中华蜜蜂越冬期抗寒生理生化指标研究

本文研究活框饲养和原始饲养中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius越冬期的抗寒生理生化指标变化,为中蜂抗寒生理机制和科学饲养管理提供理论依据。结果表明,两种饲养方式蜜蜂的体重、蛋白质和甘油含量均由越冬初期开始上升,越冬中后期达到最高而后下降;游离水和糖原含量均在越冬中后期出现下降;除原始饲养中蜂的CAT酶外,两种饲养方式中蜂的越冬期超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）酶活均在越冬中期降到最低,而总抗氧化能力呈逐渐升高趋势。但活框饲养中蜂越冬期游离水（P<0.05）和糖原含量（P>0.05）均低于原始饲养中蜂,甘油含量显著高于原始饲养中蜂（P<0.05）;活框饲养中蜂与原始饲养中蜂的3种抗氧化酶活性在不同时期存在显著差异,活框饲养中蜂总抗氧化能力显著高于原始饲养中蜂（P<0.05）。蜜蜂在自然越冬时通过降低体内游离水含量,增加甘油含量来增加抗寒能力,并贮备大量糖原和蛋白质供越冬期能量消耗;同时,其体内的抗氧化酶在越冬期间发挥协同作用,减少低温刺激造成的氧化应激反应。     

兽类学报第22卷关键词索引

一画一雌多雄制 ( 2 ) :1 36　　二画人工饲养 ( 2 ) :1 30　　三画口量 ( 1 ) :30大沙鼠 ( 1 ) :77大熊猫 ( 3) :1 61 ;( 4 ) :2 64大雾岭自然保护区 ( 4 ) :2 70大仓鼠 ( 3) :1 87大雪 ( 4 ) :31 8小熊猫 ( 3) :1 61 ;( 4 ) :2 4 1小型哺乳动物 ( 3) :2 1 8小灵猫 ( 3) :2 33马麝 ( 2 ) :87广东省 ( 4 ) :2 70　　四画分布 ( 1 ) :1 ;( 1 ) :7;( 2 ) :98分布范围 ( 4 ) :2 4 8分子生态学 ( 3) :2 1 8长江江豚 ( 1 ) :7;( 2 ) :1 30 ;( 3) :2 37水扬酸钠 ( 1 ) :39日粮粗料比例 ( 1 ) :71中国 ( 1 ) :74中缅树 ( 2 ) :1 2 3片断化林区 ( …     

带叶兜兰的无菌播种和离体快速繁殖

1植物名称带叶兜兰(PaphiopedilumhirsutissimumPfitz)。2材料类别种子。3培养条件种子萌发培养基:(1)RE(Arditti1982);(2)VW;(3)1/4MS;(4)MS;(5)RE+活性炭2g·L-1;(6)RE;(7)RE+活性炭2g·L-1;(8)花宝1号(美国Haponex公司产品,N∶P∶K=7∶6∶19)2.5g·L-1。原球茎增殖和分化成苗培养基:(9)RE+6-BA2.0mg·L-1(单位下同)+NAA0.2;(10)RE+活性炭2g·L-1+6-BA2.0+NAA0.2;(11)花宝1号1.5g·L-1+花宝2号(美国Haponex公司产品,N∶P∶K=20∶20∶20)1.5g·L-1+活性炭2g·L-1+6-BA2.0+NAA0.2。生根壮苗培养基:(12)RE+NAA1.0+活…     

大鲵的身体测量

大鲵(Ａｎｄｒｉａｓｄａｖｉｄｉａｎｕｓ)系国家二级保护野生动物。笔者于1993年夏、秋两季,在安徽省黄山市祁门县凫峰乡和休宁县流口乡收集到105尾大鲵活体,体重70～4450ｇ。饲养在人工建造的大鲵饲养场内,开展人工繁殖研究。现将自野外收集时测得的大鲵身体各部位数据分析结果报道于后。1　测量的数据(1)体重(ｇ):大鲵身体离开水后10分钟左右测得;(2)全长(ｃｍ):吻端至尾尖长度;(3)头长(ｃｍ):吻端至左右颈褶中间点长度;(4)头宽(ｃｍ):头最宽处长度;(5)尾长(ｃｍ):肛孔后缘至尾尖长度;(6)前肢长(ｃｍ):前肢基部至指尖长度;(7)后肢长(ｃ…     

D1 蛋白周转及其对能量耗散的调节

介绍了 :(1)PSⅡ反应中心的结构 (尤其是D1蛋白在反应中心结构上的重要性 ) ;(2 )D1蛋白的合成、降解及调节 ;(3)D1蛋白周转、反应中心失活和D1蛋白周转与叶黄素循环在能量耗散方面的可能关系     

《兽类学报》第23卷关键词索引

二画人工饲养条件 :(1) :5 8人工饲养 (3) :2 4 5三画大熊猫 (4) :2 88,36 1小熊猫 (4) :36 6小型兽类 (1) :39小家鼠 (2 ) :14 5小泡巨鼠 (3) :2 0 3小嵩草草甸 (3) :2 14小型哺乳动物 (3) :2 5 9小型啮齿动物 (4) 312小哺乳动物群落结构 (4) :332下丘脑—垂体—甲状腺轴 (1) :4 5反刍动物 (1) :6 6山蝠 (2 ) :12 7川西平原 (2 ) :133川金丝猴 (4) :35 8大兴安岭 (3) :2 0 3个体选择 (3) :2 2 5四画毛发 (4) :339分子系统地理学 (1) :10分布预测 (4) :35 1分布格局 (4) :2 95方差分析 (1) :39长爪沙鼠 (1) :4 5 ;(2 ) :139;(4) :30 4长白山…     

意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为比较研究

应用意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉,对其授粉行为和活动方式进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)采集过程中意蜂和中蜂的行为存在差异,意蜂头部探进铃铛花,将喙伸入花管中吸食花蜜,头部粘附花粉,花粉一部分被收集到花粉框,另一部分被带到其他花上;中蜂采集行为不同,一部分采集蜂探入铃铛花采食,采集时间短暂,另一部分采集蜂停靠在花托部位,采食花瓣掉落的花朵,不易粘附花粉和携带花粉。(2)授粉活动方式不同,意大利蜜蜂每分钟平均访花数为5.05±0.14次,中华蜜蜂为4.77±0.13次,两者差异不显著;而意蜂单次访花时间为9.16±0.43 s极显著长于中蜂的4.89±0.22 s,意蜂较中蜂在花朵的采集时间长,采集间隔时间短,而中蜂较意蜂寻找花朵的时间长,采集间隔时间长。单位面积意蜂采集蜂数量为平均12.00±0.90头,中蜂采集蜂数量平均为1.73±0.42头,两者差异极显著。同时意蜂蓝莓花粉携粉率27.51%,中蜂采集蓝莓花粉携粉率为11.38%,意蜂的授粉蜂数量及授粉专一性优于中蜂。本研究阐明了蓝莓花期不同蜂种的授粉行为及活动方式,据此得出意蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为和活动特性优越于中蜂,两者相比意蜂具有更高的授粉效率。     

《兽类学报》第24卷关键词索引

三画马麝 (1) :1马来穿山甲 (3) :2 11;(4 ) :36 1大熊猫 (1) :13,4 8;(2 ) :182 ;(4 ) :2 77;(4 ) :2 86 ;(4 ) :346川金丝猴 (1) :84门静脉系 (1) :88小型兽类 (2 ) :12 1小毛足鼠 (2 ) :15 2小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌 (2 ) :182小熊猫 (2 ) :173;(3) :185 ;小型啮齿动物 (3) :2 15小型哺乳动物 (3) :2 6 0小型兽类 (4 ) :2 98;(4 ) :32 2小相岭 (4 ) :2 77小泡巨鼠 (4 ) :311山杏 (2 ) :132山魈 (3) :2 0 5辽东栎 (2 ) :132干扰 (4 ) :2 77四画气候 (1) :19气味 (2 ) 14 5气味辨别 (4 ) :30 4气味源 (4 ) :315长爪沙鼠 (1) :36长江江豚 (2 ) …     

我国引进太阳鲈鱼的初步研究

太阳鲈鱼原产于北美东南部,1987年引进我国饲养。据我们初步鉴定有长耳太阳鲈、红胸太阳鲈、长臂太阳鲈等三种,它们作为我国新的养殖品种。具有以下特点:(1)杂食性、饵料来源广、性温驯,易起捕;(2)适温范围在3—36℃,容易饲养;(3)可作为内陆水域渔业养殖的对象之一;(4)体色美观,既有食用,又有观赏价值;(5)对溶氧要求高,缺氧容易引起浮头死亡。本文对以上问题进行了总结。     

生物课堂观察

课堂观察是学生在上课时,密切配合课文的学习,观察活的生物体或标本,并进行一些简单操作的一种教学法。它的特点是:(1)目标集中,每节课只有1—2个项目;(2)节约时间,密切配合新课;(3)人人动手;(4)便于组织教学。 (一)课堂观察的意义 1.提高学习兴趣在教师周密的计划下,师生共同准备观察材料。我们在1/2以上的课中,让学生手里都有可观察的实物。在教师的引导下,学生步步深入地观察,并积极地提出各     

北京中华蜜蜂的保护与利用

阐述目前中华蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius的分布及其生态影响,并针对北京地区中蜂现状,提出从中蜂饲养技术培训、饲养繁育示范、多元开发利用、建立专业养殖乡及发挥中蜂优势、发展山区养蜂事业等5个方面入手,保护与利用中华蜜蜂,逐步恢复中蜂的数量。     

中国养蜂学研究进展

近年来,随着国家对蜂业的重视和支持,中国养蜂学研究工作取得长足发展。文章从蜜蜂资源与遗传育种、蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治、授粉昆虫与授粉技术、蜂产品加工和蜂产品质量安全与检测等5个方面较详细地介绍了近年来中国养蜂学科学研究的最新进展,并对今后的学科发展方向进行了预测。     

Conserving genetic diversity in the honeybee: Comments on Harpur et al. (2012)

The article by Harpur et al. (2012) ‘Management increases genetic diversity of honey bees via admixture’ concludes that ‘…honey bees do not suffer from reduced genetic diversity caused by management and, consequently, that reduced genetic diversity is probably not contributing to declines of managed Apis mellifera populations’. In the light of current honeybee and beekeeping declines and their consequences for honeybee conservation and the pollination services they provide, we would like to express our concern about the conclusions drawn from the results of Harpur et al. (2012). While many honeybee management practices do not imply admixture, we are convinced that the large-scale genetic homogenization of admixed populations could drive the loss of valuable local adaptations. We also point out that the authors did not account for the extensive gene flow that occurs between managed and wild/feral honeybee populations and raise concerns about the data set used. Finally, we caution against underestimating the importance of genetic diversity for honeybee colonies and highlight the importance of promoting the use of endemic honeybee subspecies in apiculture.     

Dopamine influences locomotor activity in honeybee queens: implications for a behavioural change after mating

Abstract Dopamine has been suggested to be involved in physiological and/or behavioural changes triggered by mating in European honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens but its specific role remains unclear. In the present study, the amounts of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite, N‐acetyldopamine (NADA) are measured, in queens of various ages to clarify the association with locomotor activity. The effects of DA receptor agonist/antagonist drugs on locomotor activity are further investigated. Brain levels of DA and NADA are relatively constant during the period before mating when locomotor activity reportedly increases with age but decreases in 1‐year‐old laying queens with low locomotor activity. Reduced DA and NADA levels are also found in haemolymph of 1–3‐month‐old laying queens. When a DA receptor agonist or antagonist is injected into 6‐day‐old virgin queens, locomotor activity levels increase significantly with 2‐amino‐6,7‐dihydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene (agonist), and decreased with cis(Z)‐flupenthixol (antagonist). These results suggest that DA systems are involved in the motor control of honeybee queens, and that the decline in DA levels reduces locomotor activity after mating but increased locomotor activity before mating may be independent of DA levels.     

Impact of introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera, upon native bee communities in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands

The Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands are oceanic islands located in the northwest Pacific, and have ten native (nine endemic) bee species, all of which are nonsocial. The European honeybee (Apis mellifera), which was introduced to the islands for apiculture in the 1880s, became naturalized in a few islands shortly after introduction. To detect the impact of the honeybees upon native bee diversity, we analyzed pollen harvest by honeybees and surveyed the relative abundance of honeybees and native bees on flowers on several islands. Both hived and feral honeybee colonies were active throughout the year, harvesting pollen of both native and alien flowers and from both entomophilous and anemophilous flowers. Honeybees strongly depended on the alien plants, especially during winter to spring when native melittophilous flowers were rare. From June to November, honeybees exhaustively utilized native flowers, which had originally been utilized and pollinated by native bees. On Chichi and Haha Islands, where human disturbance of forests has been severe, both native and alien flowers were dominated by honeybees, and native bees were rare or extinct even in well-conserved forests. In contrast, on Ani Island and Haha's satellite islands where primary forests were well conserved and honeybees were still uncommon or absent, native bees remained dominant. These results suggest that competition for nectar and pollen of the native flowers between honeybees and native bees favors honeybees on the disturbed islands, which are thoroughly invaded by alien nectariferous, sometimes aggressive, weedy plants. Received: May 8, 1998 / Accepted: May 6, 1999     

Pollination biology of Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) in China

The genus Cymbidium comprises three subgenera with ca. 50 species. Interactions between pollinators and plants have been studied in the two subgenera Cymbidium and Cyperorchis, but only a few studies in the subgenus Jensoa have been reported. Here we report on the reproductive characteristics of C. goeringii (in sub-genus Jensoa) in three populations in the southwest of Hunan Province, China, during the winter from December 2005 to March 2006. Floral phenological and morphological features, behavior of visitors, the breeding system, and fruit sets under natural conditions were studied. The flowers of C. goeringii were strongly fragrant, but did not present any rewards to the visitors. The flowering period of C. goeringii in the studied populations lasted about 40 days, and most flowers (about 60%) opened within 30 days. Flowers opened immediately when temperature increased obviously and reached to about 16 ℃. The flowering time of the pollinated flowers, unpollinated flow-ers and the flowers with pollinarium removed were similar. Two bees of Apidae, Apis cerana cerana (honeybee) and Anthophora melanognatha, were observed visiting flowers of C. goeringii, but only the honeybees performed as pollinators. The honeybees mostly visited the orchid flowers at 10:00–17:00 on sunny days with temperature above 10 ℃. A total of only thirteen visits were observed during 20 days of observation, indicating pollinators were rare. Honeybees directly landed on the upper surface of the labellum and inserted their heads into the flowers between column and labellum, while the hind legs trod on the surface of the curved downward mid-lobe of label-lum. When a honeybee landed on the labellum of a flower, the labellum moved up and down slightly. After the honeybee entered the flower further, its head might touch the foot of the column. At this time, the body of the honeybee was parallel with the upper surface of the labellum. Then the honeybee used its front legs to scratch on the callus ridges on the upper surface of the labellum, and its hind legs hooked the edges of the side lobe of label-lum, trying to exit forcibly from the flower. During exiting process, sometimes the honeybee’s body was arched owing to tension. In this case, the surface of the scutellum came into close contact with the viscidium and then pollinaria, together with the anther cap, were removed. When this honeybee visited next flower, the pollinaria would be adhered to the stigma when it arched its body during the exiting process. Three plant species flowered synchronously with C. goeringii in the studied areas, but their flowers were different with C. goeringii in color or shape. Because C. goeringii is rewardless to pollinators, the flowers probably attract visitors by olfactory stimu-lus. Breeding system experiments showed no spontaneous autogamy and pollination success relying on pollinators in C. goeringii. Artificial pollination resulted in 90% fruit set by induced autogamy, 100% by pollinating within clone, and 100% by xenogamous pollination, respectively. These results indicate that C. goeringii is highly self-compatible and the fruit production is pollen limited. Because pollinators are essential for fruit set of C. goeringii in natural habitats, protection of wild honeybee populations or apiculture is likely a simple but effective strategy to maintain the orchid populations.     

Environmental factors have a strong impact on the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial community of Chinese black honeybees

The Chinese black honeybees is an ecotype of the European honeybee that is formed by the natural hybridization of Apis mellifera mellifera and A. m. carnica. It is distributed in nature reserves in North China and has been an important breeding resource for disease resistance and other desirable traits. Compared to the areas outside of reserves, the nature reserves offer significant biodiversity benefits not only to the Chinese black honey bees but also to the other valuable plants and animals. In recent years there has been growing evidence that environmental factors including food choices play an important role in shaping the composition and activity of gut microbiota, which in turn can impact host health. In the previous studies on Chinse black honeybees, little attention has been paid to the diverse population of microbes in the gut that play a vital role in host health. In order to achieve a better understanding on the role of environmental factors in diversity and composition of gut microbiota of honey bees, in the present study, we analyzed the gut bacterial communities of Chinese black honeybees using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results showed that the samples from the national nature reserves that are protected and managed so as to preserve and enrich their natural condition and resources for Chinese black honeybees had higher variety and richness of gut bacteria than that collected from unreserved regions that also harbor populations of Chinese black honeybees. The four terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs), 201, 223, 247 and 320 bp, were identified to be the dominant bacteria of Chinese black honeybees. Of which 247 and 320 bp had greater differences between bee groups sampled in different regions and therefore could be used as genetic markers to separate samples collected from the national nature reserves to samples collected from unreserved regions. The results clearly indicate that national nature reserve protects biological diversity and ecological and evolutionary processes which have had a significant influence on the diversity of gut bacteria of Chinese black honeybees. The ubiquity of gut symbiotic bacteria identified in Chinese black honeybee suggests that environmental factors could play an important role in diversity and composition of gut bacteria and warrant further investigation into the functional significance of these gut bacteria for the honeybee health.     

蜜蜂性别决定与性比调控机理研究

叙述了 4个主要蜜蜂性别决定机理的假说 :即性位点假说、基因平衡假说、蜜蜂性别决定综合假说和性基因数量决定假说。然后就蜜蜂性比由蜂王操纵 ,或是由工蜂操纵进行了论述 ,并对蜜蜂性比调控机理研究提出了一些建议     

Detection of viral sequences in semen of honeybees (Apis mellifera): evidence for vertical transmission of viruses through drones

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) can be attacked by many eukaryotic parasites, and bacterial as well as viral pathogens. Especially in combination with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, viral honeybee diseases are becoming a major problem in apiculture, causing economic losses worldwide. Several horizontal transmission routes are described for some honeybee viruses. Here, we report for the first time the detection of viral sequences in semen of honeybee drones suggesting mating as another horizontal and/or vertical route of virus transmission. Since artificial insemination and controlled mating is widely used in honeybee breeding, the impact of our findings for disease transmission is discussed.     

Imidacloprid-induced facilitation of the proboscis extension reflex habituation in the honeybee.

Imidacloprid is a new insecticide from the family of the neonicotinoids, which interact with the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The effects of imidacloprid at a dose that does not affect sensory or motor functions are studied on non-associative learning abilities in the honeybee. The behavioral procedure is the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER). Imidacloprid topically applied on the thorax (1 microl) at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 ng/bee induces an increase of the gustatory threshold defined as the lowest concentration of a sucrose solution applied to the antennae able to elicit the PER. The ability of the honeybee to move in an open-field-like apparatus is impaired at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ng/bee. These effects are amplified with time and reach a maximum 60 min after application. The lowest dose of 1.25 ng/bee has no effect on the gustatory function but increases the motor activity and facilitates the PER habituation independently of time. This result fits our hypothesis that a slight activation of the cholinergic system with a low dose of imidacloprid can facilitate a simple form of learning in the honeybee.