长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度

兔狲(Otocolobus manul)、藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)和赤狐(V. vulpes)是青藏高原三江源区域分布的重要小型食肉兽。本研究于2014年6月至2019年9月在青海省长江源区沱沱河和通天河沿岸选取208个位点布设红外相机, 通过所获取的时空分布数据比较了上述3种同域分布小型食肉兽的时空利用情况。通过空间重叠度系数的比较分析, 兔狲和藏狐、兔狲和赤狐以及藏狐和赤狐之间的空间重叠度系数分别为0.25、0.48和0.17, 这表明兔狲、藏狐和赤狐三者在空间利用上存在一定的差异。通过核密度估计方法分析, 兔狲和藏狐属典型的昼行性动物, 而赤狐以夜行性活动为主。兔狲、藏狐和赤狐每个物种在冷暖两季的日活动节律重叠指数分别为0.83、0.78和0.88。两两比较分析表明, 兔狲和藏狐二者的日活动节律重叠指数最高(0.84), 兔狲和赤狐在夜间活动时段存在一定重叠(0.63), 而藏狐和赤狐的时间生态位分化最明显, 重叠指数最低(0.48)。此外, 在暖季, 两两物种之间的日活动节律重叠指数均小于其冷季的重叠指数。综上所述, 长江源区兔狲、藏狐和赤狐3种小型食肉兽可通过空间和时间资源的利用差异来降低物种间的干扰和竞争, 从而达到同域物种共存的目的。     

酸奶菌群发酵糖蜜产复合有机酸化剂的研究

【背景】开发安全、有效、稳定、适口性好、对环境无危害的无抗饲料添加剂是我国畜牧业的重中之重,酸化剂作为功能性饲料添加剂在众多替抗产品中有较大的优势。【目的】通过酸奶菌群发酵甜菜糖蜜制备低成本乳酸型复合液态酸化剂。【方法】以11种不同的新疆农牧民传统发酵酸奶菌群为出发菌,经MRS培养基富集乳酸菌群,选择产酸量高的菌群进行甜菜糖蜜发酵试验,并对菌群发酵时间、发酵条件、糖蜜浓度、氮源及中和剂进行优化。【结果】在糖蜜浓度为100 g/L、培养基未灭菌且37℃静置发酵48 h时,B2菌群发酵乳酸产量为34.52 g/L,总酸为83.42 g/L,加入中和剂Na₂CO₃后其乳酸产量达73.42 g/L,总酸达到169.37 g/L;B5菌群发酵乳酸产量可达61.12 g/L,总酸可达112.50 g/L,加入中和剂Ca（OH）₂后其乳酸产量达74.37 g/L,总酸为137.26 g/L。B2菌群发酵原液对沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及产气荚膜杆菌均有较强的抑制作用;B5菌群发酵原液则对产气荚膜杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌O...     

新疆阿勒泰地区粉红椋鸟的繁殖生态及雏鸟食性研究

研究了新疆阿勒泰地区粉红椋鸟的繁殖生态学及雏鸟的食性.粉红椋鸟每窝产卵数2～6枚不等,育雏高峰在每日的9:30～13:30,孵化率为96.45%±18.95%,雏鸟成活率为89.38%±14.99%,觅食范围在4 km半径范围内,雏鸟多以直翅目(蝗虫)为食(占94.07%),也有少量鳞翅目和鞘翅目昆虫.阿勒泰地区粉红椋鸟的产卵日期晚于其他地区,孵化率及雏鸟成活率高于其他地区.建议在草原上设置砖堆招引粉红椋鸟,其效果高于石堆巢.     

三江源国家公园迁徙藏羚对野生动物通道的利用

The Qinghai?Tibet Railway (QTR) crosses the migration routes of the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) in the Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) and the female antelopes have to cross the QTR by wildlife passages to continue their migrations. In this study, a remote monitoring camera was set up near the Wubei Bridge to record the utilization of the bridge by migratory antelopes. Based on the monitoring data of the returning migration period from July to September 2019 and the calving migration period from April to June 2020, the results showed that: Tibetan antelopes crossed the Wubei Bridge mainly in the daytime and mostly in the morning. The peaks during the calving migration and the returning migration were in 09: 00?12: 59 and 11: 00?11: 59 respectively. Compared with the returning migration period, female antelopes gathered into smaller groups during the calving migration period, which was related to the sequence of roads to be crossed and the lower predation risk of calves in larger groups. We found individuals in larger groups spent less time crossing the Wubei Bridge. Larger groups could accelerate crossing speed and then reduce the average crossing time of individuals. However, there was no significant difference in the average crossing time of individuals between the two migratory periods, indicating that the presence of calves had little effect on the speed and time of antelope groups. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in the group size of Tibetan antelope between the returning and calving migration periods and the group size affected the average crossing time of individuals. We also detected a temporal pattern in the use of wildlife passage by Tibetan antelope.     

藏羚交配群成员间亲缘关系及遗传多样性分析

藏羚(Pantholops hodgsonii)是青藏高原特有物种,多集群生活且具有典型的性别分离现象。除交配季节外,雌雄两性个体组成的同性集群分开活动。本研究于2021年12月下旬在三江源国家公园可可西里片区以藏羚集群为单元采集了32个集群共188份新鲜粪便样品,利用多态性较高的10个微卫星位点进行亲缘关系鉴定与遗传多样性分析。结果表明：(1) 188份新鲜粪便样品来自145只藏羚个体,其中10只藏羚个体(8只雌羚,2只雄羚)出现更换集群现象,导致前后集群发生变化。结合野外实地记录,推测藏羚交配群的变化存在3种方式：集群解散,雄性个体离开(加入),雌性个体离开(加入)。新加入的藏羚个体与原集群成员间的亲缘关系较远。雄性藏羚更换的集群中雌性个体均多于之前的集群,能够获得更多交配机会。(2) 10个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数为16.1,平均多态信息含量为0.766。观测杂合度(Ho) 0.607～0.993,平均值为0.819;期望杂合度(He) 0.575～0.930,平均值为0.798,表明藏羚种群遗传多样性丰富。(3)经过亲缘关系鉴定,种群内所有亲子关系中14对(43.75%)发生...