景观可持续性与景观可持续性科学

人类活动已经剧烈地改变了自然环境,全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染等种种迹象表明当今世界正处在一个不可持续的运行轨迹上,实现可持续发展成为21世纪人类面临的巨大挑战。景观是理解与塑造人类社会和环境关系最具操作性的尺度,也是提供景观服务,实现人类福祉最重要的场所。景观可持续性研究对于人类具有重要意义。景观可持续性是指特定景观所具有的、能够长期而稳定地提供景观服务、维护和改善本区域人类福祉的综合能力。景观可持续性具有跨学科、多维度特征,强调景观弹性和可再生能力;景观服务是景观可持续性研究中的重要概念,它是连接自然资本与人类福祉的关键桥梁,也是将景观可持续性与景观生态学紧密联系在一起的纽带。格局-过程-设计新范式的产生是景观可持续性研究的新发展。在景观可持续性快速发展的同时,聚焦于景观和区域尺度的景观可持续性科学应运而生。景观可持续性科学以景观格局、景观服务、人类福祉三者之间的动态关系为主要研究内容,充分融合了景观生态学空间显示方法、可持续性指标体系和GISRS等方法技术,其理论框架和研究方法体系正在逐步形成和完善之中。景观可持续性科学是可持续性科学的重要组成部分,虽然处于刚刚起步阶段,它必将成为未来十多年可持续性科学的研究热点。     

“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义

格局与过程的关系是景观生态学研究中的核心内容.景观格局指数是定量分析景观格局与生态过程的主要方法,但由于许多景观格局指数难以将格局与过程有机融合在一起而陷入困境,探讨景观格局分析中有效表征生态过程的理论与方法,对于景观生态学的发展具有积极意义.基于大气污染中的“源”“汇”理论,在已有研究基础上,提出了“源”“汇”景观的概念和理论.认为根据不同景观类型的功能,可以将他们划分为“源”“汇”两种景观类型,从而将过程的内涵融于景观格局分析中.该理论认为：（1）在格局与过程研究中,异质景观可以分为“源”“汇”景观两种类型,其中“源”景观是指那些能促进过程发展的景观类型,“汇”景观是那些能阻止或延缓过程发展的景观类型;（2）“源”“汇”景观的性质是相对的,对于某一过程的“源”景观,可能是另一过程的“汇”景观,“源”“汇”景观的分析必须针对特定的过程;（3）“源”“汇”景观区分的关键在于判断景观类型在生态过程演变中所起的作用,是正向推动作用还是负向滞缓作用;（4）不同类型“源”（或者“汇”）景观对于同一种生态过程的贡献是不同的,在分析景观格局对生态过程的影响时需要考虑这种作用的差异;（5）“源”“汇”景观理论可以应用于非点源污染、生物多样性保护、城市热岛效应等不同领域.“源”“汇”景观理论提出的主要目的是探究不同景观类型在空间上的动态平衡对生态过程影响,从而找到适合一个地区的景观空间格局.这一理论的提出有助于推动景观格局与生态过程研究的深入,希望以此为基础,通过大量的实证研究,丰富和完善“源”、“汇”景观的理论和方法.     

乡村景观特征的保护与更新

乡村景观特征主要表现为乡村景观要素的形态、空间特点,以及它们之间的相互关系。多元化乡村景观特征具有文化、景观与生态等价值。工业化、城镇化导致传统乡村景观衰败及消失,并引发景观特征减少、多样性降低。乡村景观特征的保护与更新是乡村景观可持续发展的关键。本文对乡村景观规划建设中乡村景观特征的保护与更新进行探讨,包括内容、范畴以及具体措施和技术要点,以期对我国乡村景观的可持续发展以及乡村规划体系建设有所启示。     

黄土高原区景观生态特征与景观生态建设

黄土高原是黄河中游的黄土分布区 ,人类开发历史悠久 ,自然环境变化显著。长期以来 ,由于土地的不合理利用 ,水土流失严重 ,资源被破坏 ,生态环境日益恶化 ,属于生态脆弱区。人类活动强烈干扰 ,超过了生态系统的稳定极限而使之退化是该区的显著特征之一。景观生态学理论体系中的景观动态与演进、景观规划与建设以及景观保护等都是黄土高原生态环境所面临的主要问题。所以 ,强调人类活动对景观结构与生态过程影响 ,可为黄土高原地区生态环境建设提供理论依据。1　黄土高原区景观生态特征黄土高原位于我国西北荒漠区的前沿 ,北与毛乌素沙漠相…     

欧洲景观条约与景观生态学研究

1　性质和由来近十多年来 ,欧洲土地利用变化迅速 ,西北欧农业利用加剧和过度发展 ,南欧则出现农业毁弃和贫瘠化 ,城市化与日益增长的交通设施建设都使原有的景观受到威胁 ,其自然特性与社会文化特性发生退化。出于提高生活质量的考虑 ,欧洲人普遍关心景观的保护和管理 ,他们认识到景观在文化、生态、环境以及社会领域具有重大作用 ,构成了有利于经济活动的一种资源 ,景观的管理和保护可以创造就业机会。景观有助于地方文化的构成 ,同时它也是自然与文化遗产的基本组成部分 ,有利于欧洲特色的巩固及人们的欢乐与健康。景观是任何地方人们生…     

文化景观作为区域景观研究概念——德国图林根州文化景观研究、教学与规划实践

近20 年来,对风景园林的文化阐释成为埃尔夫特应用科技大学文化景观研究组持续以来的关注焦点。期间,该研究组系统地分析了决定图林根州文化景观的各种文化因素和要素,深入了解文化和自然环境中的复杂相互作用,以此来表述和研究图林根州的区域景观系统。首先,阐述了当下德国风景园林学术语境中“文化景观”的含义,强调文化对于景观质量的价值。继而,论述了对景观进行优化、保护和设计中无法否定和回避的文化与经济因素。这样既要发展经济又要保护文化的矛盾性质,是文化景观概念所理解的人类生存的重要性质所在。文化景观研究能够在看似统一的地理区域中,形成和发展为具有可识别性的、差异化的动态结构。此外,文化景观研究还涉及其他因素,诸如生物多样性与文化多样性的丧失、生态系统服务功能滞后、经济价值的低估、国土空间连接性以及缺少实质性评价的人文特征。对历史性文化景观价值的认知给风景园林学带来了机遇,对历史景观不仅要保护,而且要创造并提供各种富有成效的展示,以参与文化景观的未来发展。维护和整合风景园林规划设计中文化景观遗产的研究实践,可以通过基础设施项目的环境影响评估到建成区的景观设计整体过程中得以贯彻。更好地理解文化景观,有助于在空间规划和发展中对其更加谨慎地进行处理,以提高文化景观研究的科学和策略意识。     

基于图论的景观图表达、分析及应用

景观结构和空间格局一直是景观生态学的核心问题,图论的应用为景观格局的分析提供了一种研究框架,基于图论的景观图逐渐被应用于生物多样性保护的连通性建模和景观规划的决策支持研究,景观图的表达、分析和应用已成为保护生物学和景观生态学研究的热点。本文首先介绍了景观图的图论基础,在Scopus数据库的基础上,检索了1993—2019年在标题、摘要和关键词中出现 “landscape graph”、“connectivity”和“network”词汇的257篇已发表的期刊论文。从年发文量、来源期刊、研究区域、研究机构、景观类型等方面分析了该领域的研究进展和发展趋势。分析发现,2017年之前,发表的期刊论文数量整体呈上升趋势,2017年之后年发文量逐年下降;主要研究力量集中在美国、西班牙、法国、加拿大和中国,发文量占到86.8%。大部分研究成果发表在“Landscape Ecology”、“Landscape and Urban Planning”和“Biological Conservation”期刊上。在研究内容上,景观图表达主要包括点的定义、边的度量和景观的模拟3方面,景观图分析研究包括分析指数、景观图划分两方面。我们重点关注了景观图在生物多样性保护、景观(生态网络)规划和管理、景观影响评价等科学与实践中的应用。基于图论的景观图通过帮助理解景观连通性变化、动物行为和栖息地保护,影响着保护科学和规划实践者。图论对保护科学和规划的影响来自于丰富的理论基础和成熟的研究方法,基于图论的景观图为景观结构和格局的生态学理解提供了跳板,并将继续成为全球研究人员和实践者的重要工具。     

基于景观格局理论和理想风水模式的藏族乡土聚落景观空间解析——以甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村落为例

中国传统乡土聚落作为多功能景观,其保护研究是我国生态及文化保护工作的重要组成部分,是可持续科学和跨学科研究的典型载体。从文化和生态两条研究路线出发,同时运用中国传统风水生态理念和现代景观格局理论对甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村藏族乡土聚落的景观立体结构、生态要素构成进行不同角度的解构,探析理想景观模式蕴含的生态合理性及文化与环境在聚落发展中的相互关系。风水模式分析表明扎尕那聚落立体结构为"盆地-豁口-走廊"的壶天模式,符合中国人心目中理想的"山-林-屋-水-林"景观模式,其空间要素组成在水平和垂直方向上均表现出以人类活动为中心的圈层结构。综合自然地理环境要素契合"藏风得水"的理想风水格局,整体形成以寺庙为核心的组团式聚居格局,各个独立自然村落具有相似的界面特征。景观格局指数分析表明扎尕那聚落景观以有林地和裸岩为基质,景观异质性和景观连接度都较高。人工斑块比例很低,聚落属于极稀疏区,人类活动对于自然环境的干扰较小。多重文化和自然环境的综合作用是扎尕那聚落格局演化的主要驱动因子。本研究为扎尕那聚落的保护和发展模式的制定奠定了理论基础,对于文化与环境相互关系的研究及中国多功能景观研究模式的探索具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

多功能农业景观:内涵、进展与研究范式

多功能农业景观是景观尺度下农业多功能性的空间表征，具有生物多样性保护、田园风光留存和地域文化传承等多种重要的非经济功能。构建多功能农业景观是促进区域农业可持续发展与人类福祉提升的重要途径，同时也是多学科交叉的综合性研究。在已有景观生态学研究范式的基础上，探讨了多功能农业景观的内涵和国内外相关研究进展，并提出了"格局-功能-需求-管理"的多功能农业景观研究范式。与此同时，绘制了新研究范式的概念框架，通过划分四大研究模块具体分析了如何基于新研究范式开展多功能农业景观的构建、评价和管理等工作。本研究为实现区域农业景观的可持续发展和阐明多功能农业景观的内在运行机制奠定理论基础提供支持，为乡村生态景观营造关键问题的解决与多功能农业景观的实际构建提供帮助。     

景观统计与景观抽样调查方法

研究大尺度景观时,采用低分辨率遥感数据往往会出现“可塑性面积单元问题”,而尺度推演技术也很难保证其结果的可靠性。借鉴统计学基本原理和方法研究景观生态现象的景观统计与抽样调查技术是解决上述问题的一种好的思路与方法,它可使研究者在资源有限的条件下对大尺度景观进行较为精确的研究。本文介绍了景观统计的基本概念,对景观抽样调查和统计推断原理与方法进行了重点讨论,并总结了景观统计的应用范围和应用难点,展望了景观统计的学科发展前景。     

北京东灵山区景观类型空间邻接与分布规律

景观由斑块实间镶嵌而成。如何从错综复杂的斑块镶嵌中发现景观类型的空间分布规律,是景观格局研究中亟待解决的问题。通过对北京东灵山地区景观类型空间邻接关系的研究,借鉴群落生态学方法对其空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明,各个景观类型的空间邻接特征明显差异,可依紧密邻接的类型数目和程度分为３类;决定景观类型邻接多样性的主要因素是邻接类型的数目;采用作者提出的以景观类型空间邻接长度替代群落学数据的群落分类方     

Riverine landscapes: an introduction

1. This paper is an introduction to a special issue of Freshwater Biology containing selected papers from the First International Symposium on Riverine Landscapes held in March 2001 in Switzerland.
2. The primary goal of the symposium was to synthesise present understanding of riverine landscapes from the perspectives of different disciplines. A landscape approach was used to address interactions between patterns and processes, in the context of spatial heterogeneity, across scales in physical and biological systems.
3. The three main themes were: (i) hydrogeomorphic processes, (ii) biological dynamics and (iii) human influences in riverine landscapes.     

基于TM影像的景观空间自相关分析——以北京昌平区为例

格局与尺度之间的关系是景观生态学的核心研究内容。景观格局发生在不同的尺度 ,而尺度又影响格局的研究 ,因而 ,在景观生态学研究中应用多种量化研究方法于一系列尺度来确定和特征化空间格局研究 ,并探求空间格局与生态学功能和生态学过程之间的关系是非常必要的。以北京昌平区为例 ,从 TM影像中选取 5个具有突出自然和社会经济背景差异的景观 ,即林地景观、农田景观、都市边缘景观、卫星城景观和灌丛景观为研究对象 ,基于归一化植被指数 (N DVI) ,采用常用空间自相关指数 ,即 Moran的 I系数和 Geary的 c系数进行一系列的空间自相关分析 ,旨在阐明 :变化的空间粒度如何影响空间分析 ?以及空间分析如何响应划区效应 ?此外 ,基于 N DVI和数字高程模型 (DEM)也探讨了对于不同的数据类型 ,格局的尺度依赖性如何变化。研究结果表明 :空间粒度的变化对于景观分析有着显著的影响 ,随着空间粒度的增加 ,空间自相关均呈下降趋势 ;不同景观类型对于空间粒度的变化有着不同的响应 ,人为干扰较多的景观具有较低的空间自相关 ,但对空间粒度的变化表现出较强的敏感性 ;对于不同的数据类型 ,格局分析对空间粒度变化的响应是不同的     

Categorizing Australian landscapes as an aid to assessing the generality of landscape management guidelines

Aim A key question in ecology and ecological management is the extent to which management guidelines developed in one location can be generalized to other areas. Landscapes differ in their biophysical characteristics and the degree of human alteration imposed on them. Our aim was to develop a conceptual framework of Australian landscapes, on the basis of a few simple indicators, that can be used to enhance the communication of information in planning and managing landscapes, particularly for biodiversity conservation. Location The project considered landscapes across the continent of Australia. Methods The project was a desktop exercise and the approach was to identify the minimum set of variables, and levels within variables, that are most meaningful from the perspective of Australian landscapes and their management. This involved the identification of the key environmental axes and development of a proposed set of matrices involving various combinations of the axes, which was revised following consultation with stakeholders. Results We developed a framework based on the primary variables of climate and vegetation. For climate, we used an agro‐climatic classification incorporating a moisture index, growth index and seasonality, with climate classes aligned to existing bioregions. Vegetation was broadly classified on the presence or absence of a tree layer and whether the understorey was grassy or shrub‐dominated. Secondary variables were the degree of landscape alteration and modification. The sensitivity of broad categories to ecosystem dysfunction was assessed, and the relative abundance of different categories across Australia was determined. Not all categories need to be considered since not all combinations of variables occur. Main conclusions The framework provides a set of broad categories of landscapes with differing characteristics. We can then assess the importance of different types of threat in the different categories. By pulling together the potential threats in a systematic way across categories, we can start to consider what appropriate management responses might be in each case. Further, by providing a convenient way to compare landscapes in different categories, it becomes possible to see where generalizations among different landscapes may be possible and where they are definitely not likely to be helpful.     

A Framework to Optimize Biodiversity Restoration Efforts Based on Habitat Amount and Landscape Connectivity

The effectiveness of ecological restoration actions toward biodiversity conservation depends on both local and landscape constraints. Extensive information on local constraints is already available, but few studies consider the landscape context when planning restoration actions. We propose a multiscale framework based on the landscape attributes of habitat amount and connectivity to infer landscape resilience and to set priority areas for restoration. Landscapes with intermediate habitat amount and where connectivity remains sufficiently high to favor recolonization were considered to be intermediately resilient, with high possibilities of restoration effectiveness and thus were designated as priority areas for restoration actions. The proposed method consists of three steps: (1) quantifying habitat amount and connectivity; (2) using landscape ecology theory to identify intermediate resilience landscapes based on habitat amount, percolation theory, and landscape connectivity; and (3) ranking landscapes according to their importance as corridors or bottlenecks for biological flows on a broader scale, based on a graph theory approach. We present a case study for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (approximately 150 million hectares) in order to demonstrate the proposed method. For the Atlantic Forest, landscapes that present high restoration effectiveness represent only 10% of the region, but contain approximately 15 million hectares that could be targeted for restoration actions (an area similar to today's remaining forest extent). The proposed method represents a practical way to both plan restoration actions and optimize biodiversity conservation efforts by focusing on landscapes that would result in greater conservation benefits .     

The role of the jessour system for agrobiodiversity preservation in Southern Tunisia

Biodiversity and Conservation - Mediterranean countries are still characterized by a great variety of historical cultural landscapes, as a result of the millenary human presence that has shaped the...     

Planning for the restoration of native biodiversity within the Goulburn Broken Catchment, Victoria, using spatial modelling

Summary   Conservation planning aims to ensure the protection and continuation of biodiversity. In rural landscapes in Victoria, this will require the restoration of habitat and biophysical processes to levels that can sustain the majority of species. Planning is required at scales large enough to have ecological relevance. In this study, a land-use change scenario that plans for the conservation of native biodiversity within the Goulburn Broken Catchment was developed using simple ecological principles. A set of indicative rules for restoring remnant native vegetation was modelled within a geographical information system. The modelling of the rules resulted in a change in rural landscapes from highly fragmented (with few large remnants) to highly connected. Future applications of this approach include incorporating the biodiversity rules into a biophysical model to assess the effect of planning landscapes for the conservation of biodiversity on hydrological and economic outcomes for the region. In addition, the rules are to be refined so that the priority landscapes for biodiversity planning can be identified.     

Large Mammal Distribution in a Transfrontier Landscape: Trade‐offs Between Resource Availability and Human Disturbance

Understanding factors that affect the persistence of charismatic megafauna in human‐dominated landscapes is crucial to inform conservation decision‐making and reduce human‐wildlife conflict. We assessed the effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors at different landscape and management scales in predicting the distribution of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) within the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area in Southern Africa. We combined aerial distribution counts over a 12‐yr period with 14 variables, representing food availability, landscape, and anthropogenic effects, into generalized linear models. Generalized linear models were run for the broader landscape, as well as three separate management units within the broader landscape, namely ecotourism, trophy hunting, and a combination of hunting and ecotourism. Human activities within different management units forced elephant to trade‐off between disturbance avoidance, and good food and water availability. In addition, the important predictors of elephant distribution within each of the management units differed from the predictors at the broader landscape. Overall, our results suggest that at the fine scale, elephant are constraint by factors that may be masked at the broader landscape scale. We suggest that accounting for anthropogenic disturbance is important in determining the distribution of large, wide‐ranging, mammal species in increasingly human‐dominated landscapes, and that modeling needs to be done at the spatial scales at which conservation decisions are made.     

城市生态景观研究的基础理论框架与技术构架

构建人与自然和谐的生态景观是当今城市发展的重要目标之一,统一的内涵和完善的指标体系是城市生态景观规划和设计的迫切需求。通过概括城市生态景观的基本内涵和主要特征,认为其核心价值包括可持续性、生态经济效益及和谐性。据此,提出了8条指导原则,包括景观自然度、物种安全性和多样性、雨水利用效率、污染物排放和处理、绿色能源和材料利用、局地小气候调节、景观视觉享受以及精神内涵和文化品位,并根据文献资料和行业导则,整理并归纳了有关的定量评价指标和适用范围。最后总结了城市生态景观的技术构架,以及在资源保护和节约、功能与形式的有机结合、系统生态价值最大化等方面亟待解决的关键技术。为城市生态景观研究提供基础理论框架,也可以为城市生态景观的具体实践提供参考。     

Relationship of Obligate Grassland Birds to Landscape Structure in Wisconsin

ABSTRACT Conservation plans for grassland birds have included recommendations at the landscape level, but species' responses to landscape structure are variable. We studied the relationships between grassland bird abundances and landscape structure in 800-ha landscapes in Wisconsin, USA, using roadside surveys. Of 9 species considered, abundances of only 4 species differed among landscapes with varying amounts of grassland and forest. Landscape variables explained <20% of variation in abundances for 4 of the 5 rarest species in our study. Our results suggest landscape-based management plans for grassland birds might not benefit the rarest species and, thus, plans should incorporate species-specific habitat preferences for these species.