野生中华鲟水族馆驯养观察

2005年4月3日~7月31日期间以捕捞于长江宜昌江段的野生中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)为研究材料,对其在水族馆中的驯养方法进行了研究。结果表明,野生中华鲟摄食的饲料品种由1种逐渐增加至6种,日摄食量由120 g逐渐增加至2 000 g并逐渐趋于稳定,说明水族馆驯养池的环境适合野生中华鲟的生存。     

养殖中华鲟的产后康复

通过观测初次繁殖养殖中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)亲本产后的摄食行为, 测量生长指标和监测血清中甲状腺指标、血液理化指标, 进行产后亲本11个月康复的效果分析。结果表明: 使用多春鱼(Mallotus villosus)可诱导产后亲本开口摄食及转食营养丰富的混合鲜饵。雌性产后身体虚弱, 摄食时行为异常, 随摄入营养水平逐渐提高, 雌性和雄性最大摄食量于产后7个月时分别达到体质量的2.04%和1.60%, 7个月后恢复正常。随混合鲜饵摄食量提高, 亲本体质量从下降转而升高(9个月间雌雄亲本增长率分别为44.16%和23.30%), 体长增长(增长率分别为5.00%和3.23%), 与同龄未产的养殖中华鲟(参照组)相比, 体质量和体长的增长率均处于较高水平。产后亲本血清总T3(TT3)、血清总T4(TT4)、血清游离T3(FT3)、血清游离T4(FT4)和多项血液理化指标在恢复培养期明显升高, 至培养期末, TT3 、FT3高于参照组, 其余指标多接近参照组平均水平, 表明产后亲本生理情况基本恢复。研究表明, 加强产后康复培养, 可以提高初次繁殖亲本, 尤其是雌性的健康恢复和生长效果, 对养殖中华鲟资源的重复利用和再次成熟后生殖力的提高至关重要。       

长江口中华鲟幼鱼感觉器官在摄食行为中的作用

中华鲟为我国一级保护水生野生动物,其幼鱼生活史研究尚有许多空白。本文通过分别封闭中华鲟幼鱼不同感觉器官（包括视觉、嗅觉、触觉、侧线感觉、电感觉等）,研究了这些感觉器官在中华鲟幼鱼摄食行为中的重要性,旨存为改进中华鲟幼鱼的保护措施和人工培育技术提供科学依据。63尾实验鱼于2006年5—6月采集于长江口水域,实验鱼在试验开始前暂养适应2周,实验设计7个实验组和1个对照组,实验期水温为24．5—27．0℃。实验结果显示：封闭视觉、侧线感觉和电感觉器官后幼鱼的摄食量与正常幼鱼（对照组）无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。封闭嗅觉幼鱼的摄食量只有正常幼鱼的34．76％。封闭触觉幼鱼的摄食量只有正常幼鱼的73．80％。同一时间封闭嗅觉和触觉后,幼鱼的摄食量仅为正常幼鱼的17．01％。因此,可以推断嗅觉和触觉在中华鲟幼鱼觅食过程中起着主要的作用。     

中华鲟行为学研究进展

为保护中华鲟繁衍生息,研究人员在中华鲟繁殖、洄游等行为学方面进行了大量研究,为中华鲟的人工增殖放流提供了科学依据。2013年和2014年,连续2年未监测到中华鲟野生群体的自然繁殖行为,中华鲟野生资源的延续已经亮起红灯,而全人工繁殖的中华鲟放流后对野生种群的影响仍无法判断,通过全人工繁殖放流减缓中华鲟鱼物种资源衰退还有很多研究工作需要开展,例如对全人工繁殖中华鲟行为生态学方面的研究、中华鲟放流追踪、放流后中华鲟生活史研究等。以这些研究为基础,合理评价人工增殖放流对野生中华鲟资源的补充效果,提出合理的人工增殖放流方案将是新阶段中华鲟保护的重点和方向。     

人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼摄食不同饵料的转化效率与生长特性

利用水蚯蚓与人工饲料分别投喂7月龄中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼,研究不同饵料对中华鲟幼鱼转化效率与生长特性的影响.结果表明:经过60 d生长,水蚯蚓组、人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的平均体长分别从177.0、191.6 mm增至216.6、332.5 mm,体质量分别从32.73、44.39 g增至58.27、264.71 g;水蚯蚓组、人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的饵料转化率分别为6.67～39.33、0.89～1.26,特定生长率分别为0.19%～2.33%、1.38%～3.94%.生长效率分别为2.54%～14.99%、79.56%～204.44%;人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的生长速度快于水蚯蚓组,肥满度大于水蚯蚓组;2个试验组中华鲟幼鱼的体长与体质量均呈幂函数关系,各阶段幂指数b值均小于3,表明中华鲟幼鱼为异速生长;水蚯蚓组中华鲟幼鱼肌肉的水分湿质量含量为82.23%±0.79%,蛋白干质量含量为62.79%±1.34%,均略比人工饲料组高;综合饵料转化效率与各项生长指标,表明人工饲料比水蚯蚓更适宜作为中华鲟幼鱼阶段的人工养殖饵料.     

人工养殖中华鲟后备亲鱼摄食和 生长的周年变化

实现全人工繁殖是中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)物种保护的重要途径,建立中华鲟人工养殖亲鱼群体是人工繁殖的基础条件。本文以自然变温条件下人工培育的中华鲟后备亲鱼(年龄15龄,体长183~235 cm,体重71.5~180.5 kg,n=14)为研究对象,每天对摄食行为进行观察记录,每月对生长指标进行检查测量,通过持续12个月的跟踪观测,开展后备亲鱼摄食和生长特征研究。结果显示,后备亲鱼摄食比例、摄食频次具有明显的月际变化特征,均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),雌鱼、雄鱼均具有相似的周年变化规律,雌雄摄食比例仅9月存在显著差异(P<0.05),雌雄摄食频次同月均无显著差异(P>0.05);后备亲鱼配合饲料日饵率和鲜活饵料日饵率均呈现先下降后升高的变化趋势,配合饲料日饵率10月最低,为0.02%,1月最高,为0.19%,鲜活饵料日饵率6月最低,为0.12%,4月最高,为0.99%;配合饲料的年均摄食比例仅为18.39%±17.61%,鲜活饵料的年均摄食比例为62.57%±15.63%,配合饲料和鲜活饵料摄食比例存在极显著差异(P<0.01),可见实验对象对鲜活饵料具有明显摄食偏好;配合饲料日饵率、鲜活饵料日饵率、总摄食率、雌鱼摄食率、总摄食频次和雌鱼摄食频次与水温存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05);后备亲鱼体周长、体重、肥满度均呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,呈现生长缓慢特征,不同月份肥满度存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他生长指标不同月份间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。在中华鲟后备亲鱼培育管理中,应注意加强水温调控,提供适宜养殖条件,减少人为干扰,改善摄食和生长效果。本研究对中华鲟后备亲鱼养殖技术的改进具有参考价值。     

随机限食和重喂食小鼠能量收支和生长发育的可塑性

为阐明能量收支和生长发育的可塑性对动物适应食物资源变化的作用和意义,将断乳后的雄性KM小鼠40只随机限食4周,再重喂食4周。采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计测定基础代谢率(BMR)。限食使摄食量显著增加,BMR和活动行为降低,胴体和生殖腺重量显著降低。重喂食后上述指标均恢复到对照组水平,表现出显著的可塑性变化。结果表明,KM小鼠能通过摄食量、BMR、活动行为和身体组成的可塑性调节以适应难以预测的食物资源变化。     

日本沼虾继饥饿后补偿生长研究

在25.0±1℃条件下,对日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense (湿重, 0.52～0.64 g )进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再供食的恢复生长实验.对照组C连续饱食投喂18 d;处理组S2、S4和S8分别饥饿2、4和8 d后再饱食投喂16、14和10 d.结果 饥饿结束时各处理组的湿重均显著低于对照组;实验结束时S2、S4组与对照组间的湿重差异不显著,而S8组的湿重仍显著低于对照组;恢复生长时各处理组的湿重摄食率、食物转化率和生长率开始显著高于对照组,但随着恢复时间延长又逐步达到对照组水平.随着饥饿时间延长,日本沼虾标准代谢率降低.在恢复投喂后又逐步回升到对照组水平.实验结果表明,日本沼虾继饥饿后再恢复喂食出现完全或部分补偿生长效应不仅是由于增加食欲,提高了摄食水平,同时也改善了食物转化率.因此,补偿生长是这两种生理因素共同作用的结果.     

随机限食与重喂食小鼠的能量代谢和行为的可塑性

分别测定了随机限食和重喂食驯化的雌性KM小鼠的体重、摄食量、基础代谢率(BMR)、行为活动、身体脂肪和性腺重量.随机限食使摄食量增加、BMR和活动行为降低,生长发育迟缓,但对身体脂肪无显著影响.重喂食后上述指标均恢复到对照组水平,表现出显著的可塑性变化.结果表明,动物通过能量摄入和支出的权衡策略适应难以预测的食物资源变化,能量代谢和活动行为的可塑性调节在能量代谢的权衡策略中发挥重要作用.     

侵蚀环境生态恢复过程中人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)土壤微生物量演变特征

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO2在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO2与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著（P〈0.05）或极显著水平（P〈0.01）。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。     

Biological peculiarities of the industrially bred juvenile Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Acipenseridae, Acipenseriformes) in the Don

We discuss results of the investigation into biological peculiarities of the juvenile Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) from the Aksay-Don Sturgeon Hatchery living in a natural riverine environment and migrating seaward. We supply data on the growth rate, geographic distribution, behavior and the feeding manner of the juvenile Russian sturgeon in the Don. We have estimated the survival rate of the industrially bred juvenile Russian sturgeon living in a natural environment. Apart from the nutritive base in the river and the predation pressure, we found that ecologically and physiologically determined biological characteristics mostly influence the survival rate in the juvenile Russian sturgeon released into the Don. The findings allow estimation of artificial propagation of the Russian sturgeon in the Azov Sea basin.     

5种养殖鲟鱼怀卵差异及周年繁殖

2007年11月至2009年11月通过对12批次(共计5 207尾个体)解剖观察,统计了5种性成熟鲟鱼[西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri)、俄罗斯鲟(A.gueldenstaedti)、施氏鲟(A.schrencki)、黑龙江杂交鲟(Huso dauricus ♀×A.schrencki ♂)和欧洲杂交鲟(H...     

Evaluation of pulsed gastric lavage on the survival of captive shovelnose sturgeon

Little is known about the diet of the endangered pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus. Because of this endangered status non‐lethal methods to ascertain their food habits must be evaluated. Tests of pulsed gastric lavage (PGL) were conducted on shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus, as a surrogate for the pallid sturgeon, to determine if PGL negatively affected their survival. Nine sequential trials containing eight shovelnose sturgeon (N = 72) were conducted with wild fish collected from the Platte River near Louisville, Nebraska. Each trial group was placed into one of two tanks, with each tank containing three pulsed gastric lavaged fish and one control fish. Fish were weighed, measured, and tagged with a passive integrated transponder (PIT tag) before being transported to holding tanks for acclimation and PGL treatment. Sturgeon were acclimated 4–6 days prior to PGL, then held for 15 days after treatment. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite were monitored daily. No significant difference between the survival of PGL fish and control fish was detected. Because the test required these fish to endure the additional stress of transport and handling, PGL seems a viable technique that can be safely used to evaluate food habits of shovelnose sturgeon, and could be considered safe for pallid sturgeon food habit studies.     

Feeding dynamics of sturgeon fingerlings (Acipenseridae) depending on food concentration and stocking density

Sturgeon fingerlings of 20.0 g at a water temperature of 18.20° C, fed for 130 min and consumed 6.5% of their body weight when the food concentration was 2 g m⁻². At 38 g m⁻² the fingerlings stopped feeding after 45 min but consumed 9.0% of their body weight. As satiation approached the intervals between successive food intakes increased and feeding rate decreased. The rate of feeding was inversely proportional to the amount of food already consumed, and an equation describing this relationship is given. During the first minutes of feeding the ration size was directly proportional to food concentration but with further feeding the relationship changed. The equations of Ivlev and Rashevsky were close approximations to the relationship between ration size and food concentration. At a density of 12 individuals/m² the feeding duration and ration size was low in comparison to single fingerlings and to fish fed at higher densitites.     

Abundance and distribution of sturgeon feeding pits in a Washington estuary

Sturgeon diet and feeding habitats are notoriously difficult to document. We mapped the locations of feeding pits in Willapa Bay, Washington, to characterize estuarine habitats used by sub-adult and adult sturgeon for infaunal feeding. Monthly summer surveys of intertidal plots revealed that feeding pit density was highest in July and August, when sturgeon occupy Willapa Bay. The ephemeral nature of feeding pits and high daily densities (> 1000 pits/ha) indicated intensive sturgeon feeding over unvegetated littoral mud flats during high tide. Feeding pit density was lowest in subtidal areas, over sand (grain sizes primarily >63 μ), and at sites with dense stands of non-indigenous seagrass, Zostera japonica. Sub-adult and adult sturgeon apparently used these habitats significantly less than would be predicted based on their availability. Feeding pit formation was negatively correlated with Z. japonica shoot dry weight and positively correlated with the abundance of thalassinid shrimp burrows. Experimental removal of Z. japonica resulted in increased sturgeon feeding, but experimental removal of burrowing shrimp did not significantly affect feeding pit formation. Aquaculture activities that harden substrate and proliferation of invasive seagrass both appear to produce estuarine substrates that are unsuitable for benthic feeding by sturgeon.     

4种鲟鱼养殖亲鱼群体遗传多样性分析

近年鲟鱼人工繁殖技术促进了鲟鱼养殖业的发展,但在选育初期未对后备亲鱼进行遗传背景分析,为了抑制种质资源退化和防止近交衰退,繁育场需要对现有后备亲鱼进行遗传背景分析.本文利用线粒体控制区(D-loop)部分序列对4种养殖鲟鱼后备亲鱼群体(共120个样本)的遗传多样性进行了分析.研究发现不同种鲟鱼D-loop部分序列长度不...     

The effect of water velocity on feeding efficiency of juvenile Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis

The effect of water velocity on feeding of benthic cruising foragers, like sturgeons, is poorly understood. Using an artificial endless stream, we conducted experiments with wild juvenile Chinese Sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, to test the hypothesis that water current speed affects juvenile feeding efficiency on the Barcheek Goby, Rhinogobius giurinus, a common wild prey. Feeding consumption (F_c) of juveniles was positively related to water current speed (current speed in cm^?1: mean F_c value) follow: 0: 2.33; 11:7.33; 31: 10.67; and 41: 13.7. Thus, current speed had a significant effect on foraging efficiency by sturgeon. The results indicate foraging by wild A. sinensis juveniles on gobies occurs mostly during flood and neap tidal flows when current velocities are fastest.     

Biological characteristics of European Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, as the basis for a restoration program in France

The European Atlantic Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, has received increased attention in France because of population declines due to overfishing and deterioration of spawning grounds. Conservation of this species requires many actions, including publicizing the necessity to protect this fish and its habitats, investigations on catches and probable spawning grounds, and on artificial reproduction, which is still in an experimental stage. During its sea life, European Atlantic sturgeon occur from the Bay of Biscay to the Bristol Channel and North Sea. Presently, the number of young fish in the Gironde Estuary during summertime is low and the population has a unimodal age structure. At the time this paper was written, the last recorded reproduction of sturgeon in the Gironde system occurred in 1988 (new evidence of reproduction was discovered in 1995). Growth of young fish from the 1988 cohort was faster than that previously determined for others cohorts. Over our study period (1980–1994), the availability of wild broodfish declined. Successful artificial reproduction of wild-caught females requires an optimal physiological state; any delay decreases their reproductive potential. Acclimatization of wild-caught juveniles to fresh water was most successful when fish were transported and held upon arrival in low salinity water. For such wild-caught juveniles, the first food intake usually occurs several months after capture, but remains irregular. These findings will be used to improve ongoing efforts to restore A. sturio.