不同配种方式对大熊猫产仔效果的影响

１９８７－１９９３年,我国人工圈养的大熊猫先后有３１只雌性受配１０８只次,产仔胎,获幼仔４５只。有１６只雄性参加配种,其中７只能进行自然交配,９只没有自然交配能力。从３只雄性采出的良好精液,能使雌怀孕产仔,怀孕率为１９．１２％。在雄性自然交恿前后再给雌兽化人工授精,能提高雌兽怀孕产仔效果,来自不同山系大熊猫的繁殖能力有不同程序的差异,尤以岷山山系大熊猫的繁殖效果较差。     

提高人工繁殖大熊猫的存活率初探

1963年～ 1 997年 4月 ,圈养条件下国内外共繁殖了大熊猫 1 1 9胎 1 79仔 ;其中成活至半岁以上的占初生仔数的 44 1 0 % ,成活至 2 5岁的占 30 43 % ,而成活至 3岁以上的仅占 2 1 1 1 % [1 ] ;人工繁殖大熊猫的成活率低 ,充分表明了大熊猫配种难、妊娠难、存活更难的情况。人工授精取得成功为缓解大熊猫的配种难提供了科学的方法。如何提高人工繁殖大熊猫的存活率 ,特别是进一步提高断奶后幼仔及亚成体的存活率 ,让人工繁殖的大熊猫更多地参加到繁殖种群中 ,是我国有关科研工作者目前的重要研究课题。1 991年～ 1 996年 ,成功繁殖了大熊…     

大熊猫种公兽培育研究进展

大熊猫在国内外已有60多年的饲养历史,但有繁殖能力的种公兽很少,卧龙中国保护大熊猫研究中心通过良好的培育和饲养管理,成功培育出4只有自然交配能力的公兽,其中2只是在约1岁龄时从野外抢救回来进行人工饲养,另外2只是在卧龙大熊猫研究中心出生,1991－2000年,通过自然交配方式已使11只雌性大熊猫受孕产仔28胎44仔,科学的饲养管理,营养供给培驯方法是大熊猫种公兽培育成功的关键。     

圈养大熊猫母兽成功哺育双胞胎成活初探

圈养大熊猫产下双胞胎后,母兽一般难以同时哺育二仔。2003年,圈养大熊猫母兽“梅梅”同时哺育双胞胎成活,本文对该首例哺育双胞胎成活的原因进行了初步分析,认为满足母兽的营养需求、适宜的育幼环境及人工护理,特别是“梅梅”的母性好、有丰富的育幼经验、食欲强、泌乳充足等在同时哺育双胞胎成活中起着重要作用,同时对“梅梅”哺育的双胞胎与其哺育的另两只单胎幼仔的体重增长情况进行了比较,为圈养大熊猫成功哺育双胞胎,增加幼仔成活率,提供了有关借鉴信息和资料。     

成都动物园大熊猫养仔有突破

对野外大熊猫的产仔、育幼,至今仍是一知半解。大熊猫在人工饲养下的配种难,受孕率低,雌兽育幼也差,截至1990年9月7日发稿时止,在世界范围内,大熊猫共产仔79胎次,幼仔119只,成活至3岁以上的共计20只,1—3岁的4只,16—76天的3只。过去大熊猫雌兽无论一胎产一仔或是二仔,一般只能带活一仔,甚至一仔也带不活,如压死,窒息死,带不好生病致死等,更没有二仔同时吃过一天初乳的。成都动物园和成都大熊猫繁育研究基地饲养繁殖的雌性大熊猫“庆庆”,于1989年4.5岁时用激素诱导排卵,受孕产仔养活后,今年5月6日和7日发情,进行了自然交配和冷冻精液人工授…     

卧龙迎来又一个大熊猫丰收年

据9月来自卧龙中国保护大熊猫研究中心的消息,2005年卧龙圈养大熊猫产11胎,出生幼仔16只,至今全部存活。据悉,今年全球大熊猫产仔情况是：国内,成都大熊猫繁育研究基地产1胎1仔成活,北京动物园产1胎2仔未成活,陕西濒危动物抢救饲养研究中心产1胎2仔成活1只;国外,美国华盛顿动物园和圣地亚哥动物园的大熊猫分别产1胎1仔成活,日本和歌山野生动物园大熊猫产1胎2仔成活1只。今年中国保护大熊猫研究中心的大熊猫产仔情况预示着卧龙迎来了又一个大熊猫的丰收年．     

卧龙大熊猫产后饲养管理

加强人工圈养大熊猫产后的饲养管理,有利于母兽恢复和幼仔存活,是人工繁育大熊猫的关键环节之一。我中心于1991－1996年有3只雌兽共繁殖11胎16仔,存活11仔,存活率近70％。现将我们在雌兽产后饲养管理的做法和体会报告如下。1材料和方法1．1动物见表1。表13只雌性大熊猫的有     

大熊猫人工授精的研究

繁殖大熊猫的目的是圈养种群的自我维持和保持遗传多样性。由于圈养种群中有自然交配能力的雄兽很少 ,人工授精则成为有效的遗传管理的重要手段。本研究的目的是确定单纯人工授精的效率。 1 998年至 2 0 0 0年期间 ,在中国保护大熊猫研究中心 ,对 7只大熊猫进行了人工授精 (每只连续 2d) ,精液通过人工采精方法从 6只不同的雄兽中获得 ,使用鲜精、冷藏精液和冻精多种方法进行人工授精。 6只雄兽的精液平均值是 :采精量 3.3±0 .5ml;精子密度 1 ,42 9.8± 2 35 .4× 1 0 6/ml;活力 81 .7± 2 .1 % ;运动状态 ( 0～ 5 ,5 =最好 )3 1± 0 .1 ;精子正常率 79 3± 9.2 %。对 7只大熊猫进行的 1 4次人工授精中 ,使用的精液体积为 2 4± 0 3ml;活力是 73.5± 2 .9% ;运动状态为 2 .5± 0 .1 ;每次人工授精总活动精子数是 684.2± 1 1 8.2× 1 0 6。 7只大熊猫有 4只受孕 ( 5 7.1 % ) ,共产 5仔。平均孕娠期 1 31 .5±9.7d ,每胎平均 1 .3± 0 .3仔。同时 ,运用自然交配与人工授精相结合的方法 ,进行了 1 8只次实验 ,成功 1 2只次 ,产仔 2 0只 ,繁殖成功率为 66.7%。本研究结果表明 ,人工授精能有效地使不能自然交配的雄性大熊猫参与繁殖 ,提高繁殖率 ,增加圈养大熊猫的遗传多样性。     

我国今年人工繁育成活10只大熊猫

成都大熊猫繁育基地的大熊猫“娅娅”日前顺利地产下了一只重 15 9g的雌性大熊猫幼仔 ,这只熊猫幼仔目前已渡过生命脆弱期 ,身体十分健康 ,成为中国今年人工繁育成活的第 10只大熊猫。据成都大熊猫繁育基地负责人介绍 ,今年 13岁的“娅娅”出生于 1990年北京亚运会开幕当天 ,是世界上首例人工繁育成活的大熊猫双胞胎中的一个。我国今年人工繁育成活10只大熊猫     

圈养大熊猫繁育获丰硕成果

近日．记者从国家林业局获悉，2007年全国圈养大熊猫繁育取得丰硕成果。据国家林业局大熊猫保护管理办公室统计，截至11月513，我国大熊猫共繁育19胎31只，成活25只。其中四川卧龙中国大熊猫研究中心繁殖12胎20只，成活16只；成都大熊猫研究基地繁殖6胎10只，成活8只。至此，全国人工圈养大熊猫种群数量已达239只，其中有128只（不含香港4只）饲养在卧龙中国大熊猫研究中心，67只在成都大熊猫研究基地。     

秦岭大熊猫冬春季节对巴山木竹竹林生长指标的选择

2004~2005年冬季的12月、1月和春季的4月、5月,在秦岭山系南坡佛坪自然保护区内就大熊猫对构成其主要栖息地和食物来源的巴山木竹竹林的选择进行研究后的结果表明:在冬季,大熊猫栖息地多为幼竹与死竹比例基本持平、密度稳定的巴山木竹竹林,主要取食老竹;在春季,大熊猫更偏好选择竹子密度和盖度略低、竹子粗壮高大、幼竹与竹笋比例高的竹林活动,主要取食幼竹。大熊猫春季栖息地幼竹比例通常高过死竹比例,竹林密度处于增长期。竹林进入发笋期后,稀疏、高大的竹林下的粗大竹笋成为大熊猫的主要食物来源。     

带状间伐对巴山木竹林复壮更新及大熊猫取食的影响

间伐是竹林复壮更新的有效手段之一.以陕西佛坪国家自然保护区为研究区域,对大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)冬季栖息地非主要采食区域竹林老龄化严重且密度过大的巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)林进行为期3年(2017至2019年)的带状间伐样方监测,研究间伐对竹林复壮更新以及大熊猫觅食选择...     

Factors Affecting the Outcome of Artificial Insemination Using Cryopreserved Spermatozoa in the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Artificial insemination (AI) is an important component of captive breeding programs for endangered species, such as the giant panda. The panda has been the subject of increasingly successful captive breeding programs involving a compilation of assisted breeding techniques, including AI using cryopreserved spermatozoa. AI implementation is currently hampered by a lack of understanding of the factors that may cause failure. We investigated factors influencing the probability of success of AI for 14 giant panda females housed at the China Center for Research and Conservation of the Giant Panda (CCRCGP) inseminated in a total of 20 instances using cryopreserved spermatozoa from 11 males currently residing in 6 different captive breeding institutions. One of the pandas was the oldest giant panda female to ever successfully conceive from AI (20.5 years old). The success of AI was significantly affected by the timing of AI in relationship to both timing of peak urinary estrogen of the female and percent decline in urinary estrogen between the peak level and the first AI attempt. Our results suggest that the window for successful AI in giant pandas may be narrower than previously suspected, although individual differences in rates of decline in urinary estrogen may reflect some degree of variation in this crucial window across females. Our results are consistent with recent research on pandas and other species that demonstrates the efficacy of cryopreserved spermatozoa for AI and highlights the need for more in‐depth analysis of factors related to female physiology that may influence its success. Zoo Biol 31:561‐573, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

放牧对甘肃多儿保护区大熊猫小种群形成的驱动探讨

小种群是在自然因素或人为活动影响下,形成具有生存风险的隔离或异质种群,认识其形成原因并制定保护对策是开展救护行动的基础。野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)具有许多相互隔离的小种群,各小种群的生存状况决定该物种的整体保护成效。本文以甘肃多儿保护区大熊猫种群为例,在对保护区内大熊猫进行种群分布、空间利用、干扰状况调查的基础上,开展栖息地适宜性评价,分析了保护区大熊猫有效利用空间及其时空格局与环境容纳量。结果显示：(1)保护区适宜栖息地面积5 789.2 hm²,次适宜栖息地面积18 165.6 hm²,共占保护区总面积43.9%。优质栖息地主要分布在工布龙区域,该区域森林和生态系统保持原生状态,也是保护区大熊猫的主要分布区;(2)工布龙区域总面积9 949.7 hm²,其中适宜和次适宜栖息地共5 129.4 hm²,牧场是大熊猫栖息地的主要干扰因子,放牧干扰下工布龙区域适宜和次适宜栖息地面积共减少12.9%,破碎化水平加剧;(3)牧场与大熊猫栖息地镶嵌分布,导致适宜栖息地隔离,放...     

大熊猫双胞胎生长发育影响因素的研究

为了研究影响大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca双胞胎生长发育的因素,以2013—2016年成都大熊猫繁育研究基地出生的22对大熊猫双胞胎幼仔及其母兽为研究对象,分析母兽孕期增重、双胞胎个体性别和双胞胎性别类型与大熊猫双胞胎幼仔初生体质量之间的关系,以及双胞胎个体性别和大熊猫幼仔初生体质量与1~12月龄大熊猫幼仔体质量之间的关系。结果显示,不同双胞胎性别类型的大熊猫幼仔初生体质量的差异有统计学意义(P=0.015),但母兽孕期增重、双胞胎个体性别与幼仔初生体质量的差异无统计学意义(P=0.257、P=0.170);双胞胎2只个体的初生体质量不同(χ^2=9.043,P=0.041),且双胞胎性别类型与幼仔初生体质量差异程度呈中等强度相关(Cramer s V=0.492,P=0.030),双雌性双胞胎初生体质量差异为20%~40%(调整后标化残差:2.30),双雄性双胞胎初生体质量差异小于20%(调整后标化残差:2.60);双胞胎个体性别和初生体质量对1~12月龄大熊猫幼仔生长发育的影响无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对大熊猫双胞胎幼仔生长发育影响因素的研究,为大熊猫双胞胎的饲养管理提供理论依据。     

The primary structure of the hemoglobin of spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus, Carnivora)

The complete primary structure of the alpha- and beta-chains of the hemoglobin of Spectacled Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is presented. Following cleavage of the heme-protein link and chain separation by RP-HPLC, their amino-acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation in liquid- and gas-phase sequenators. The hemoglobin of Spectacled Bear displays only five amino-acid exchanges to that of Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus, Ursinae) and Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus tibetanus, Ursinae) whereas 8 and 12 replacements, respectively, to Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Lesser Panda (Ailurus fulgens) can be found. This clearly demonstrates that the Spectacled Bear, the most aberrant bear of the Ursidae, is somewhat intermediate between Pandas and Ursinae.     

Birth and simultaneous rearing of two litters in a pack of captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)

Two female African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in a pack of 10 animals at the Bronx Zoo gave birth to litters of nine and seven pups within a 2‐day period. Two pups from the litter of seven died before they were 2 weeks old, but the other 14 survived past weaning. Litter size, sex ratio, and pup developmental stages were all consistent with data obtained from other captive‐ and wild‐born litters. Both dams were very attentive to their litters, and during the pups' first 2 weeks spent >90% of their time in the dens with the pups. By 2 days after birth and during their first 2 weeks of life, the pups spent 86% of their time in a nursing position. Before parturition and during the first week post‐partum, one of the dams (DAL) was clearly dominant to the other (WHI). However, the females' dominance rank reversed 2 weeks post‐partum. On two occasions during the pups' first 2 weeks DAL stole and reared one of WHI's pups, but between Weeks 3 and 4 all of DAL's pups were stolen and WHI raised both litters as one until they were weaned. The pups began spending time out of their den at approximately 1 month of age. The timing of the births, the design of the wild dogs' management facility, and the presence of several dens in different enclosures within the facility all likely contributed to the successful rearing of the litters. The pups in both litters were very similar in size because of the short interval between births, so one litter did not have a competitive advantage over the other with respect to gaining access to the dam for milk. The facility's design helped mitigate aggression within the pack, and the presence of multiple dens enabled to dams to move the pups to different den sites and allowed the two females to stay visually and spatially apart from each other while remaining with the pack. Zoo Biol 0:1–17, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)冬季自然死亡率

以耳标观察法。1985年4-7月共捕标了样地内高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)幼鼠114只。到入冬前,死亡率为50.88%。第2胎出生的鼠死亡率明显地高于第1胎的死亡率。冬季死亡率呈现波动,入冬及开春时死亡率较高。鼠兔种群进入繁殖前期死亡率趋于零。初春样区存活标志鼠6只,经夏秋冬3季总计死亡率达94.74%。如按入冬时实有标志鼠计算,冬季死亡率为91.04%。     

大熊猫超轻初生幼仔的成功哺育

大熊猫初生幼仔体重较轻,仅为正常母体体重的千分之一,平均144.9±40.59 g(张志和和魏辅文,2006).初生体重在70 g以下的幼仔,常被称之为超轻体重幼仔,初生体重超轻、身体瘦弱活动无力,产后无叫声或叫声小是其主要特点.对于体重超轻初生幼仔的育幼,目前有1993年对一例初生体重为61 g的幼仔,在产后两周内采用胃导管喂母初乳、之后采取人工与母兽交替哺育的方法养育存活以及2000年对一只58 g幼仔进行全人工育幼存活7 d的报道(钟顺龙和何光昕,1997,侯蓉等,2000).2006年成都大熊猫繁育研究基地的一只雌性大熊猫产下一对双胞胎,其中一仔初生体重仅51 g,经人工辅助哺育存活,该幼仔是圈养条件下育成的初生体重最轻的大熊猫.现将该例的育幼情况报道于后,以供参考.     

Successful artificial insemination in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at ueno zoo

Successful breeding of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) following artificial insemination was achieved at the Ueno Zoo in 2 consecutive years (1985 and 1986). The first cub, born in June 1985, unfortunately died 43 hours after birth from being crushed by the mother panda; the second cub, born in June 1986, has been growing in good health. Electroejaculation and artificial insemination procedures were performed after immobilization with diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine HCL (4.0–5.0 mg/kg). Semen of the male panda was collected by electroejaculation using a rectal probe with a diameter of 2.0 cm and with eight rings as electrodes. Stimulation of the male was given with 3 V (30–40 mA) over a 5-sec period with 5-sec intervals. The female panda exhibited estrus between late February and early March in 1985 and also between mid-january and early February 1986. Increased excretion of urinary total estrogen showed coincidentally at maximum behavioral estrus, and a gradual rise of pregnanediol level was followed by artificial insemination. The gestational length for the first pregnancy was 110 days and that of the second 121 days.