental relatedness is predicted.