剪枝栎实象对寄主的产卵选择与剪枝行为的关系研究

剪枝栎实象Mechorhis ursulus Roelofs可危害多种壳斗科Fagaceae植物坚果,雌虫产卵时具有剪断产卵果枝的独特行为,是引起该类植物自然更新困难的因子之一。通过对中国科学院昆明植物所植物园栽种的青冈属Cyclobalanopsis、栎属Quercus、石栎属Lithocarpus、栗属Castanea等壳斗科植物剪枝栎实象危害调查,测量壳斗科植物种子中蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、单宁的含量和果枝茎杆直径,探讨剪枝栎实象寄主选择与剪枝行为的关系,同时通过人为接卵,获得幼虫的存活率和体质量。结果显示,植物园剪枝栎实象的主要寄主植物是滇青冈Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides和锥连栎Quercus franchetii;8种植物种子营养之间的差异无统计学意义。人为接卵在寄主与非寄主植物种子中的幼虫存活率、体质量之间的差异无统计学意义。剪枝栎实象对壳斗科果枝茎杆直径3.00 mm的植物危害较重,直径3.00～4.00 mm的植物危害较轻,直径4.00 mm的植物无危害。由此可见,剪枝栎实象对寄主有明显的选择性,受寄主果枝茎杆直径的影响,与寄主种子营养及单宁含量无明显相关。     

从花粉形态特征试论壳斗科的系统分类及其演化

本文通过采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对中国壳斗科,包括三个亚科、6属、103种植物的花粉形态,做了较全面的研究,认为壳斗科植物花粉分为四个类型,分别归于三个亚科。根据花粉形态特征笔者支持将Cyclobalanopsis作为 Quercus的亚属处理,并对三棱栎的分类位置及壳斗科各属的亲缘关系及演化进行了讨论。     

江苏宜兴龙池山现代植被表土孢粉的初步研究

江苏宜兴龙池山森林自然保护区表土花粉分析结果表明,表土孢粉植物群主要以栎属(Quercus)、松属(Pinus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栲属(Castanopsis)/柯属(Lithocarpus)、栗属(Castanea)占优势的木本植物组成,混生有枫香属(Liquidambar)、杨梅属(Myrica)、冬青属(Ilex)、女贞属(Ligustrum)、紫树属(Nyssa)、盐肤木属(Rhus)、黄连木属(Pistacia)等亚热带常见植物类型。研究区不同海拔高度的表土孢粉组合特征基本反映了当地现今的植物构成、植被面貌及其垂直分布规律。结合长江三角洲及其周边地区其他代表性表土花粉资料,首次提出以常绿阔叶木本植物与落叶阔叶木本植物含量之比(E/D),并结合重要优势、标志木本植物科属,初步识别和确立各地带性森林植被的表土花粉指标,为这一地区开展第四纪古植被和古气候等孢粉研究提供参考性依据。     

中国热带、亚热带栎属植物花粉形态多样性及其古气候意义

本研究利用扫描电子显微镜对栎属(Quercus L.)植物中18个种[10种属于栎亚属(Quercus),8种来源于青冈亚属(Cyclobalanopsis)]的花粉进行了详细的外壁纹饰研究。这些栎属植物广泛分布于中国热带和亚热带地区。结果显示,落叶类型栎亚属花粉外壁具有瘤状或分散的瘤状纹饰,常绿类型栎亚属花粉具有棒状或聚合棒状纹饰,青冈亚属花粉具有皱波状、刺状或聚合棒状纹饰。花粉外壁纹饰特征可为栎属花粉化石的属内种级分类提供有效的鉴定依据。大量的现代栎属花粉研究显示,具有棒状纹饰的花粉多源自于分布在高海拔地区的常绿类型栎亚属植物,而具有皱波状和刺状纹饰的花粉多来源于相对低海拔地区分布的青冈亚属植物。在古环境重建中,栎属化石花粉的形态多样性不仅可以帮助我们可靠地区分关键地层中的常绿和落叶栎属植物,也可能成为指示不同海拔高度的潜在的古气候指标。     

太湖平原西北部全新世以来植被与环境变化

太湖平原西北部卜弋桥Zk01孔上部8m地层孢粉资料显示该地区自全新世以来植被与气候主要经历了三个阶段:1)11000—9500cal.aB.P.,地带性植被为壳斗科为主的亚热带常绿落叶针阔混交林。森林成分以栎属(Quercus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栗属(Castanea)、栲属(Castanopsis)/石栎属(Lithocarpus)和松属(Pinus)为主,同时混生有少量的枫香属(Liquidambar)、冬青属(Ilex)、水青冈属(Fagus)、桦属(Betula)、榆属(Ulmus)等乔灌木。本阶段孢粉浓度较高,气候较温暖湿润,为早全新世升温期;2)9500—3900cal.aB.P.,植被演替为中亚热带性质的常绿阔叶林。此阶段特别是8000cal.aB.P.以来,植被以青冈属为主的常绿分子获得大发展为特点。当时森林繁茂,气候暖湿且较为稳定,对应于中全新世大暖期(适宜期);3)3900cal.aB.P.以来,森林植被表现为次生性质的亚热带针阔混交林。青冈属、栎属骤减,松属、禾本科(Poaceae)及水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)含量明显增升。本阶段孢粉浓度减为最低,据研究区周边的孢粉资料推测此时期气候温凉湿润。本阶段晚期森林植被受到人类的干扰,与人类活动密切相关的农作物如禾本科(35—45μm)、十字花科和菊科等花粉类型含量持续增多,表明研究区自全新世晚期以来出现了明显的人类活动的迹象。Zk01钻孔点位处古河道,磁化率和粒度证据揭示了研究点沉积环境全新世早期为河流相,水动力较强,中期水动力条件显著增强,晚期减弱。最后,结合孢粉资料和沉积环境简述了植被变化与沉积环境之间的关联。     

中国栎属花粉形态研究

本文利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对我国栎属Quercus 30多种花粉进行比较深入的研 究,试图通过花粉形态的研究为栎属的植物分类和化石鉴定提供参考依据。     

中国北方4个乔木属花粉—气候响应面模型研究

借鉴地质趋势面和生态响应面的方法,考虑到中国北方特殊的气候与植被状况,进行了表土花粉丰度与气候参数(年均降水量和7月均温)之间的非线性函数方程即花粉-气候响应面模型的研究。并从实际出发,选择了分布较广、生态指示意义较大的松属(Pinus)、桦木属(Betula)、栎属(Quercus)和云杉属(Picea)等木本植物,依数据变换方式的不同,共采用了22种建模方案来建造它们的花粉-气候响应面模型。通过对模型方程进行质量检验,选择质量最优的建模方案建模,结果表明模型对数据拟合较好,可用于中国北方定量重建古环境的研究工作中。     

中国栗亚科植物花粉形态及超微结构研究

本文作者对国产的Castanea、Castanopsis Lithocarpus三个属花粉,进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜下的观察和系统研究,结果表明：三个属的花粉形状、大小、萌发孔、外 壁纹饰及其结构都非常相似,与植物外部形态的特征相吻合。故作者支持将这三个属归为一个亚科即栗亚科Castaneoideae。     

陕西壳斗科植物新类群

在大量野外调查和标本整理的基础上,作者对陕西省壳斗科植物的分类与分布进行了系统研究。本文报道了新变种3个:太白槲栎(Quercus aliena Bl.var.taibaiensis W.H.Zhang)、陕西槲栎(Quercus aliena Bl.var.shaanxiensis W.H.Zhang)、星毛枹栎(Quercus glandulifera Bl.var.stellatopilosa W.H.Zhang);新组合2个:城口青冈(Cyclobalanopsis fargesii (Franch.)S.Z.Qu et W.H.Z hang)、粉背青冈(Cyclobalanopsis hypargy-rae (Seem.)W.H.Zhang);陕西省分布新记录3个:多穗石栎(Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.)、大叶栎(Quercus griffithii Hook.f.et Thoms.)、长叶枹栎(Quercus monnula Y.C.Hsu et H.W.Jen);同时,澄清了枹栎(Q.glandulifera Bl.)命名上的一些问题。     

中国青冈属花粉形态及其与栎属的关系

经研究结果表明,青冈属Cyclobalanopsis与常绿栎类花粉形态特征基本上是一致的, 如花粉的形状和大小,萌发孔的类型以及外壁的结构均很相似。作者支持将青冈属归入栎属, 作为属下等级,即青冈亚属(Subg.Cyclobalanopsis)的分类处理。     

现代化分支杆菌菌库和基因库的建立与管理

医院分支杆菌菌库和基因库的建立 ,应用了计算机管理 ,不仅使各类菌及其相关资料得到系统管理 ,也为进一步研究和临床制定治疗计划提供了可靠信息 ,是医院现代化建设不可缺少的一环。     

紫杉醇及其衍生物的研究概况与发展趋势

本文分别从生物资源,药理学,化学合成和组织培养方面对红豆杉植物中紫杉醇及其衍生物的研究工作进行了综述,从中可以了解紫杉醇及其衍生物的研究概况与发展趋势。     

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF NEW SPECIES OF SCHIZAEA AND ACTINOSTACHYS

The gametophyte, old embryo, and sporophyte of Schizaea pseudodichotoma sp. nov., sporophyte and female parental gametophyte of S. diversispora hybr. nov. (S. pseudodicholoma X probably S. dichotoma), sporophyte of S. rhacoindusiata sp. nov., and gametophyte, old embryo, and sporophyte of Actinostachys macrofunda sp. nov. are described. The taxonomy of Schizaea is discussed and the system of Diels is strongly supported. The two sectional names used by Diels, Euschizaea Hook, and Lophidium Rich, are replaced by Pectinatae Prantl and Schizaea respectively. The prime morphological significance of Schizaea pseudodicholoma lies in its leafless embryo and its simple leaf differing from other species in its section, and that of Actinostachys macrofunda lies in its reduction to nearly complete heterotrophic existence and its frequent multiple annulus. Fungal hyphae have been traced from Schizaea and Actinostachys through the substratum and into root nodules of Casuarina and into roots of two other angiosperms.     

DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OF EXO- AND ENDOPEPTIDASES ALONG VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE NERVES

Abstract— The proximo-distal gradients for representative peptidases, peptidylpeptide hydrolases, and amino acids were measured in segments of peripheral nerve from invertebrates and vertebrates and in the lobster brain and ventral cord.
Crustacean nerve was characterized by a large pool of free amino acids totaling 100–200 μmoles/g wet wt. In lobster nerve, the principal free amino acid was aspartic acid which comprised 55 per cent of the free pool, whereas in the rat sciatic nerve it comprised only 5 per cent. The principal free amino acid in rat sciatic nerve was taurine (32 per cent of the pool) and in lobster brain glycine comprised 30 per cent of the pool. No consistent patterns emerged for the gradients along the nerves for amino acids and hydrolytic enzymes. In the leg nerve of the lobster, concentrations of aspartic acid and arginine were higher in the proximal region, and concentrations of proline and alanine were higher in the distal region. Concentrations of most amino acids were higher in the proximal regions of crab nerve, of lobster brain and ventral cord, and of rat sciatic nerve.
Rat sciatic nerve exhibited a pronounced proximo-distal increase in activity of aminopeptidase (Leu-Gly-Gly). In lobster leg nerve, activity of neutral proteinase was higher in the proximal segment, whereas activity of acid proteinase was higher in the distal segment. The best examples of proximo-distal gradients were found in lobster brain and ventral cord; activities of endopeptidases, arylamidases (Leu- and Arg-βNA), and aminopeptidase were higher in the supra-esophageal ganglia or cephalothorax segments than in the distal regions.     

糖蜜草（Melinis minutiflora Beauv．）幼穗分化发育．及花和果实形态的研究

本文对糖密草（ＭｅｌｉｎｉｓｍｉｎｕｔｉｆｌｏｒａＢｅａｕｖ．）的幼穗分化发育及花和果实的形态作了研究,将幼穗分化发育过程划分为以下九个时期：第一苞原基形成期;第一次枝梗原基形成期;第二、三次枝梗原基形成期;小穗及颖花原基形成期;雌、雄蕊原基形成期;花粉母细胞形成期;花粉母细胞减数分裂期;花粉充实期;花粉成熟期。全过程历时约需４２ｄ．从抽穗到颖果成熟约需５０ｄ。糖蜜草的花序为圆锥花序。每花序有可育花２０００—３０００朵．小穗是由小穗轴、内外颖片、不育花外稃和小花构成。小花包括有内外稃各一片、一鳞被、雄蕊三枚和一枚雌蕊,颖果千粒重为９１ｍｇ。     

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF PERESKIA PITITACHE

Boke, Norman H. (U. Oklahoma, Norman.) Anatomy and development of the flower and fruit of Pereskia pititache. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50 (8): 843–858. Illus. 1963.—Flowers of P. pititache are about 6 cm in diameter and perigynous. The receptacle bears numerous broad bracts; the inner perianth segments are orange and deeply cleft; the numerous stamens develop centrifugally. The fundamentally superior gynoecium is broad and flat and consists of 10–18 connate carpels, the fertile portions of which are involute and adnate to the conical floral axis. The 8–16 ovules in each of the pocket-like locules are borne in 2 rows along the zone of adnation; placentation is axile. The short style and the style branches are lined with stigmatic tissue, which extends downward among the ovules. There is no definite stigma. The tip of the floral axis retains its meristematic characteristics beyond anthesis. In early fruit development, the rim of the floral cup grows in height, while the residual floral axis becomes a conspicuous peg-like columella. Concomitantly, the formation of numerous mucilage cells and cavities causes the ovary partitions and parts of the ovary roof to disintegrate. As a result, the seeds are contained in a single, moat-like cavity, which appears inferior. Late fruit development is characterized by the differentiation of numerous fiber sclereids in association with the extensive and complex vascular system.