Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards in China |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;2. Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;3. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China;1. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University;1. INRA, UR1115, PSH, Plantes & Systèmes de cultures Horticoles, 84000 Avignon, France;2. CTIFL, Centre Interprofessionnel des Fruits & Légumes, Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France;3. INRA, UR546, BioSP, Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux, 84000 Avignon, France;1. Dept Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany;2. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;3. Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Lleida, Spain;4. Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;5. CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;6. Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain;7. Dept Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;8. Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Asturias, Spain;9. Dept Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden;10. Dept Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;1. School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 2, Ireland;2. Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 2, Ireland;1. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, P.O. Box 646420, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA;2. Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA |
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| Abstract: | Apple is one of the most important fruits in China, and both yield and quality are greatly affected by insect pests. According to surveys, there are more than 200 species of natural enemies in apple orchards. Few, however, have been closely studied. Major natural enemies including parasitoids, predators and pathogens are briefly described in this review, especially focusing on two parasitoids of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura and Aphelinus mali Haldeman, predatory mites and a pathogenic fungus of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as case studies. Augmentation, one important strategy of biological control, supplements the natural control provided by the existing natural enemy community in apple orchards, and greatly increases their efficiency in controlling pests. Conservation biological control is also widely applied in four major apple-producing areas. Based on habitat manipulation, the ground cover planting system helps regulate the microclimate and enhance the biodiversity of apple orchards, effectively conserving the richness and diversity of beneficial insect species. Certain achievements have been made in the main biological control strategies including successful introduction of some exotic natural enemies such as A. mali and Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, augmentative production and application of biological control agents such as T. dendrolimi, B. bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis, and further research in conservation of establishing adaptive ground cover planting patterns to local environment. Challenges, however, still exist. Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards is an important part of integrated pest management programs, requiring more research and application in China. |
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| Keywords: | Biological control Apple orchard Natural enemies Insect pests Introduction Augmentation Conservation |
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