青藏铁路对雄性藏羚行为时间分配的影响

行为时间分配是动物对资源获取和风险防御的权衡，受到诸多因素影响。本研究采用目标动物观察法记录了可可西里冬季（交配季）雄性藏羚的行为表现，并将行为分为觅食、警戒、卧息、移动和“其他”5种类型。首先，本文通过对比青藏铁路运营前后两个交配季（2003-2004年建设期和2017-2018年运行期）之间雄性藏羚的行为时间分配差异，探讨青藏铁路的出现对雄性藏羚行为的影响。随后，基于2017-2018年交配季雄性藏羚的行为数据，分析了年龄对其行为时间分配的影响。结果表明：与建设期相比，雄性藏羚的觅食和“其他”行为时间比例明显增加，而警戒和卧息的行为时间比例显著降低，这说明铁路稳定运营后对雄性藏羚的影响降低。交配群中成年雄性藏羚的警戒、移动，以及“其他”行为中的繁殖行为的时间比例显著高于亚成体，而觅食和卧息行为时间比例显著低于亚成体， 这与交配群中不同年龄雄性个体所处的地位等级有关。成年雄性藏羚在交配群中占据主导地位，拥有更多配偶资源，增加警戒和移动，减少觅食和卧息有助于其维持交配群的稳定。

Effect of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on diurnal behavioural time budgets in male Tibetan antelopes

The behavioural time budget affected by many factors is a trade-off between the resources acquisition and the risk defense in animals. During mating seasons, behaviours of male Tibetan antelopes were observed by the focal animal sampling in Kekexili National Nature Reserve, and all behaviours were divided into five categories, foraging, vigilance, resting, moving and ‘others’. By comparing differences in the behavioural time budget between before (2003-2004 mating season) and after (2017-2018 mating season) the operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, We discussed effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the behaviours in male Tibetan antelopes. Then, the effects of age on the behavioural time budget in male Tibetan antelopes were analyzed based on the data obtained during 2017-2018 mating season. According to our results, male Tibetan antelope spent more time on foraging and ‘others’ and less time on vigilance and resting after the operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which indicated that the male Tibetan antelopes have gradually adapted to the emergence of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Due to different roles in mating groups, adult males owned more females than subadults and should maintain the stability of mating groups by increasing the vigilance and moving and decreasing the foraging and resting.