不同喂食方法对产后野生中华鲟的摄食促进

2006年1月13日~7月15日,研究了不同喂食方法对产后野生雌性中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的摄食促进效果。研究表明,经人工繁殖后的中华鲟身体较虚弱,在人工环境下无主动摄食行为。野生中华鲟对投洒的人工配合饲料及天然饲料均无摄食反应,水下直接喂食天然饲料的效果依赖于中华鲟主动摄食能力的恢复,而采用导管喂食方法可以实现中华鲟的被动摄食,摄食量由76g逐步增加至382g,20d后开始出现主动摄食行为,日食量逐步上升至1822g并趋于稳定。导管喂食过程中健康状况也逐步得到改善,胸围和腹围开始提高,主动摄食后健康状况得到彻底改善。实验表明产后野生中华鲟的体能恢复有望在水族馆较好的环境条件中得以实现。     

中华鲟行为学研究进展

为保护中华鲟繁衍生息,研究人员在中华鲟繁殖、洄游等行为学方面进行了大量研究,为中华鲟的人工增殖放流提供了科学依据。2013年和2014年,连续2年未监测到中华鲟野生群体的自然繁殖行为,中华鲟野生资源的延续已经亮起红灯,而全人工繁殖的中华鲟放流后对野生种群的影响仍无法判断,通过全人工繁殖放流减缓中华鲟鱼物种资源衰退还有很多研究工作需要开展,例如对全人工繁殖中华鲟行为生态学方面的研究、中华鲟放流追踪、放流后中华鲟生活史研究等。以这些研究为基础,合理评价人工增殖放流对野生中华鲟资源的补充效果,提出合理的人工增殖放流方案将是新阶段中华鲟保护的重点和方向。     

野生及人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

对野生及人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼的肌肉营养成分和营养品质进行了分析比较.结果表明:野生中华鲟幼鱼肌肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量均显著高于人工养殖中华鲟(P＜0.05),而粗脂肪含量显著低于人工养殖中华鲟(P＜0.05).野生和人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为72.02、66.21,其构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准.脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量野生中华鲟显著高于人工养殖中华鲟(P＜0.05),分别为22.99%、7.15%.矿物质含量丰富,微量元素含量野生中华鲟明显高于人工养殖中华鲟[动物学报 53(3):502-510,2007].     

中华鲟初次全人工繁殖的特性研究

结合中华鲟研究所1994-1999年野生中华鲟人工繁殖亲本的生物学特性和2000-2008年野生成熟亲鱼人工繁殖的情况, 对子一代中华鲟初次全人工繁殖的特性进行了研究。结果表明: 虽然初次性成熟的子一代中华鲟个体均小于野生中华鲟的成熟亲本, 但性腺发育良好。经人工催产, 精子具有较高的质量(快速运动60s, 常温存活10min), 卵子也具有较高的受精率(71.4%)和孵化率(64.3%), 并成功的培育出了健康的子二代鱼苗1.8万尾。人工淡水条件下子一代中华鲟的全人工催产繁殖获得了成功, 证实了中华鲟可以在纯淡水中完成其生殖周期。研究结果对濒危物种中华鲟的物种延续具有重要现实意义。       

几种不同浓度的离子及单糖对中华鲟精子活力的影响

本文研究在不同浓度Na 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 及葡萄糖、果糖溶液中,中华鲟(Acipenser sinensisGray)精子活动情况。结果表明:Na 浓度为2‰时,中华鲟精子寿命时间(Life time,LT)最长,为347s,而Na 浓度为1‰时,中华鲟精子剧烈运动时间(Acute movement time,AT)最长,为98.67s,精子激活率在Na 浓度小于等于2‰时,为100%,随着Na 浓度的增加中华鲟精子激活率明显下降;与Na 溶液不同,在K 浓度为0.005‰时中华鲟精子活力最佳,其AT和LT最长,分别为80s和174s。而精子激活率随K 浓度增加而增强,在浓度为0.005‰时激活率最强为60%,然后快速下降;在Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 三种溶液中,随着三种溶液浓度的增加,中华鲟精子剧烈运动时间和寿命逐渐缩短,精子激活率逐步下降;与Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 三种溶液完全不同的是,随着葡萄糖和果糖两种单糖浓度的增加,中华鲟精子AT及精子LT逐渐延长。结果说明适量浓度的Na 、K 可以延长中华鲟精子AT及其LT,激活精子活力;而Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 三种溶液即使在较低浓度下都表现出对中华鲟精子AT、精子LT及其激活率明显的抑制作用;而葡萄糖和果糖则能有效地延长中华鲟精子AT和LT。     

水族馆不同年龄与发育状况的中华鲟呼吸频率及自发游速的观察

对北京海洋馆长期驯养的40尾不同年龄中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的自发游泳速度和呼吸频率逐尾监测,比较性腺发育进入快速发育阶段(发育至Ⅱ期末至Ⅲ期)9尾的行为变化,为中华鲟安全驯养和健康评价建立依据。40尾个体均≥3龄,其中,3龄个体全长(122±12)cm,体重(8±2)kg(n=8),30龄以上的个体全长(335±8)cm,体重(220±15)kg(n=4)。所有40尾被测中华鲟的平均游泳速度(44.46±5.62)cm/s(范围30~60 cm/s),不同年龄组无显著差异(P0.05);呼吸频率随年龄增长显著下降(P0.05),接近性成熟年龄(17龄)后多处于10~20次/min,低龄组(3~7龄)多处于30~40次/min。性腺进入快速发育阶段个体的游泳速度与呼吸频率显著升高,平均增幅分别达到50%和60%。结果表明,可以按照年龄及发育阶段对中华鲟的游泳速度和呼吸频率分别制定参数值,为健康判断提供评价基础。     

走出中国：酿酒酵母的起源、驯养与演化

酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)被广泛应用于酒类酿造和食品发酵等行业,其被人类利用的历史已有近万年。酿酒酵母也是遗传学、分子生物学、基因组学和合成生物学等研究中常用的模式生物。近年来研究者对其自然和驯养种群进行了全球范围的生态学、群体遗传学和群体基因组学等方面的研究,更新了对其生态分布、遗传多样性、自然进化和驯养史以及进化动力等方面的认知。发现酿酒酵母在原始森林等自然环境中普遍存在,并可能偏好阔叶树树干、腐木和周围土壤等生境。中国酿酒酵母的遗传多样性显著高于世界其他地区,该物种最古老的谱系也仅发现于中国,说明中国可能是该物种的起源地。生态适应是塑造该物种群体结构的主要力量,导致其野生和驯养群体之间的明显分化。驯养群体又分化为固态发酵和液态发酵两大类群,每个类群内又形成不同的驯养谱系。该物种野生群体的遗传多样性远高于其驯养群体,而野生群体遗传多样性的形成主要由中性突变引起。中国野生和驯养群体在麦芽糖利用能力、基因组杂合性、子囊孢子形成率和孢子活力等方面表现出显著差异,表明这2个群体采取不同的生活策略来适应其不同的生活环境。驯养群体通过群体或谱系特异性基因拷贝数...     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999～2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS 9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明：葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对“中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说”进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999~2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明:葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对"中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说"进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

基于中华鲟繁殖群体数量的长江中、下游生态环境考核指标

繁殖群体数量是中华鲟能否成功繁殖的重要影响因子, 建议作为长江生态考核的重要评价指标。根据重要种群参数和历史数据, 基于稳态转换理论和方法, 确定中华鲟繁殖群体数量指标的评估基准值和等级, 670尾以上为“优”、400—670尾为“良”、200—400尾为“中”、50—200尾为“差”、50尾以下为“极差”。水声学探测结果显示, 1998—2001年中华鲟繁殖群体数量指标评级为“良”; 2004—2012年三峡工程蓄水后至向家坝蓄水前评级为“中”; 2013—2020年评级为“极差”。为了复壮中华鲟野生种群, 建议修复葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场功能, 大规模放流性成熟亲鱼和大规格个体, 建立国家级中华鲟保育中心。     

人工养殖中华鲟后备亲鱼摄食和 生长的周年变化

实现全人工繁殖是中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)物种保护的重要途径,建立中华鲟人工养殖亲鱼群体是人工繁殖的基础条件。本文以自然变温条件下人工培育的中华鲟后备亲鱼(年龄15龄,体长183~235 cm,体重71.5~180.5 kg,n=14)为研究对象,每天对摄食行为进行观察记录,每月对生长指标进行检查测量,通过持续12个月的跟踪观测,开展后备亲鱼摄食和生长特征研究。结果显示,后备亲鱼摄食比例、摄食频次具有明显的月际变化特征,均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),雌鱼、雄鱼均具有相似的周年变化规律,雌雄摄食比例仅9月存在显著差异(P<0.05),雌雄摄食频次同月均无显著差异(P>0.05);后备亲鱼配合饲料日饵率和鲜活饵料日饵率均呈现先下降后升高的变化趋势,配合饲料日饵率10月最低,为0.02%,1月最高,为0.19%,鲜活饵料日饵率6月最低,为0.12%,4月最高,为0.99%;配合饲料的年均摄食比例仅为18.39%±17.61%,鲜活饵料的年均摄食比例为62.57%±15.63%,配合饲料和鲜活饵料摄食比例存在极显著差异(P<0.01),可见实验对象对鲜活饵料具有明显摄食偏好;配合饲料日饵率、鲜活饵料日饵率、总摄食率、雌鱼摄食率、总摄食频次和雌鱼摄食频次与水温存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05);后备亲鱼体周长、体重、肥满度均呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,呈现生长缓慢特征,不同月份肥满度存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他生长指标不同月份间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。在中华鲟后备亲鱼培育管理中,应注意加强水温调控,提供适宜养殖条件,减少人为干扰,改善摄食和生长效果。本研究对中华鲟后备亲鱼养殖技术的改进具有参考价值。     

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF PROBOSCIDEA PARVIFLORA SSP. PARVIFLORA (MARTYNIACEAE) UNDER DOMESTICATION

Aboriginal groups in the southwestern United States have grown Proboscidea parviflora ssp. parviflora for basketry fiber. It has been hypothesized that cultivated plants of this subspecies with white seeds and long-clawed fruit (which provide the fiber) have been domesticated. Cluster, multiple discriminant, and unvariate statistical analyses presented here show that the putative domesticate is indeed morphologically distinct from “wild” plants. It has clearly been domesticated, and has diverged from wild populations to the extent that a new variety, var. Hohokamiana, is proposed for the domesticate. Wild and domesticated varieties differ especially in seed color, rostrum, crest, style, and anther lengths. Most characteristics of the wild variety seem to be genetically dominant to those of the domesticate, which may account for absence of a weedy form intermediate between the wild and domesticated varieties. The wild variety is morphologically more variable than the domesticate, probably because of its broader geographical range and its intergradation with another subspecies. Ethnological data and the variational patterns reported here suggest that the domesticate originated in southern Arizonanorthern Sonora, but probably not north of that region.     

Allozymic, morphological, phenological, linguistic, plant use, and nutritional data on wild and cultivated collections ofLuffa aegyptiaca Mill. (Cucurbitaceae) from Nepal, southern China, and northern Laos

In order to explore the domestication and ethnobotany ofLuffa aegyptiaca, collections were made from two regions where wild plants and the domesticate occur: an area in and near southern China, represented by Yunnan Province (China) and northern Laos; and the Indian subcontinent, represented by southeastern Nepal. The allozyme evidence was inconclusive with respect to the region of domestication due to the small sample size of wild accessions from Nepal but suggests a single place of domestication. Principal Components Analysis of morphological characters revealed that some accessions of the domesticate from Yunnan and Laos were more similar to the wild type than were those from Nepal. Compared to the wild type, the domesticate had nonbitter, larger, and indehiscent fruits, flowered earlier, and had thicker fruit vascular bundles. The nutritional content of traditional cultivars was superior to that of a single modern cultivar that was examined.     

四倍体野生稻快速驯化: 启动人类新农业文明

通过人工选择优良遗传变异, 将野生植物驯化为栽培作物, 以满足人类对食物的需求, 是人类发展历史中的重要事件, 推动了人类文明的持续发展。随着世界人口持续增加, 耕地面积不断减少, 灾害性天气频发, 全球粮食安全问题日趋严峻。基于作物驯化的分子机理及重要农艺性状的遗传基础, 结合高通量基因组测序和高效基因组编辑技术, 从头驯化野生植物, 创造新型作物, 将是应对这一挑战的有效策略之一。近日, 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所李家洋团队联合国内外多家单位, 通过组装异源四倍体高秆野生稻(Oryza alta)基因组, 优化遗传转化体系, 利用基因组编辑技术, 使其落粒性、芒性、株型、籽粒大小及抽穗期等决定作物驯化成功与否的重要性状发生改变, 成功实现了异源四倍体高秆野生稻的从头定向驯化。该突破性研究成果证明了通过从头驯化将异源四倍体野生稻培育成未来的主粮作物, 是确保粮食安全的可行策略, 同时也为从头驯化野生和半野生植物、创制新型作物提供了重要参考。     

Ontogenetic behavior of Kootenai River White Sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser transmontanus</Emphasis>, with a note on body color: A laboratory study

Laboratory studies indicated the following ontogenetic behavior and body color of wild Kootenai River White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, (hereafter, Kootenai Sturgeon), a landlocked population in the Kootenai River, a major tributary of the Columbia River (United States) and Kootenay Lake (Canada). Hatchling free embryos (hereafter, embryos) are photonegative and hide under cover at a spawning site, and have a grey body. Late-embryos are photopositive and weakly prefer white substrate, use cover less with age, and develop a black tail. Day 13 larvae forage in the day on the open bottom, use cover less with age, prefer bright habitat, have a light-grey body and black tail, and initiate a mostly nocturnal dispersal for about 21 days, and then, continue a weaker dispersal. As they age, the entire body and tail of larvae is a dark-grey color when they develop into juveniles (about 66 days). The common body and tail color of larvae from the Kootenai, Columbia, and Sacramento rivers indicate a common adaptation to signal conspecifics or avoid predators. Juveniles are variable for foraging height, do not hide in bottom cover, and continue a weak nocturnal downstream movement. Movement of larvae and juveniles in the artificial stream suggests wild Kootenai Sturgeon have a long slow dispersal style (disperse for months). The long dispersal style of young Kootenai Sturgeon may adapt larvae to dispersing all summer in a 100–200 km long reach with a low abundance of food. The final destination of Kootenai Sturgeon during their first rearing season is unknown, but the long dispersal suggests fish could easily move to the lower river or to Kootenay Lake. Ontogenetic behavior of Kootenai Sturgeon is slightly different from Columbia River White Sturgeon, which has a weak embryo dispersal, but both populations have a similar major dispersal by larvae. However, both of these populations differ qualitatively from Sacramento River White Sturgeon, in which juveniles initiate the major dispersal. Thus, major geographic behavioral variation exists among populations and should be considered in restoration programs.     

围栏条件下社鼠的食物贮藏行为

在北京东灵山地区, 用活捕笼从野外捕获社鼠, 并在野外建造围栏, 以山杏种子和辽东栎坚果为备选食物, 对围栏条件下社鼠的食物贮藏行为进行了研究。数据的统计分析采用SPSS for Windows (version 1010) 进行。结果表明: 1) 社鼠主要表现出食物的集中贮藏方式; 2) 贮藏食物被模拟盗窃使社鼠的食物贮藏活动加强; 3)社鼠倾向于选择山杏种子进行贮藏, 而对辽东栎坚果则取食较多。文中还讨论了食物类型、模拟盗窃等因素对社鼠食物贮藏行为的影响。     

基于高通量测序的达氏鲟微卫星标记筛选

达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)是我国特有的珍稀鱼类,主要分布在长江上游干支流。由于人类活动的影响,其种群数量急剧下降,被列为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物、IUCN红色名录极危(CR)物种。本研究针对当前达氏鲟群体的濒危现状,应用微卫星标记开展达氏鲟保护遗传学研究。通过高通量测序成功筛选出25个微卫星位点,采用18尾野生个体和30尾人工繁殖个体对其多样性进行了检验,结果表明,25个位点共检测出181个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数(A)为4~11(平均值7.2),观测杂合度(HO)为0.160~1.000(平均值0.744),期望杂合度(HE)为0.346~0.875(平均值0.727)。所有位点均不偏离"Hardy-Weinberg"平衡(P0.05),各位点间也无连锁不平衡现象。除了其中一个位点以外,所有位点的多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5,其多态性较好。本次筛选的微卫星位点将有助于达氏鲟资源保护和群体遗传研究。     

应用于中华鲟的Pop-up标志固定方法

简要介绍了应用于中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的pop-up标志固定方法,包括预埋体的制作、植入及pop-up标志悬挂等技术,并对其应用效果进行了评价。     

Cafeteria-style feeding trials provide new insights into the diet and nutritional strategies of the black snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri): Implications for conservation

Anthropogenic changes and fragmentation of natural habitats often exert a negative effect on resource availability and distribution, and the nutritional ecology and feeding behavior of nonhuman primates. The goals of this study are to examine food choice and to identify the nutritional profile of foods consumed by the Critically Endangered black snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri). To accomplish our study goals, we presented cafeteria-style feeding trials of fresh food items collected in the home range of wild black snub-nosed monkeys to the only two captive R. strykeri, and compared the nutritional profiles of the leafy foods (buds, young, and mature leaves, 100 items from 70 plant species) selected with those avoided (54 items from 48 plant species). Overall, the results indicate that captive R. strykeri selected foods that were higher in moisture (Mo; 77.7%), crude protein (CP; 21.2%), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; 34.9%), and phosphorus (P; 0.37%) while tending to avoid foods with a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of greater than 46.8%. Leaves collected in autumn and selected by the monkeys were characterized by a slightly higher amount of metabolizable energy (ME) than those rejected (1,350 kJ/100 g vs. 1,268 kJ/100 g). In contrast, the protein content of foods collected and consumed during the spring was greater (22.9%) than in autumn (16.4%). Random Forests modeling, an ensemble learning method, indicated that the proportion of Mo, NDF, ME, CP, P, and TNC were among the most important factors in predicting which items were consumed by the captive R. strykeri during spring and autumn. On the basis of the nutritional profile of foods consumed across the two seasons, we identified 18 nutrient-rich native plant species that we recommend for use in ex- and in-situ conservation management and reforestation programs to provide long-term access to a nutritionally adequate diet.