红豆杉中紫杉醇及其衍生物含量影响因子研究进展

红豆杉中紫杉醇及其衍生物的含量显著地受到多种因素的影响,对这些影响因子的研究有利于红豆杉产业化栽培基地经济效益的实现.根据以往的研究,综述了影响红豆杉中紫杉醇及其衍生物含量的主要因子,包括品种、环境、季节、年龄、性别、组织部位、储藏方式、激素和代谢旁路抑制剂等不同的方面.曼地亚红豆杉是美国食品与药物管理局筛选到的最适宜栽培的品种,目前市场上50%以上的10-脱酰基巴卡丁Ⅲ来自于欧洲紫杉.阴湿环境生长的红豆杉紫杉醇含量较高,冬季一般是紫杉醇及其衍生物总含量最高的季节,年龄的增加有利于紫杉醇含量的提高,性别不同的红豆杉紫杉醇的含量没有显著差异,根和皮部的紫杉醇含量较高,阴干和低温保藏能有效地减缓紫杉醇的分解速度,一些激素和代谢旁路抑制剂的施用可以明显地提高红豆杉中紫杉醇及其衍生物的含量.并进一步提出了未来急需深入研究的重点：（1）优良品系的筛选和栽培,尤其是对生长速度最快和在中国分布最广的南方红豆杉;（2）土壤中各种成分,尤其是稀土元素对紫杉醇及其衍生物含量的影响和机理;（3）定点与大尺度实验相结合研究宏观生态因子对含量的影响和机理;（4）激素和代谢旁路抑制剂对含量的影响和机理;（5）调节宏观生态因子、土壤成分、激素和代谢旁路抑制剂的配伍进一步提高产量并应用于生产实践.     

红豆杉植株紫杉醇含量研究进展(综述)

影响红豆杉中紫杉醇含量的因素较多。为了提高红豆杉紫杉醇及其衍生物的含量,国内外已开展大量研究,其中多数是以天然红豆杉为研究对象。研究表明,不同种类、树龄、器官、物候期、生长环境等因子对天然红豆杉中紫杉醇含量均有影响。本文综述了影响红豆杉紫杉醇含量的各种因子,并对紫杉醇测定方法、天然红豆杉与人工红豆杉中紫杉醇含量以及红豆杉中其它紫杉烷类化合物含量等进行了比较。     

茉莉酸甲酯诱导下红豆杉细胞产生紫杉烷类物质群代谢轮廓分析

红豆杉细胞培养物经甲醇提取和固相萃取粗分离,进行反相高效液相色谱分析,获得了约含13个与紫杉醇极性相关的化合物色谱图,通过质谱联用和对照品参照,归属了这些化合物组成。进一步利用茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）诱导细胞,比较这些组分在诱导前后的相对色谱峰面积变化,结果表明,所有紫杉烷组分的浓度在诱导后都提高,其中以taxchinin M及其结构类似物提高最显著,紫杉醇,B-Ⅲ和B-Ⅵ等比C14位取代的taxuyunnanine C及其衍生物的浓度增加幅度要大,提示MJ对紫杉醇合成中非有效乙酰化旁路代谢有促进作用,而对C14位取代物生成的旁路促进作用不明显。本文为紫杉醇的生物合成研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

蛇根木细胞悬浮培养进行紫杉醇的生物转化

通过理化及光谱学方法,从蛇根木(Rautwolfia serpentina(L.)Benth.et Kurz.)悬浮细胞内分离到3个紫杉醇同系物,高分辨1H-NMR和MS结构分析表明,它们分别为10-脱乙酰紫杉醇、baccatinⅢ和10-deacetylbaccatinⅢ.本实验未检测出紫杉醇的苷化或羟基化衍生物.     

蛇根木细胞悬浮培养进行紫杉醇的生物转化

通过理化及光谱学方法,从蛇根木(Rauwolfia serpentina(L.)Benth.et Kurz.)悬浮细胞内分离到3个紫杉醇同系物,高分辨~1H-NMR和MS结构分析表明,它们分别为10-脱乙酰紫杉醇、baccatin Ⅲ和10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ。本实验未检测出紫杉醇的苷化或羟基化衍生物。     

紫杉醇构效关系及其类似物的研究开发进展

概括了90年代以来国外关于紫杉醇衍生物的研制进展并简介了其新药开发的情况。     

红豆杉的抗肿瘤活性成分及其衍生物研究进展

通过文献调研,对红豆杉中活性成分和衍生物研究成果进行总结。结果显示,从红豆杉树皮、针叶、枝叶和内生真菌中发现有潜在研究价值的二萜、木脂素、多糖成分或有效部位,可作为重要的先导化合物,具有抑制前列腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢囊腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、黑色素瘤、舌鳞癌、肾癌、结肠癌、肠癌、乳腺癌和白血病细胞等作用。通过对红豆杉中紫杉烷类化合物中C-1、C-2、C-7、C-8、C-10、C-13、C-14、C-2'、C-3'等结构的化学修饰,发现了一系列活性高,毒副作用小的新型抗肿瘤活性成分,如含氟多烯紫杉醇、二茂铁-紫杉烷、噁二唑-多烯紫杉醇、吡啶-紫杉醇、喹啉-多烯紫杉醇、烷基化多烯紫杉醇和丙酯化、丙烯化多烯紫杉醇衍生物及单体化合物larotaxel、carbazitaxel、5-oxo-13-TBDMS-taxchinin A、5-oxo-13,15-epoxy-13-epi-taxchinin A等,为临床应用提供了新的药源。     

紫杉醇及其产生菌的研究现状与展望

紫杉醇 (Paclitaxel,商品名Taxol)是一种二萜类衍生物 ,是当前公认的广谱、活性强的抗癌药物之一。1　紫杉醇的发现紫杉醇最早是于 1 971年 ,Wani等[1] 从短枝红豆杉 (Taxusbreviifolia)的树皮中分离得到 ,命名为紫杉醇。随后 ,Schiff等[2 ] 证实紫杉醇具有独特的抗癌机制 ,它作用于细胞微管 (Microtuble) ,通过与微管蛋白N端第 31位氨基酸和第 2 1 7～ 2 31位氨基酸结合 ,诱导和稳定微管蛋白聚合 ,抑制其解聚 ,增加聚合程度 ,使维管束不能与微管组织中心相互连接 ,将细胞周期阻断于G2 M期 ,导致有丝分裂异常或停止 ,阻止癌细胞增殖[3,…     

多西紫杉醇白蛋白微球的制备及优化实验研究

多西紫杉醇(DT)是唯一应用于临床治疗肿瘤的紫杉醇的衍生物,其水溶性差,制剂中需要加入有机溶剂和助溶剂,而有机溶剂和助溶剂具有刺激性。为减少多西紫杉醇制剂的刺激性,本实验通过去溶剂化—化学交联法制备水溶性多西紫杉醇白蛋白微球。对制备过程中的重要影响因素进行考察,并通过Design-expert软件进行数据优化,最终得优化条件:白蛋白浓度为35 mg.mL-1,DT浓度为1.03 mg.mL-1,乙醇和水的比例为3∶1,乙醇的滴加速度为0.73 mL.min-1,搅拌时间为12 h,0.2%戊二醛与白蛋白的交联比为2∶1。得到的多西紫杉醇白蛋白微球粒径为185 nm,载药量为14.4%,成功的解决了其水溶性,为接下来的动物实验、临床应用提供了良好的基础。     

产紫杉醇内生真菌N-15的分离及鉴定

产紫杉醇内生真菌的研究是解决紫杉醇药源紧缺问题的重要途径之一。本研究主要报道了从南方红豆杉树皮的内表皮中筛选得到一株产紫杉醇的内生真菌N-15,高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测结果表明其提取物具有与紫杉醇及其前体巴卡亭Ⅲ、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ标准品一致的色谱特征峰和保留时间,表明真菌N-15可以产紫杉醇及其两个前体物。质谱法(mass spectrometry,MS)检测结果表明,N-15的发酵液提取物具有和紫杉醇标准品相同质谱特征峰,进一步说明N-15可以产紫杉醇。通过结合形态特征观察和18S rRNA序列分析,将N-15初步确定为黑孢霉属(Nigrospora sp.)真菌。     

现代化分支杆菌菌库和基因库的建立与管理

医院分支杆菌菌库和基因库的建立 ,应用了计算机管理 ,不仅使各类菌及其相关资料得到系统管理 ,也为进一步研究和临床制定治疗计划提供了可靠信息 ,是医院现代化建设不可缺少的一环。     

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF NEW SPECIES OF SCHIZAEA AND ACTINOSTACHYS

The gametophyte, old embryo, and sporophyte of Schizaea pseudodichotoma sp. nov., sporophyte and female parental gametophyte of S. diversispora hybr. nov. (S. pseudodicholoma X probably S. dichotoma), sporophyte of S. rhacoindusiata sp. nov., and gametophyte, old embryo, and sporophyte of Actinostachys macrofunda sp. nov. are described. The taxonomy of Schizaea is discussed and the system of Diels is strongly supported. The two sectional names used by Diels, Euschizaea Hook, and Lophidium Rich, are replaced by Pectinatae Prantl and Schizaea respectively. The prime morphological significance of Schizaea pseudodicholoma lies in its leafless embryo and its simple leaf differing from other species in its section, and that of Actinostachys macrofunda lies in its reduction to nearly complete heterotrophic existence and its frequent multiple annulus. Fungal hyphae have been traced from Schizaea and Actinostachys through the substratum and into root nodules of Casuarina and into roots of two other angiosperms.     

四种鹭类繁殖生态生物学研究

本文对夜鹭,白鹭,黄鹭白鹭,池鹭混群在同一巢区的繁殖,种间协高及雏鸟生长进行进行了观察研究,其中黄嘴白路豫南大别山类新纪录,在此繁殖亦为首次发现。几种路在巢位,食性,取食活动和习性方面都表现出其混居同一巢地繁殖的种间协调性,符合高期假说。比较４种鹭鸟雏鸟生长过程中各生长参数。其中池鹭虽个体最小,但体重和各部位生长却对较快。     

糖蜜草（Melinis minutiflora Beauv．）幼穗分化发育．及花和果实形态的研究

本文对糖密草（ＭｅｌｉｎｉｓｍｉｎｕｔｉｆｌｏｒａＢｅａｕｖ．）的幼穗分化发育及花和果实的形态作了研究,将幼穗分化发育过程划分为以下九个时期：第一苞原基形成期;第一次枝梗原基形成期;第二、三次枝梗原基形成期;小穗及颖花原基形成期;雌、雄蕊原基形成期;花粉母细胞形成期;花粉母细胞减数分裂期;花粉充实期;花粉成熟期。全过程历时约需４２ｄ．从抽穗到颖果成熟约需５０ｄ。糖蜜草的花序为圆锥花序。每花序有可育花２０００—３０００朵．小穗是由小穗轴、内外颖片、不育花外稃和小花构成。小花包括有内外稃各一片、一鳞被、雄蕊三枚和一枚雌蕊,颖果千粒重为９１ｍｇ。     

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF PERESKIA PITITACHE

Boke, Norman H. (U. Oklahoma, Norman.) Anatomy and development of the flower and fruit of Pereskia pititache. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50 (8): 843–858. Illus. 1963.—Flowers of P. pititache are about 6 cm in diameter and perigynous. The receptacle bears numerous broad bracts; the inner perianth segments are orange and deeply cleft; the numerous stamens develop centrifugally. The fundamentally superior gynoecium is broad and flat and consists of 10–18 connate carpels, the fertile portions of which are involute and adnate to the conical floral axis. The 8–16 ovules in each of the pocket-like locules are borne in 2 rows along the zone of adnation; placentation is axile. The short style and the style branches are lined with stigmatic tissue, which extends downward among the ovules. There is no definite stigma. The tip of the floral axis retains its meristematic characteristics beyond anthesis. In early fruit development, the rim of the floral cup grows in height, while the residual floral axis becomes a conspicuous peg-like columella. Concomitantly, the formation of numerous mucilage cells and cavities causes the ovary partitions and parts of the ovary roof to disintegrate. As a result, the seeds are contained in a single, moat-like cavity, which appears inferior. Late fruit development is characterized by the differentiation of numerous fiber sclereids in association with the extensive and complex vascular system.     

DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OF EXO- AND ENDOPEPTIDASES ALONG VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE NERVES

Abstract— The proximo-distal gradients for representative peptidases, peptidylpeptide hydrolases, and amino acids were measured in segments of peripheral nerve from invertebrates and vertebrates and in the lobster brain and ventral cord.
Crustacean nerve was characterized by a large pool of free amino acids totaling 100–200 μmoles/g wet wt. In lobster nerve, the principal free amino acid was aspartic acid which comprised 55 per cent of the free pool, whereas in the rat sciatic nerve it comprised only 5 per cent. The principal free amino acid in rat sciatic nerve was taurine (32 per cent of the pool) and in lobster brain glycine comprised 30 per cent of the pool. No consistent patterns emerged for the gradients along the nerves for amino acids and hydrolytic enzymes. In the leg nerve of the lobster, concentrations of aspartic acid and arginine were higher in the proximal region, and concentrations of proline and alanine were higher in the distal region. Concentrations of most amino acids were higher in the proximal regions of crab nerve, of lobster brain and ventral cord, and of rat sciatic nerve.
Rat sciatic nerve exhibited a pronounced proximo-distal increase in activity of aminopeptidase (Leu-Gly-Gly). In lobster leg nerve, activity of neutral proteinase was higher in the proximal segment, whereas activity of acid proteinase was higher in the distal segment. The best examples of proximo-distal gradients were found in lobster brain and ventral cord; activities of endopeptidases, arylamidases (Leu- and Arg-βNA), and aminopeptidase were higher in the supra-esophageal ganglia or cephalothorax segments than in the distal regions.     

地生枝顶孢胞外多糖的理化性质和结构初步分析

报道分离自地生枝顶孢Acremonium terricola RCEF0260菌株发酵滤液中的胞外多糖EPS-Ia的理化性质和一级结构。EPS-Ia分子量为416kD,至少含有D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖,各单糖摩尔比为4.46: 0.24: 2.38: 0.90: 0.19。糖醛酸含量为27.4%。硫酸基含量0.92%、蛋白质含量2.23%。氨基酸组成分析显示:EPS-Ia中含有17种常见氨基酸。EPS-Ia为型吡喃糖,含有1→3糖苷键,1→6糖苷键及1→2糖苷键,其中的糖肽键是N-糖苷键。