农业景观生物多样性与害虫生态控制

现代农业的一个重要特征就是人类对农田生态系统的干扰强度及频率不断增加,严重影响农业景观的结构及其生物多样性.农业景观结构的变化及其生物多样性的丧失,必然引起生态系统服务功能的弱化,不利于实施以保护自然天敌为主的害虫生态控制.农业的集约化经营导致自然生境破碎化,减少了农业景观的复杂性,使得作物和非作物变成一种相对离散化的生境类型和镶嵌的景观格局;破碎化的生境不仅会减少某些物种的丰度,还会影响物种之间的相互关系及生物群落的多样性和稳定性.非作物生境类型如林地、灌木篱墙、田块边缘区、休耕地和草地等,是一种比较稳定的异质化环境.非作物生境较少受到干扰,可以为寄生性和捕食性节肢动物提供适宜的越冬或避难场所以及替代猎物、花粉和花蜜等资源,因此,非作物生境有利于自然天敌的栖息和繁衍,也有利于它们迁入邻近的作物生境中对害虫起到调节和控制作用.景观的格局-过程-尺度影响农田生物群落物种丰富度、多度、多样性以及害虫与天敌之间的相互作用.从区域农业景观系统的角度出发,运用景观生态学的理论和方法来研究作物、害虫、天敌等组分在不同斑块之间的转移过程和变化规律,揭示害虫在较大尺度和具有异质性的空间范围内的灾变机理,可为利用农业景观生物多样性来保护农田自然天敌,实施害虫的区域性生态控制提供新的研究思路和手段.     

谈农林害虫的自然控制

人类的发展面临着许多问题,其中包括环境污染与害虫暴发失控等, 对策应是人类谋求与自然协调共存。人类必须学会既要和众多的非生命物又要和数千万种生物包括100多万种昆虫协调共存。天敌昆虫是大害虫的克星; 人类赖以生存的经济植物是由昆虫传播花粉的; 昆虫是人类的美味佳肴和医病良药; 有些昆虫是重要工业原料。所以人类要锐意合理利用昆虫资源。对于农林害虫要尽可能谋求自然控制; 提倡利用植物的抗害性、利用害虫的天敌、利用昆虫生长调节剂、种间信息物质、昆虫辐射不育技术控制害虫。尽量利用植物性杀虫剂控制害虫。尽量采用不杀伤或少杀伤天敌、不污染环境的化学杀虫剂或方法防治害虫。我国创造了很多行之有效的利用农业技术防治害虫的方法。     

农田非作物生境调控与害虫综合治理

就害虫综合治理的研究而言,农田生态系统可以区分出作物生境和邻近作物的非作物生境。昆虫从作物生境迁移到非作物生境,与作物生境缺乏食物或受人类栽培活动干扰而引起的自然迁移、转换寄主和寻求庇护场所有关。许多研究表明,与特定作物田块相联系的植被类型和结构可影响害虫及其天敌迁居的种类、数量和时间。因此,我们可以通过改变大田周围非作物生境的植被组成及特征来调控农业生态系统中害虫与天敌的相互关系,提高天敌对害虫的控制效能。由于景观的空间格局对节肢动物的生物学特性有直接或间接的影响,所以,以景观为单元要比以同类作物的田块为单元更加适于害虫综合治理的研究和实施。在现代农业景观区域内重新引入和相嵌一些非栽培植物或廊道,可为众多有益节肢动物的繁殖、取食和避害提供多种类型的非作物栖境。     

襄北农作物害虫天敌及其优势种的初步调查

198 9年 ,作者曾对襄北农作物害虫天敌进行了系统调查和研究 ,并初步查明襄北地区农田天敌资源及其优势种类[1] 。此后由于长期大量使用化学农药防治害虫 ,使农田天敌数量减少 ,生态平衡遭到破坏 ,致使害虫再度猖獗 ,农药残毒严重超标 ,农产品质量下降 ,危及人类健康。根据这种情况 ,近年来湖北襄北农场通过大力推广生物农药 ,保护利用天敌昆虫等生物防治措施 ,使农田生态环境得到改善 ,天敌昆虫的种群数量也比以前有较大幅度的增长。为了摸清现阶段农田天敌的优势种类 ,以便更好地为保护利用提供理论依据 ,作者于 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年对襄…     

中国茧蜂系列专著书评

茧蜂科(包括蚜茧蜂)是农林和卫生害虫的天敌昆虫,在生物多样性研究、害虫生物防治、种群数量控制和生态环境保护方面具有重要的意义。随着贯彻科学发展观和可持续发展战略的实施,加强环境生态保护而应用天敌昆虫进行生物防治和推进综合治理已日益得到重视。茧蜂科是天敌昆虫类群尤为引人瞩目的研究领域之一。对其进行系统分类鉴定、查明我国资源情况,开展生物多样性和生物防治研究,皆是重要的基础理论研究和应用基础的需要。     

刈割对苜蓿人工草地昆虫群落结构及动态的影响

运用物种丰富度 (S)、个体数量 (N)、申农指数 (Shannon' s index,H′)、均匀度指数 (E)作为多样性分析的综合指标 ,分析了不同刈割次数苜蓿人工草地昆虫的群落结构和季节动态。结果表明 ,刈割对群落物种丰富度的影响主要是部分稀有害虫种类 ,对优势种和常见种的影响较小。随着刈割次数的增加 ,害虫的物种丰富度下降。刈割对天敌的种类及数量影响较小 ,其影响主要发生在刈割初期。苜蓿人工草地昆虫各类群落的多样性和均匀度指标在时间过程中的变化呈明显的差异和规律性 ,且受刈割次数的影响较大。当 6月上旬苜蓿进入现蕾末期和开花初期时 ,正值害虫始盛期 ,蚜虫、蓟马、盲蝽等优势类群的虫口数量很大 ,总群落和害虫亚群落的多样性和均匀度均很低 ,此时刈割 ,可以有效地降低优势害虫类群的虫口数量 ,提高各类群落的多样性和均匀度 ,增强天敌的自然控制能力 ,使第 2茬苜蓿的害虫数量一直保持在较低的水平。在苜蓿种子生产田 ,当 6月上旬害虫进入始盛期后 ,数量开始急速增长 ,是防治的关键时期     

农田生物多样性与害虫综合治理

在现代农田生态系统中 ,人类为了满足自身的需要 ,通常把自然界的植物群落改造成大面积种植单种特定的作物 ,人为地排除其他植物种类的竞争以提高作物的产量。由于单一化的作物不断取代自然植被 ,降低了农田的物种和生境多样性 ,结果导致农田生态系统的不稳定和害虫问题的更加恶化。影响农田生物多样性的因素很多 ,如地理位置、气候类型、环境条件、作物品种、种间关系、人类的栽培活动等。根据现有的生态学原理和研究成果 ,人类可以通过采用适当的措施来恢复和强化农田生物多样性 ,提高天敌的控制潜能 ,减少害虫发生的可能性 ;这些措施包括合理安排混作的时空格局 ,通过轮作进行间断性耕种 ,对多年生作物采用地面覆盖植被 ,利用不同品种以提高作物的遗传多样性 ,等等。在设计农田生物多样性的管理策略时 ,必须同时考虑当地气候、地理 ,植被 ,作物 ,土壤等因素的变化 ,因为在特定的生境条件下 ,这些因素可能增加或减少害虫发生的机会     

害虫治理

大多数昆虫有益或无害于人类,只有少数昆虫造成经济损失而成为害虫。控制害虫的方法很多,利用植物的耐害性和抗虫性、天敌昆虫和病原微生物、昆虫生长调节剂和种间信息物质、植物性杀虫剂和家业技术措施等方法,可以避免化学药剂造成的环境污染和害虫再度猖獗。谋求人类与自然协调共存,走农林害虫自然控制的道路,是明智之举。     

害虫的苏云金杆菌（Bt）控制

各种害虫对人类的影响的确令人头痛。科学家们已经使用多种办法企图控制它——化学的、物理的、生物的、微生物的。苏云金杆菌的研究与利用可能是最明智的选择。昆虫与人类的生产和生活有着极其密切的关系,就其对人们的生产活动和日常生活的影响来说,可分为有害昆虫(即害虫)和有益昆虫两大类。如天敌昆虫赤眼蜂可用于防治夜蛾、粉蝶、玉米螟等农业害虫,而逐腐趋臭的苍蝇、吸吮人畜血液的蚊蚋,对人类的影响是众所周知的。人类在同大自然的斗争中,自然对有益的昆虫加以保护和利用,     

间种牧草枣林刈草对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区间种牧草枣林,运用物种丰富度、多样性与相对丰盛度指数作为多样性分析的综合指标,系统地研究不同刈草次数对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响,结果表明：刈草对害虫亚群落的物种数的影响较小,对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,随着刈割次数的增加,昆虫群落各类群的多样性与相对丰盛度指数的时序变化凸现明显的差异与规律性,且受刈割次数的影响较大,当6月上旬进行第1次刈割后,对昆虫群落的结构动态影响明显,但很快即可得到恢复,当7月中旬实施第2次刈割后,对害虫亚群落物种数影响较小,但对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,并且对昆虫群落的多样性与相对丰盛度的影响较为明显,这种影响待枣果采收后才逐渐得到恢复,因此刈割后应对枣树害虫及时给予管理。     

Practical importance for conservation of insect diversity in China

Insects are one of the most important groups in the natural world. They affect the life and welfare of humans in many different ways. While some insects are referred to as pests, others are beneficial to humans. For example, they may serve a function as pollinators of many cultivated plants, as natural enemies of harmful species, or as producers of valuable materials such as honey and silk. Several insect species, however, are not currently known as being harmful or beneficial. Nevertheless they are extremely important as essential components of both natural and modified ecosystems. In China, only 1% of insect species described are major pests. The majority of insects are either neutral or beneficial to humans. China, with its vast territory, diverse climate and ecosystems, is amongst the richest countries in insect diversity. However, as a result of the economic and population growth and development, Chinas insect diversity is now faced with habitat degradation, species extinction, and a decline in the natural enemies of harmful pests. These problems are due to the expansion of agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, pollution, mining, tourism, introduced species, hunting, and the illegal trade in endangered species. In order to exploit the beneficial components of insects as biological resources and to effectively control their harmful aspects, many national strategies, legal actions and capacity-building activities have been developed and implemented. These efforts work towards the goal of insect diversity conservation in China.     

中国生物多样性与保护:昆虫学家的观点(英文)

中国是世界12个生物多样性巨丰的国家之一,也是亚洲及太平洋地区生物多样性和特有性最高的两个国家之一。中国具有世界最高的山系和许多不同的生物栖息环境,跨古北和东洋两界。这些特征可用来说明其丰富的物种多样性和高特有性,迄今中国已报道的昆虫种类约为45000种。特有成分明显多于周边国家。特别是西南山地和热带地区,特有成分比例很高。人类干扰,栖息地丧失、森林减少和污染等迫使未知数目的种类处于濒危状态或已灭绝。本文提出了中国昆虫保护的建议,包括：鉴别优先保护对象,开展濒危物种的生物学和生态学研究,监测栖息地和多样性的丧失,编制珍稀和濒危物种“红色名录”和数据库,建立昆虫保护区,开发昆虫人工饲养和繁殖技术。     

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION IN CHINA: A VIEW FROM ENTOMOLOGSTS

Abstract China is among the twelve megadiversity countries in the world and one of the two countries with the highest biodiversity and endemism in Asia and South-Pacific region. China has the highest mountain system of the world and different types of environments inhabited by living organisms, ranging from the Palaearctic to Oriental Realms. These characteristics account for the magnificent species diversity and high level of endemism. Insects of 45 000 species have been recorded in China by now. The total endemic elements are obviously much more than the neighbouring countries. Especially in the south-west mountainous region and tropical areas the endemic elements occupy high proportions. The human disturbances, original habitat losses due to reclamation, deforestation, pollution, etc., are driving undetermined number of species to be endangered or extinct. Recommendations of China's insect conservation are hereon presented: identifying conservation priorities, investigating the biology and ecology of endangered species, monitoring habitat and diversity losses, compiling the "Red List" and the database of rare and endangered species, establishing reserves for insect conservation, and developing techniques of insect farming and ranching.     

长白山阔叶红松林昆虫多样性研究

通过季节性观察,系统地研究了长白山阔叶红松林昆虫类群及其多样性．结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林已知的森林昆虫26目131科1162属1960种,其中森林害虫11目105科881种、重要森林害虫638种;森林昆虫群落中植食性昆虫类群总数所占比重最大,天敌昆虫群落中以捕食性类群总数所占比重最大．植食类群、寄生性类群和捕食类群全年的均匀度指数分别为0．884、0．830和0．806．各类群问季节变动系数的大小顺序为捕食类群>寄生性类群>植食类群．     

湖北神农架自然保护区昆虫的数量变化与环境关系的初步研究

昆虫物种多样性在生物多样性保护研究中有重要地位。湖北神农架自然保护区生物多样性极其丰富,保存状态相对良好,是我国生物多样性研究的关键地区之一。然而该地区的昆虫多样性研究极为薄弱,就是一般的物种调查也为数不多,所以调查主要昆虫类群的组成与数量变化,能为本区的生物多样性研究积累资料,并为长期监测打下基础。我们选择暖温带针叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、亚高山草甸、箭竹林及溪边灌丛6种不同环境,以23块样地为代表,以巴氏罐诱法为主,结合网筛、扫网等方法,进行全面的标本采集与数据收集。经初步整理鉴定和数据分析,得到如下结果：（1）共获得标本58 368号,昆虫标本46 213号,其中膜翅目和鞘翅目数量较多,其次为半翅目、同翅目、双翅目、直翅目及脉翅目等。此外,环节动物、软体动物、多足纲及蛛形纲动物也有相当数量。在膜翅目中,个体数量最多的是蚂蚁（蚁科）;在鞘翅目中个体数量较多的类群依次是隐翅虫科、步甲科和叶甲科。（2）昆虫分布与环境的关系非常密切：仅从较高分类阶元来看,如昆虫纲的鞘翅目、双翅目、直翅目、膜翅目等,不同环境对昆虫数量分布的影响并不显著;而从相对低的分类阶元来看,如统计鞘翅目中步甲科、隐翅虫科等,则可以显示不同环境对昆虫数量分布的显著影响。（3）在一些特殊地点,发现若干比较特殊的昆虫物种,这表明神农架地区在昆虫物种保护上具有特殊地位。     

中国昆虫生态学研究的透视

<正> 昆虫生态学在我国是通过几十年来密切结合农、林、牧实际,解决生产中不断提出的重大问题而发展起来的。随着研究问题不断深入,交叉学科不断渗透,使昆虫生态学在生物学宏观领域中成为迅速发展的一门学科。现将7个主要领域研究的动态加以评述。     

Reprint of: Biological control of rice insect pests in China

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. China has the second largest area of the rice growing in the world and the highest yield of rice produced. Infestation by insect pests, especially rice planthoppers, stem borers and leaf folders, is always a serious challenge to rice production in China. Current methods for controlling insect pests in China mainly include good farming practices, biological control, breeding and growing resistant varieties, and the use of chemical insecticides. However, for farmers, the favorite method for insect pest control is still the application of chemical insecticide, which not only causes severe environmental pollution and the resurgence of herbivores but also reduces populations of the natural enemies of herbivores. To control insect pests safely, effectively and sustainably, strategies encouraging biological control are currently demanded. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development and implementation of biological controls for rice in China since the 1970s. Such progress includes the species identification of the natural enemies of rice insect pests, the characterization of their biology, and the integration of biological controls in integrated pest management. To develop effective ecological engineering programs whose aim is to implement conservation biological controls, further research, including the evaluation of the roles of plants in non-crop habitats in conservation biological controls, volatiles in enhancing efficiency of natural enemies and natural enemies in manipulating insect pests, and education to increase farmers’ knowledge of biological controls, is proposed.     

Insect conservation in Michigan prairie fen: addressing the challenge of global change

Prairie fen is a globally rare, groundwater dependent peatland community restricted to discrete portions of the glaciated north central USA. Prairie fen harbours a diverse flora composed of sedge wetland and tallgrass prairie species, which in turn support a diversity of rare insects. In Michigan, USA over 20% of the state’s insects of conservation concern are associated with prairie fen, including the globally imperilled Mitchell’s satyr butterfly, Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Here we investigate how global change drivers, including land use change, climate change, and invasive species, may interact to threaten this important community. Specifically, we examine how characteristics of prairie fen habitats—e.g., formation and distribution—interact with the biology of rare fen insects to suggest appropriate short to long term conservation strategies. Our results suggest that prairie fen associated insects are rare for a variety of reasons, including host plant specialization, habitat specialization, and shifting landscape context that limits opportunities for dispersal. We recommend that current conservation efforts focus on stabilization and restoration of existing prairie fens, coupled with directed surveys to monitor population change in insects of concern, and restoration of the landscape matrix to facilitate metapopulation dynamics. In the future, due to the severely fragmented nature of Michigan landscapes, captive rearing and assisted migration may be necessary to conserve some prairie fen insect species. Overall, the effective conservation of fen associated insects will require a shared vision by multiple actors and a willingness to purse that vision over a long time frame.     

Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards in China

Apple is one of the most important fruits in China, and both yield and quality are greatly affected by insect pests. According to surveys, there are more than 200 species of natural enemies in apple orchards. Few, however, have been closely studied. Major natural enemies including parasitoids, predators and pathogens are briefly described in this review, especially focusing on two parasitoids of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura and Aphelinus mali Haldeman, predatory mites and a pathogenic fungus of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as case studies. Augmentation, one important strategy of biological control, supplements the natural control provided by the existing natural enemy community in apple orchards, and greatly increases their efficiency in controlling pests. Conservation biological control is also widely applied in four major apple-producing areas. Based on habitat manipulation, the ground cover planting system helps regulate the microclimate and enhance the biodiversity of apple orchards, effectively conserving the richness and diversity of beneficial insect species. Certain achievements have been made in the main biological control strategies including successful introduction of some exotic natural enemies such as A. mali and Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, augmentative production and application of biological control agents such as T. dendrolimi, B. bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis, and further research in conservation of establishing adaptive ground cover planting patterns to local environment. Challenges, however, still exist. Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards is an important part of integrated pest management programs, requiring more research and application in China.     

昆虫多样性的保护现状与趋势

昆虫是自然界中种类最多的动物,在生态系统中具有重要的作用,但是昆虫在生物多样性保护中没有受到应有的重视.多个实例证明,很多昆虫种类处在数量下降甚至绝灭的状态.究其原因,人类的认识不足是导致昆虫多样性保护未受重视的主要原因,栖息地破坏是昆虫濒危的主要原因.由于昆虫生活史的特殊性,其保护策略与大型动物的保护有很大不同.昆虫多样性的保护可以与人类活动共存.