自然贮存条件下苹果的营养成分分析

对自然贮存条件下分别贮存了 2个月、4个月及 6个月的秦冠、红富士、新红星、北斗及黄元帅苹果果实的硬度以及主要营养成分 (果胶质、总糖、粗蛋白 )进行了统计分析和对比研究 ,结果表明 :在自然贮存条件下 ,苹果果实的硬度、果胶质、总糖及粗蛋白的含量均随贮存时间的延长而下降 ,不同的品种间及同一品种或不同品种在不同贮存时期的差异均极显著( P<0 .0 1 ) ;3种不同营养成分彼此间密切相关 ( R>0 .80 ) ,因此可以任取其中之一作为测试这些营养成分的指标。对于不同的品种而言 ,红富士、秦冠果实的硬度较大 ,其果胶质、总糖及粗蛋白含量也较高 ,说明秦冠和红富士为较好的耐贮品种。     

5个番石榴品种果实食用品质和香气特征分析

为比较番石榴(Psidium guajava)不同品种果实的外观、营养价值和香气特征,采用国家标准方法,对5个番石榴品种(‘红宝石’、‘粉红蜜’、‘西瓜’、‘水蜜’、本地种)果实的外观和营养成分进行测定,采用顶空气质联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对5个品种果实的香气成分进行测定。结果表明,不同品种果实外观及营养成分差异明显。‘水蜜’的果形指数最低,果实扁圆形,种籽最少;大多数糖类物质(总糖、还原糖、蔗糖等)、糖酸比、总酚含量最高;果糖、VC和总黄酮含量位居第2;总酸、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分含量最低。主成分分析表明,‘水蜜’作为鲜食水果的食用品质最高。己醛和石竹烯是红肉型品种的特征风味物质,3-羟基-2-丁酮是白肉型品种的特征香气成分。     

不同品种油甘子果实营养成分评价

为系统分析评价不同品种油甘子(Phyllanthus emblica)果实的营养品质,以‘赤皮’‘玻璃油甘’‘东坑甜’‘饼甜’‘六月白’和‘马蹄甜’6个品种油甘子果实为材料,测定7项营养成分含量,运用主成分分析法对果实营养成分含量进行分析评价。结果表明,各品种油甘子维生素C和还原糖含量均较高;维生素C与蛋白质呈显著正相关,还原糖与可溶性固形物呈显著正相关。通过主成分分析提取出3个主成分,认为‘赤皮’和‘玻璃油甘’2个品种可作为油甘子丰产林建设的优良栽培品种。     

黑莓在湖南的引种及果实的生理特性

从江苏引种黑莓品种切斯特（Ｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ）到湖南栽培,对果实生长过程中主要营养成分含量变化和呼吸作用特点进行测定。引种的黑莓生长发育正常;开花后１７～４２ｄ是果实产量、品质形成的关键时期;果实生长过程中呼吸速率经过先降后升再降的变化;果实成熟时呼吸峰不明显;果实呼吸酶对持续低温（０℃）和高温（４５℃）表现较强的抗逆性。     

药用山楂——黄红子

山东省平邑县是全国山楂生产基地之一,栽培历史悠久,品种资源丰富。在资源普查时,该县张里乡营子沟村有一株黄色果实的山楂树,其果实总黄酮含量比一般品种高3倍,其它营养成分也十分丰富,省内外专家鉴定,定名黄红子,认为它具有极高的医疗保健价值。黄红子果实阔卵圆形,纵径0.86厘米,横径1.41厘米。果皮金黄色,果面布少量短茸毛。果点小     

不同品种槟榔果实性状及其槟榔碱含量的比较研究

通过性状比较和差异显著性检验,从形态学与生物化学两个水平研究了海南5个常见槟榔栽培种之间果实性状变化及其槟榔碱含量的变化。结果表明:(1)海南槟榔5个品种间果实性状都不同,其中以品种A、B、D的果实品质达到国家药典规定的一级标准,品种C、E达到二级标准;(2)品种E的叶面积、产量(座果数×单果重)最大,通过差异显著性检验,表明植株的产量与叶面积呈正相关;(3)5个品种中以品种B的槟榔碱含量最大(0.4451％),其次为品种E、C、D、A。其中品种A与B、A与E、B与D、B与E之间差异显著;(4)长、短蒂花品种之间槟榔碱含量差异不显著;(5)槟榔碱含量与其果实性状之间无显著相关性;(6)槟榔碱含量与营养成分间无显著相关性。     

猕猴桃属植物果实营养成分的研究

本文报道猕猴桃属（Ａｃｔｉｎｉｄｉａ）３５个种类的果实的主要营养成分含量,猕猴桃果实维生素Ｃ的含量范围在１２．５４～１４０４．５２ｍｇ／１００ｇＦ．Ｗ,可溶性固形物含量范围在５．０％～１５．８％,总糖含量在０．９３％～９．０６％,总酸含量在０．２９％～２．５７％。果实最适宜的糖酸比为５～７,果实干物质１７种氨基酸含量范围在１．７９４％～９．０４％。文章还讨论了猕猴桃果实营养成分含量与开发利用价值的关系、果实的糖酸比与果实风味品质的关系、果肉汁液颜色与营养成分含量的关系等。     

兔眼蓝浆果品种果实养分测定

对南京地区引自美国的１２个兔眼蓝浆果品种果实主要营养成分包括可溶性固形物、糖、酸、水溶性维生素、氨基酸、矿质元素进行了测定,并与原产地进行了比较。大多数品种果实糖分含量高而酸度低,糖酸比高,风味甜而微酸。Ｂ族维生素含量明显高于苹果、柑橘和黑莓。氨基酸含量品种间差异大,Ｄｅｌｉｔｅ、Ｗｏｏｄａｒｄ、Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｉｏｎ和Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ含量最高。Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ大部分矿质元素,特别是Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｋ的含量较高,Ｐｒｅｍｉｅｒ和Ｗｏｏｄａｒｄ的Ｓｅ含量高,Ｃｌｉｍａｘ的Ｚｎ含量高。考虑到品种的适应性,特别是丰产性表现,认为Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ和Ｔｉｆｂｌｕｅ二品种在南京地区发展前途较大。     

单胚与多胚型芒果果实发育及后熟过程中品质特征的变化研究

以芒果单胚型品种‘金煌’、‘贵妃’和多胚型品种‘红玉’、‘白象牙’为试材,选择4个品种栽培管理条件基本一致的同龄芒果园,每品种选取生长势一致植株各18株,自盛花后每品种每周各选取30个果测定其营养成分,比较单胚与多胚类型芒果发育及后熟过程中主要品质特征的变化规律,为提高芒果果实品质及芒果新品种培育提供理论依据。结果显示:（1）单胚品种芒果从果实发育初期到后熟期的可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于多胚品种。（2）不同胚性芒果果实发育过程中可滴定酸含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且各品种成熟前的最高值和后熟期的最终值均为多胚品种高于单胚品种（‘红玉’>‘白象牙’>‘贵妃’>‘金煌’）。（3）不同胚性芒果果实发育过程中固酸比的变化趋势均为前期平缓,进入后熟期后各品种的固酸比均迅速上升达到最高,其峰值表现为‘金煌’(83.8%)>‘白象牙’(50.04%)>‘贵妃’(49.41 %)>‘红玉’(29.52%)。（4）芒果果实的类胡萝卜素含量在后熟期的峰值和最终值单胚品种均显著高于多胚品种,且单胚品种的果肉黄色较多胚品种明显。研究表明,单胚品种芒果的果实品质优于多胚品种。     

中华猕猴桃胚乳植株后代的观察

对438株定植的中华猕猴桃胚乳培养的试管苗,经四年的田间观察,并进行连续二年结果分析。与对照的母株相比,胚乳植株在株形、叶片大小、果实形态及果实的主要营养成分含量上都有较大的变化。同时还发现,由同一块愈伤组织诱导的胚乳试管苗后代中也有雌、雄性别的分化。胚乳植株后代的多样性,可为中华猕猴桃的选种及品种繁育提供丰富的材料。     

Walnut development affects chemical composition and codling moth performance

1 We investigated for early and late blooming walnut cultivars in California whether variation in nut phenology resulted in differences in nutritional quality and whether this, in turn, affected the performance of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the extent of nut damage. 2 Mid‐season, during the period of nut growth, nuts from the early cultivars were larger than those from the late cultivars and had higher nitrogen content in both husk and kernel tissue, while kernel phenolic content was significantly lower. No major differences were observed later in the season after nuts from all cultivars had reached their final size. 3 Throughout the season establishment of neonate larvae was highest on nuts from the early cultivars but this was only significantly so at the beginning of the third codling moth generation. During the second codling moth generation (mid season) relative growth rates of third‐instar larvae were significantly higher on early than on late cultivars. Nut damage in the field was also significantly greater on early than on late cultivars during generation 2, while no significant differences were observed during generation 3. 4 The data suggest that the variation in codling moth damage among walnut cultivars is related to bloom phenology due to the influence of nut phenology on larval performance.     

阿月浑子栽培品种生长及结实生物学特性研究

对来自美国和新疆的6个阿月浑子(Pistacia vera L．)品种的生长及结实生物学特性进行了研究。分析结果表明：Kerman和26—18^#品种嫁接后3年开花结实。品种与50年生黄连木亲和力较高,嫁接成活侏率和成活穗率达70％～100％,但品种在5月20日后有“回芽”现象。枝叶生长呈S型曲线,叶面积指数(LAI)平均达3．98。Kerman品种每个接穗3年后产果穗最高达31个,坚果和核仁发育正常,每个果穗上具坚果88．5～116个。单果重0．81～1．89g,出核率和出仁率分别为54．32％～55．0％和48．08％～59．09％。     

Evaluation of cultivar susceptibility and storage periods towards aflatoxin B1 contamination on pistachio nuts

Aflatoxins (AFs) are potent sources of health risks to both humans and animals. Among them, AFB1 is the most hazardously toxic and the most frequent in various food commodities, including pistachio nuts. In this survey, the effect of the storage period on AFB1 accumulation on pistachio nuts was investigated. A total of 49 samples collected during the crop year of 2005 from the most cultivated pistachio cultivars in Tunisia were rapidly screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined with an immunoaffinity step. The obtained results showed that the contamination of pistachio nuts has occurred clearly after two years of storage for all the tested cultivars except the case of Mateur variety and Thyna ecotypes. In this study, the cultivar Mateur was found to be the most susceptible cultivar to contamination by AFB1. After 4 years of storage, the average contamination levels in nut samples ranged from 2.7 ± 0.3 to 12.7 ± 2.2 μg/kg for AFB1, according to the cultivar. These levels exceeded the maximum permitted limit of 2 μg/kg set by the European Commission in nuts.     

Use of population structure and parentage analyses to elucidate the spread of native cultivars of Japanese chestnut

The Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Siebold et Zucc.) is naturally distributed throughout Japan and is cultivated for its fruit (nuts) throughout the country. Many native cultivars have cultivation records going back more than 100 years. Researchers have speculated that native cultivars that originated in the Tanba region, the most important region of cultivation, were spread throughout Japan. To clarify the breeding history and spreading pattern of Japanese chestnut cultivars, we estimated the population structure of a set of 60 native chestnut cultivars via hierarchical clustering and Bayesian model-based clustering. Both analyses gave similar results. The cultivars were divided into two main clusters: one with cultivars from the Tanba region, the other with cultivars from other areas of Japan. However, there were some exceptions to this pattern, suggesting that propagation of clones and seeds by humans was a part of the spreading process. Additionally, parent–offspring relationships were estimated from the data obtained for 175 simple sequence repeat markers. Out of the 60 genotypes, nine putative parent–offspring pairs and eight putative parent–offspring trios were identified. These results suggest that native cultivars are likely to have been selected from crosses of older native cultivars. In particular, some native cultivars from outside the Tanba region had parent–offspring relationships with cultivars from the Tanba region. This result suggests that cultivars from outside the Tanba region had been crossed with cultivars from the Tanba region and then selected as a means of introducing favorable traits from the Tanba cultivars.     

中国部分板栗品种坚果表型及营养成分遗传变异分析

以中国板栗主产区山东等10个省份97个板栗品种为材料,对其坚果表型性状及营养成分进行遗传变异分析。结果显示:（1）97个板栗品种间存在广泛的遗传变异,坚果表型性状及营养成分指标品种间差异均达到极显著水平;遗传变异系数均较大,最大达到0.378,遗传潜力较大;且所有性状重复力均在0.928及以上,受自身遗传因素控制较强。（2）坚果长度等表型性状间呈极显著正相关关系,淀粉含量等营养成分指标间为正相关关系,而表型性状与营养成分指标间表现为负相关关系,据此可将坚果表型性状、品质性状作为两个相互独立又有一定关联的综合因子。（3）进一步利用坚果表型和营养成分8个指标对97个板栗品种进行主成分分析,并结合多重比较结果,综合选出具有单个或多个性状优势的43个品种。研究认为,选出的43个板栗品种具有果粒较大,或营养价值较高,或二者特性兼有,初步选择为果型或品质优良的板栗品种资源材料。     

榧属分类学研究

本文对榧属的研究历史作了回顾, 以形态性状为依据, 结合其他学科的研究成果, 对榧属的分类进行了研究, 该属共6种2变种和11个栽培变种, 其中有1新变种(九龙山榧)、1改级新组合(云南榧)和6个新栽培变种。支持根据种子胚乳深皱与微皱建立两个组和榧属为红豆杉科进化类群的观点。     

In vitro prediction of standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in grain legumes for growing pigs

The study was conducted to validate in vitro prediction of standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in grain legumes for growing pigs using six different cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba), six different cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum), and five different cultivars of lupins (Lupinus spp.). The SID for CP and AA were predicted from in vitro analysis by means of a two-step enzymatic method using pepsin and pancreatin incubations. In vitro predicted SID values of CP and AA were generally higher than the corresponding SID values measured in vivo. There were strong linear relationships (r2 = 0.73 for Lys to r2 = 0.91 for Cys and Trp) between in vivo and in vitro predicted SID values in the assay feed ingredients if grain legume species (i.e. faba beans, field peas and lupins) was included as a covariate in multiple linear regression analysis. However, to rapidly and accurately predict SID of CP and AA in individual batches of various feed ingredients, further studies are warranted.     

The occurrence of blanks in the filbertCorylus avellana L. and possible causes

The problem of seedless nuts, or “ blanks,” is common to the filbert wherever it is grown. To the commercial grower, it represents a serious economic loss. The cause of blanks is unknown. Suspected causes for blanks are cytomixis during megasporogenesis, genetic incompatibility between pollenizer and main-crop cultivars, self-pollination, aneuploidy, lack of double fertilization, embryo abortion, seasonal variation, and cultural practice.     

昆虫寄生对栓皮栎坚果特征和萌发行为的影响

有多种昆虫常寄生于栎属植物的坚果中, 进而影响种子的质量、 萌发、 幼苗建成等植物的更新过程。为探讨昆虫寄生与上述过程之间的关系, 本研究于2007年和2008年在太行山济源地区调查了昆虫对栓皮栎Quercus variabilis坚果的寄生情况, 同时探讨了昆虫寄生对坚果单宁水平、 萌发和幼苗生长的影响; 并于2007年9月, 分别将完好的和昆虫寄生的栓皮栎坚果种植于土壤4 cm深处, 对坚果萌发情况、 幼苗出土时间、 叶片数量和生物量等进行了对比分析。结果表明: 1）2007年栓皮栎坚果的虫寄生率为30.04%, 显著低于2008年（47.68%）, 表现出年际变化; 2）虫寄生坚果中单宁酸含量（11.54%±1.36%）显著高于完好坚果（7.36%±1.31%）（P=0.004）; 3）虫寄生坚果的鲜重、 直径、 长度均小于完好坚果; 4）虫寄生坚果的霉烂率（28%）和不完全萌发率（28%）均高于完好坚果（霉烂率0%, 不完全萌发率2%）; 但虫寄生坚果幼苗建成率（56%）低于完好坚果（92%）; 虫寄生坚果幼苗出土持续时间（埋藏后35周）短于完好坚果（埋藏后37周）; 5）在坚果埋藏和幼苗萌出当年的冬季, 由虫寄生坚果和完好坚果建成的幼苗的高度、 叶片数间均无显著差异, 但在翌年的生长季节, 两项指标均出现显著性差异; 6）经过一个完整的生长周期（1年）之后, 由虫寄生坚果所建成幼苗的根长、 根重量和生物量3项指标显著低于完好坚果, 而叶片数、 茎长、 叶重和茎重指标在二者间无显著性差异。研究结果提示, 昆虫寄生会对栎类坚果的种子质量和萌发行为产生一定的影响, 这可能是栎类植物群落更新的适应性选择。     

Predation and dispersal of large and small seeds of a tropical palm

Seed size may vary greatly among individuals within plant species. What effects the extremes of this variation have for seeds taken by small mammals are poorly understood. Not all seeds removed by small mammals are necessarily eaten. Small rodents are common seed predators, but they may disperse a significant proportion of seeds by scatter hoarding them via burial. Size-dependent predation and dispersal of seeds has not been directly tested within a plant species for tropical rodents. This study tested whether or not large and small nuts of Astrocaryum mexicanum (Palmae) differed in their fates due to handling by the spiny pocket mouse Heteromys desmarestianus (Heteromyidae). Exclosures were used to give small rodents exclusive access to A. mexicanum nuts. H. desmarestianus preferentially consumed large over small A. mexicanum nuts, but cached (in burrows and by scatter hoarding) similar proportions of these nuts by size. Small nuts tended to be buried farther away from exclosures than large nuts. Although sample sizes of buried nuts were small, the rodents retrieved all buried large nuts, but 30% of the small nuts remained buried long enough to germinate. I also examined predispersal predation by insects and found that insects appear to have no size preference for A. mexicanum nuts, but insect predation appears to hinder nut development. Thus, nuts attacked by insects develop to be significantly smaller, with a low proportion of undamaged endosperm, than uninfested nuts. It is hypothesized that the preferential predation of large A. mexicanum nuts by H. desmarestianus is a response by these rodents to insect predation.