武夷山景区主要景观类型斑块大小分布规律及其等级尺度效应分析

以武夷山风景名胜区为研究对象,运用景观分类生态原则和群落生态学原则,将武夷山风景名胜区划分为10类景观类型,并提取各类型斑块的面积、周长、数量等信息。在此基础上,运用正态分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布、г-分布、Bata-分布及负指数分布等6个常见的概率分布,分别在3种等级划分条件下,对各景观类型斑块大小分布规律进行研究．结果表明,多数斑块大小服从对数正态分布。少数服从r．分布和Weibull分布,而所有类型的斑块大小均不服从正态分布;对于同一景观类型而言,不同划分等级对其斑块大小的分布规律产生一定的影响,即斑块大小分布存在着等级效应,其中以b等级划分相对比较理想;对不同的景观类型而言,斑块大小分布规律依类型的不同而存在差异,而且就整个景区所有斑块大小分布来说,尚未有一种概率分布能理想地加以刻画;由具有相同分布规律的不同景观类型的斑块构成的整体,其斑块大小分布规律基本保持不变,而由不同分布规律的不同景观类型的斑块构成的整体,其斑块大小分布规律发生变化。     

上海市城市绿地景观空间格局研究

以上海市为研究区域,以遥感与地理信息系统为技术手段,基于2003年航空影像,分别按照景观类型和斑块大小两方面对城市绿地景观进行了类型划分,建立了城市绿地景观空间数据库;并将研究区域划分为8个空间单元,运用景观生态学以及空间分析方法,分别从斑块水平、类型水平、景观镶嵌结构等方面研究了上海市城市绿地景观格局的总体布局特征;选择斑块数量、斑块面积标准差、面积均值、周长均值、分维数等若干景观生态学指数来研究城市绿地景观镶嵌结构的数量特征,探讨了城市绿地景观在城市扩展与城市景观格局演变过程中所呈现的时空规律,旨在为城市规划与发展提供决策依据。     

绿洲景观中居民地空间分布特征及其影响因子分析

以张掖绿洲居民地为研究对象,用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS计算了5个景观格局指标,用GIS计算了形状指数、景观类型空间邻接比例、最邻近指数、最近距离以及居民地的耕作半径,借鉴聚落地理学中的居民地分布研究方法,分析了居民地的空间格局特征及其影响因子。结果表明：①耕地是张掖绿洲内的景观基质,居民地是绿洲内分布最广、斑块数最多的景观类型;居民地的平均斑块面积小、形状简单、聚集度高,与耕地的空间邻接长度和数目均最高,其空间分布类型存在空间差异;②耕地是影响居民地分布格局的重要因子。缓冲区分析方法可以从理论上确定居民地的耕作半径,耕作半径与居民地的空间分布类型紧密相关;③居民地到渠系的平均最临近距离为215m,75．6％的居民地中有渠系穿过;④居民地分布受中心城市——张掖市的影响程度极其明显,两者呈指数相关;⑤景观格局分析、居民地分布研究方法和GIS空间分析方法的有效结合,可以较好的反映居民地的空间分布特征及其影响因子的相关性;⑥借鉴聚落地理学的最近邻点指数具有明确的生态含义,可以作为量化景观聚集度的指标。     

岷江上游干旱河谷耕地和居民用地的空间特征

以岷江上游干旱河谷耕地和居民用地为对象,用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS3.3计算了4个景观格局指数,利用ARCMAP9.0分析了耕地和居民用地与其它景观类型间的空间邻接特征,基于数字高成模型(DEM)研究了耕地和居民用地与海拔及坡度的关系。结果表明:灌木林地是干旱河谷的景观基质;耕地和居民用地斑块的平均面积和密度较小,形状简单;耕地大多在1700~3000m的区域,陡坡耕种比较严重,与灌木林地具有较高的邻接长度和数目;居民用地间隔较远,在低海拔地区分布相对较密,高海拔地区分布比较分散;对居民用地在空间结构影响最大的是耕地的分布。     

沈阳市郊秋菜田的景观生态研究Ⅰ.秋菜田斑块特征

对沈阳市郊区农业景观中的秋菜田斑块的大小、形状及与其它斑块或廊道的邻接情况等基本特征进行了典型调查,分析和讨论了菜田斑块在该景观中的镶嵌特征.在距城区约5km以内的近郊区,许多秋菜田斑块相互邻接,并与各类公路相邻接;距城区5～10km的中郊区,许多秋菜田斑块与玉米田斑块相邻接,并与乡村道路相邻接;在距城区10km以上的远郊区,多数秋菜田斑块被玉米田斑块所包围,并与乡村道路相邻接.     

绿洲景观空间邻接特征与生态安全分析

以金塔绿洲为例,运用Arc View3．0a计算了绿洲景观类型与沙地和盐碱沼泽地的空问邻接长度和数目比例,利用地理缓冲区分析方法计算了沙地和盐碱沼泽地对绿洲景观面积的影响,提出了绿洲生态安全受胁程度的计算方法结果表明,绿洲景观类型与沙地和盐碱沼泽地的空间邻接边长和数目的差异较大;受沙地和盐碱沼泽地影响的面积在景观类型中也存在差异;草地和耕地与沙地的邻接边长和数目较大,受沙漠化的威胁比较重,而林地和耕地受盐渍化的威胁比较严重;基于景观类型空间邻接的生态安全评价分析可以初步反映绿洲景观受沙漠化和盐渍化的威胁程度     

北京市海淀区景观特征类型识别及评价

景观特征评价是当前中国城镇化背景下识别地域景观特征、防止景观同质化、促进景观保护与发展的一种有效手段。本研究基于景观的自然组成要素及其空间分布格局特征,利用GIS空间分析和多种数量统计分析手段对北京市海淀区景观进行了定量聚类分析,识别出46种三级景观特征类型、15种二级景观特征类型和5种一级景观特征类型,并从景观分割指数、斑块密度和景观形状指数3个方面对一级景观特征类型斑块的空间分布特征进行了评价。结果显示,距城市中心10~12 km处是城市景观与乡村景观的交错带;超过12 km则开始出现彼此镶嵌的田园景观与乡村景观特征;当超过32 km时,山林景观则成为主导特征;而休闲景观则孤立且均匀分散在研究区各处。     

青藏铁路沿线温性草原区芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)群落特征

芨芨草群落是青藏铁路沿线一类重要的温性草原植被类型,对青藏铁路两侧及其四周的水土保持起着非常重要的作用。对青藏铁路西格段海晏县附近的芨芨草草原的空间分布特征、物种丰富度和生物量等特征进行了分析。结果显示,研究地区芨芨草群落由芨芨草斑块和针茅斑块镶嵌而成,两类斑块的数量、大小和斑块间大小变化幅度等特征在空间上表现出一定的规律;芨芨草斑块大小在样线上所占的比例比针茅斑块为小,且有随远离铁路而减小的趋势,而物种丰富度则出现相反的变化趋势;芨芨草斑块的盖度和单位面积上地上生物量显著高于针茅斑块。斑块的大小和数量在一定程度上反应了芨芨草群落的退化状况。人为活动往往会加剧芨芨草群落的斑块片段化。针对芨芨草群落的特征和现状,建议加强对这些区域内人为活动的限制力度以减少对芨芨草群落的干扰。     

青藏铁路沿线温性草原区芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）群落特征

芨芨草群落是青藏铁路沿线一类重要的温性草原植被类型,对青藏铁路两侧及其四周的水土保持起着非常重要的作用。对青藏铁路西格段海晏县附近的芨芨草草原的空间分布特征、物种丰富度和生物量等特征进行了分析。结果显示,研究地区芨芨草群落由芨芨草斑块和针茅斑块镶嵌而成,两类斑块的数量、大小和斑块间大小变化幅度等特征在空间上表现出一定的规律;芨芨草斑块大小在样线上所占的比例比针茅斑块为小,且有随远离铁路而减小的趋势,而物种丰富度则出现相反的变化趋势;芨芨草斑块的盖度和单位面积上地上生物量显著高于针茅斑块。斑块的大小和数量在一定程度上反应了芨芨草群落的退化状况。人为活动往往会加剧芨芨草群落的斑块片段化。针对芨芨草群落的特征和现状,建议加强对这些区域内人为活动的限制力度以减少对芨芨草群落的干扰。     

黑河流域酒泉绿洲景观生态安全格局分析

以1986年和2000年的酒泉市遥感数据为基础资料,利用GIS软件生成研究区的景观类型图,计算各景观斑块的面积、数目、形状等空间特征和基于景观空间邻接的绿洲生态安全指标,进而在空间格局方面对绿洲的生态安全进行评价,以了解在人类活动影响下酒泉绿洲的生态安全状况,为该地区生态环境保护提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）从1986年到2000年,绿洲不断扩张,各绿洲斑块类型面积呈增加趋势,同时强烈的人类活动也造成了沙地和裸土面积的增加;（2）从1986年到2000年,受沙化威胁程度最大的斑块类型由耕地变成了草地,而城乡居民用地始终是受胁程度最小的斑块类型;除了城乡居民用地,各绿洲斑块类型受沙化的潜在威胁程度是增加的,人类有目的性的干扰活动改变了干旱区有限水资源的分布与分配,社会经济发展的同时导致了生态环境的退化;（3）与1986年相比,2000年各绿洲斑块类型受盐碱化威胁呈减弱趋势,表明注水洗盐改良土壤使得局部地区生态系统向良性方向演替。干旱区绿洲生态环境有脆弱性和易变性的特点,加强区域景观生态建设和生态安全控制有利于将景观演化导入良性循环。     

Finding spatial regularity in mosaic landscapes: two methods integrated

Two methods were employed to find spatial regularity in a complicated mountain landscape of Beijing, China on the basis of functional and structural affinities. The first approach applied Affinity Analysis based on species composition to landscape. The mosaic diversity of the landscape was 3.5298>3, which means the study landscape is complex and controlled by multiple environmental gradients. These landscape types were divided into 3 parts according to the mean affinity values of 0.2143 and 0.7857 (0.5±1 SD). Modal sites are the central types of the landscape, which include a zonal broad-leaved forest of the region and a conifer plantation replacing the former. Outliers are found in the highest altitude and the lowest, both have few species in common with the above two modal types. The remaining landscape types are intermediate sites, which are transitional between modals and outliers, broadly distributed throughout mountain environments. Neighbor types have more species in common than those more widely separated, which probably distributed adjacently in space or in similar quality habitat. The other method employed is the new TWINSPAN analysis by substituting spatial neighboring data of landscape types for species composition data. It clearly divided the landscape types into three groups, i.e., subalpine, middle and low mountain groups, which were correlated with altitude, as well as influenced by human disturbance. The new TWINSPAN classification method is more reliable in finding spatial gradient of patchy landscapes than affinity analysis; however, affinity analysis is useful in finding species diversity pattern and the importance of landscape types in a region. Integrating advantages of the two methods could supply complete and reliable information on how landscape types are distributed in space, which environmental gradient dominates the spatial distribution of the landscape types, as well as where important and unusual types are located.     

黔中喀斯特山地城市景观稳定性评价与特征分析

城市景观稳定性是对城市生态环境进行分析和评价的基础,对城市景观生态安全格局和景观可持续性具有十分重要的意义。以典型喀斯特山地城市贵阳市为研究对象,以2008年、2013年和2017年景观类型为主要数据。运用蔓延度指数、斑块密度和总边缘对比度构建景观稳定性评价模型,在分析2008-2017年景观格局变化状况的基础上评价景观稳定性时空特征。并运用探索性空间数据分析方法揭示贵阳市景观稳定性时空演变规律和冷热点特征。结果表明:(1)2008-2017年贵阳市景观格局发生剧烈变化,耕地面积大幅减少,林地和建设用地面积持续增加,景观破碎化程度加剧,但破碎化趋势有所减缓。(2)10年间,贵阳市景观稳定性水平整体较低,以不稳定和较不稳定为主,表现出"先降低、后提高,总体略有降低"的趋势。(3)贵阳市景观稳定性的空间分布与演变具有明显空间聚集效应,全局Moran''s I指数介于0.2008-0.4005之间,但聚集趋势呈"总体减弱,小幅提高"的特征;此外,景观稳定性热点区主要集中在城镇建设用地或林地斑块相对集中连片、完整的区域。研究结果可为喀斯特山地城市景观空间格局优化、生态安全网络格局构建和生态文明城市建设提供重要的科学依据。     

重庆岩溶区土壤景观多样性

不同土壤发生类型塑造了异质的景观格局,而土壤类型上不同的土地利用实践又对原有景观格局进行重构。研究的目的是利用景观指数识别重庆岩溶区土壤多样性的景观特征。结果表明：重庆市岩溶区土壤景观多样化和空间异质化程度不高,各景观分布比例不均匀;土壤景观嵌块体呈现复杂的几何形状,黄壤、石灰土和黄棕壤是主要的土壤类型;除山地草甸土以林地和草地,棕壤以林地为主要景观外,其余9种土壤类型都以耕地和林地为主要景观;农、林用地在重庆岩溶区土壤景观空间格局的结构和功能中起主导作用;但因各类土壤性质和分布特点的不同,耕地和林地在各类土壤上的分配比例上存在明显差异;人类活动在诱导耕地嵌块体数急剧增多的同时,居民工矿用地、林地、未利用地嵌块体数目也相应增加;研究可为岩溶区土地利用决策与调控提供科学依据,加深人们对岩溶区土壤多样性的理解。     

How dung beetles respond to a human‐modified variegated landscape in Mexican cloud forest: a study of biodiversity integrating ecological and biogeographical perspectives

Aim To analyse how the dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) respond to a modified, variegated landscape, taking into account the biogeographical peculiarities of the Mexican Transition Zone. Location This study covers cloud forest (CF) of the Sierra Norte de Puebla mountain range and part of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range (Mexico). Methods We applied proportional sampling based on the landscape variegation model with Scarabaeinae as the indicator group, and using two approaches: structural units (vegetation type) and spatial units (windows). We used two measures – richness and Shannon diversity – and applied multiplicative diversity partitioning to obtain independent alpha and beta diversities for the landscape, windows and vegetation types. We grouped species by biogeographical distribution pattern for the biogeographical analysis and by whether they were originally from CF. Results The transformation of CF into secondary forest, pastures and other types of vegetation increases the Scarabaeinae diversity of the landscape, in vegetation types and windows. This increase is the result of species arriving from the tropical lowlands. However, the original dung beetle community of the CF dominates at different scales in the number of species, abundance and biomass. With increasing habitat modification, beta diversity increases in the windows, and species with the Tropical Palaeoamerican distribution pattern increase in abundance in vegetation types and windows. Main conclusions The variegated character of the landscape explains well the distribution and diversity of this dung beetle community. The peculiar characteristics of the Mexican Transition Zone have an effect owing to the overlap of fauna with different biogeographical origins. The conversion of fragmented landscapes to variegated landscapes could be a conservation goal in human‐modified mountain landscapes. Sampling proportional to the area of different types of vegetation and the use of windows offer an alternative experimental design in variegated landscapes.     

Developing a quantitative landscape regionalization framework integrating driving factors and response attributes of landscapes

Regionalization plays an important role in delineating landscape heterogeneity and providing spatial frameworks for environmental management. In this study, we developed a comprehensive regionalization approach that integrated multiple quantitative techniques and differentiated two distinct types of landscape variables, i.e., response attributes and driving factors. This approach was applied to the regionalization of surface-water resource in the Huai River Basin (HRB), China. In the regionalization scheme, the 25 subwatersheds of the HRB were adopted as the basic spatial unit; surface-water capacity, runoff depth, and drainage system density were used to characterize surface-water distribution (i.e., response attributes). The HRB subwatersheds were classified into a certain number of groups using the k-means cluster analysis based on the three response attributes. A goodness-of-fit index, calculated as the ratio of between-group/within-group variation, was employed as a quantitative criterion to assess the statistical performance of the classification results. Ultimately, the 25 subwatersheds were partitioned into five distinct regions. Results from redundancy analysis suggested that such regional pattern of surface-water resource was primarily correlated with driving factors representing climate conditions; soil and geological properties also had significant influences. Overall, our approach presents two advantages over previous regionalization frameworks: (1) It improves objectivity of landscape regionalization and reveals underlying mechanisms, generating landscape patterns by integrating response attributes and driving factors; (2) Goodness-of-fit evaluation can substantially reduce subjectivity in determining regionalization results.     

喀斯特山地城市内山体绿地对城市热岛的减温效应——以安顺市西秀区为例

山体绿地是喀斯特山地城市内典型的城市绿地景观类型,其对于改善城市生态环境、提升喀斯特山地城市生态服务功能具有重要作用。以黔中典型喀斯特山地城市安顺市为研究对象,运用2011年和2016年两期热红外遥感影像和城市景观结构空间数据,在反演分析城市热岛效应及其强度时空分布特征的基础上,运用冷热点分析剖析了山体绿地与城市热岛效应冷点分布区的关系,揭示山体绿地对城市热岛的减温效应。结果表明:基于Landsat热红外遥感数据反演地表温度结果显示,2011—2016年,安顺市西秀区平均反演地表温度升高约4℃;主城区一带热岛效应呈现加剧趋势,但总体热岛面积呈下降趋势,绿岛区多分布于水体和山体绿地中,且山体绿地对热岛效应减缓作用逐年增大;热/冷聚集面积呈现上升趋势,约40%~50%的冷聚集区由山体绿地贡献,热聚集区主要由建筑用地和其他用地构成;500 m格网尺度下,山体绿地面积与地表温度呈显著负相关,表现为山体绿地面积占格网比例每增加10%,地表温度将降低0.17~0.27℃。研究结果可为喀斯特山地城市山体绿地管理、城市绿地空间规划和城市热环境缓解提供科学依据。     

铁西区城市改造过程中建筑景观的演变规律

探索城市改造过程中景观的变化规律对城市景观变化的预测有重要的指导意义。以沈阳市铁西区1997、2002、2005、2008年建筑物三维信息为基础数据。按照建筑物使用性质将其分为居住、工业、商业、教育与医疗、其他建筑5类,按照建筑物的高度将其分为平房、低层、多层、中高层、高层和超高层6类。采用转移矩阵法分析了不同时段建筑类型的更替规律。并将探索性空间数据分析法应用于建筑改造空间分布特征的研究。结果显示:1997到2002年,居住建筑是建筑改造的主体。2002年后,工业建筑成为建筑改造的主体。1997到2008年,不同高度类型的建筑更替顺序为:平房→低层建筑→多层建筑。新增建筑先以低层为主,后以中高层,逐渐以高层为主。建筑改造在空间上并不是随机分布的,而是存在显著的空间正相关关系。在局部空间范围内,建筑改造呈现成片集中改造的现象。     

山地景观垂直分异研究进展

山地景观的垂直梯度大约是水平梯度的1000倍,仅利用景观格局指数很难反映垂直梯度上的规律性.山地垂直带是表征景观垂直分异的经典地学模型,在地理学和生态学研究中具有不可忽视的地位,但表达模式的离散性、垂直带界线的不准确性等限制了其在准确描述局域尺度景观格局、解释生态过程方面的作用.本文总结了有关山地垂直带的国内外研究现状和存在的问题,提出利用现代信息技术建立全方位的、连续的“山地景观信息图谱”,同时论述了构建山地景观信息图谱的思路、进展和展望,对于准确描述山地景观格局并解释特定的生态过程等具有一定的参考价值,有望促进山地生态学研究方法的进一步完善.     

Classification of vegetation sequences in Toohey Forest,Queensland

In this paper we consider one method of mapping larger units identified from the spatial pattern of sequences of vegetation types. The basic data were presence/absence data for 6450 stands arranged in 90 transects. A second set of data was derived by averaging the species occurrences in non-overlapping groups of 5 stands. A divisive numerical classification was used to determine the primary vegetation units. In all, 5 different sets of primary types were derived, using different species suites, different sample sizes and different numerical methods. We briefly discuss the types identified and their spatial patterns in the area.Each of these types was then used to define a string of type-codes for every transect so that each transect represents a sample from the landscape containing information on the frequency and spatial distribution of the primary vegetation types. The transects may be classified using a Levenshtein dissimilarity measure and agglomerative hierarchical classification, giving 5 analyses of transects, one for each of the primary types discussed above. We then examine these transect classifications to investigate the stability of the vegetation landspace patterns under changes in species used for the primary classification, in size of sample unit and in method of primary classifications. There is a considerable degree of stability in the results. However it seems with this vegetation that the tree species and non-tree species have considerable independence. We also indicate some problems with this approach and some possible extensions.