罗汉果蛋白质的含量测定

对罗汉果三个栽培品种的蛋白质和氨基酸进行了含量测定,从水解产物中检出了18种氨基酸。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

罗汉果产地纪行

1992年10月中旬,正当罗汉果收获时节,我和《植物杂志》编辑刘金同志,特地访问了著名罗汉果产区广西永福龙江乡.说明来意之后,乡干部们热情接待并向我们介绍了当地罗汉果栽培情况,带我们到种植园作实地考察. 龙江乡位于中亚热带的桂东北山区,这里是野生罗汉果原产地,引种栽培已有百余年历史,是广西罗汉果主产区之一.目前该乡年产罗汉果1000-2000万个,约占广西总产的一半;全乡人口20677人,罗汉果收入人均300多元.品     

罗汉果查尔酮合成酶基因的生物信息学分析

查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)是类黄酮生物合成的关键酶,在植物发育、防止UV损伤、抗病和逆境反应中起着重要作用。本研究通过EST测序,获得了罗汉果查尔酮合成酶基因序列(登录号:GU980155)。为了进一步了解罗汉果查尔酮合成酶基因的特征,我们将其与46种植物的查尔酮合成酶基因的核酸序列和氨基酸序列进行比对和进化分析。结果表明,罗汉果查尔酮合成酶基因的核酸序列和氨基酸序列与其它物种的查尔酮合成酶基因均具较高同源性,编码区相似性约为94%。使用PHYLIP和MEGA4分别构建了邻接树、最大似然树和最大简约树,但经bootstrap检验,最优树未能明确罗汉果查尔酮合成酶基因的系统发育地位。以紫花苜蓿查尔酮合成酶的三维结构为参考,利用同源建模的方法预测了罗汉果查尔酮合成酶的三维结构,发现罗汉果查尔酮合成酶具有保守的活性位点和空间结构。     

罗汉果品种资源调查研究和利用意见

<正> 罗汉果是我国广西特有珍贵的果品。广西位于热带、亚热带地区,气候温和,雨水充沛。广西的永福县、临桂县为世界罗汉果栽培起源中心,由于长期的自然选择和人工引种栽培,形成了丰富多彩的品系、品种和类型。进行罗汉果的源资调查研究是开发利用罗汉果资源、选育新品种的重要组成部分。我们深入罗汉果原产地永福和临桂两县实地调查研究,发现原有长潍果、拉江果、冬瓜汉和青皮果四个品种在果型、果色、果毛上形成了有明显差别而分布较广并相对稳定的品种群外,还发现了一些具有某种特性和特殊经济性状的栽培优良品种和野生类型。本文介绍罗汉果主要栽培品种、部分优良单株和野生类型的形态特征,简单的生物学特性,经济特性以及对资源的利用意见。     

华南主要野生蔬菜氨基酸含量及营养价值评价

通过分析华南地区八种主要野生蔬菜的氨基酸含量,对其氨基酸营养进行评价,并和菜心进行对比,发现八种野生蔬菜除不含胱氨酸外,其它氨基酸含量均很丰富,是有利用人体氨基酸营养平衡的天然绿色食品。     

罗汉果几丁质酶基因家族的生物信息学分析

几丁质酶是一类在植物抵抗病原真菌等过程中具有重要作用的蛋白质,为探讨几丁质酶在罗汉果抗根结线虫病中的调控作用,本研究基于南方根结线虫侵染下的罗汉果幼苗根系的转录组测序结果,采用生物信息学技术对筛选到的15个罗汉果几丁质酶基因进行分析。结果表明,15个罗汉果几丁质相关蛋白基因编码的氨基酸序列其N段均有一段信号肽,亚细胞定位在胞外;分子量从27 kDa到37 KDa不等;多数为酸性蛋白。基于氨基酸保守结构域和系统发育关系分析,15个罗汉果几丁质酶分属于GH18和GH19两大家族中的3个组别(Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ)的成员,GH18家族成员三级结构预测具有典型的(α/β)_8桶状结构,而GH19家族成员三级结构预测只有α螺旋结构域。这些分析结果可为今后深入研究罗汉果几丁质酶的生物学功能和调控机制提供一定的理论依据,为罗汉果抗根结线虫病育种提供参考。     

翅子罗汉果的组织培养和植株再生

1植物名称翅子罗汉果[Siraitia siamensis(Craib)C.Jeffrey ex Zhang et D.Fang]。2材料类别野生翅子罗汉果植株(由广西药用植物园仲仕强采自广西大新县)的新生藤蔓。3培养条件原始外植体腋芽启动培养基:(1)     

L-异亮氨酸产生菌的选育

为检测不同产地天麻中氨基酸的含量差异,采用日立L-8800氨基酸自动分析仪对7个分别产自四川荥经县、剑阁县和云南小草坝的野生及引种天麻品种的氨基酸含量进行了测定.结果显示,7种天麻的氨基酸种类丰富且含量均较高,其中以四川荥经县野生样品中氨基酸含量最高,四川荥经县引种云南小草坝样品中氨基酸含量最低.结果表明,不同产地的天麻中氨基酸的含量存在差异.     

野生罗汉果种群分布格局研究

采用方差/均值比率法对8个野生罗汉果种群的分布格局类型进行了分析,同时采用负二项式参数、扩散性指数、丛生指数、平均拥挤度指数和聚块性指数等计测这些种群的空间聚集强度。结果表明,罗汉果种群的分布格局呈随机或集群分布,不同种群的聚集强度有所差异。对这种分布格局形成的原因进行了分析。     

MEASUREMENTS OF RATES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RAT BRAIN SLICES

The use of tracer concentrations of labelled amino acids to measure incorporation in incubated slices of brain results in wide fluctuations with time in the specific activity of the precursor. Using concentrations of about 1 mm of labelled amino acid facilitates the accurate measurement of rates of synthesis. These higher precursor levels in the medium decrease the fluctuations in free amino acid specific activity due to dilution by endogenous amino acid and the production of amino acid by protein degradation, and decrease the lag in incorporation due to transport phenomena. Concentrations of 1 mm amino acid in the medium did not inhibit protein synthesis; with valine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and histidine, incorporation rates were similar when measured at trace concentrations and at 1 mm medium levels. The source of amino acid for protein synthesis appears to be intracellular. No evidence could be found for the preferential use of extracellular medium amino acid. The rate of incorporation of amino acids in incubated slices of rat brain was 0.087 per cent of the protein amino acid/h.     

THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS IN AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS

To evaluate the role of bacterial symbionts (Buchnera spp.) in the black bean aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), the aphids were treated with the antibiotic, rifampicin, to eliminate their intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Analysis of protein and amino acid concentration in 7‐day‐old of aposymbiotic aphids showed that the total protein content per mg fresh weight was significantly reduced by 29%, but free amino acid titers were increased by 17%. The ratio of the essential amino acids was in general only around 20% essential amino acids in phloem sap of broad bean, whereas it was 44% and 37% in symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids, respectively, suggesting that the composition of the free amino acids was unbalanced. For example, the essential amino acid, threonine represented 21.6% of essential amino acids in symbiotic aphids, but it was only 16.7% in aposymbiotic aphids. Likewise, two nonessential amino acids, tyrosine and serine, represented 8.9% and 5.6% of total amino acids in symbiontic aphids, respectively, but they enhanced to 21.1% and 13.6% in aposymbiotic aphids. It seems likely that the elevated free amino acid concentration in aposymbiotic aphids was caused by the limited protein anabolism as the result of the unbalanced amino acid composition.     

TRANSAMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS IN HOMOGENATES OF RAT BRAIN

Abstract— The aminotransferase activity of homogenates of brains from adult and neonatal rats has been investigated. Aminotransferase activity was demonstrated wtih 15 of 22 amino acids incubated with seven keto acids. The basic amino acids exhibited little or no activity.

• 1 The greatest activity was obtained when glutamate or aspartate was incubated with α-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate. Significant activity was also observed when the neutral aliphatic and aromatic amino acids were incubated with these two keto acids.
• 2 Activity with pyruvate was obtained principally upon incubation with glutamate and alanine. Most of the other amino acids that underwent transamination with α-ketoglutarate also did so with pyruvate, although at a lower rate.
• 3 When phenylpyruvate was added to the medium, glutamate, phenylalanine and tyrosine transaminated most actively.
• 4 Incubations with 11 amino acids and glyoxylic acid demonstrated aminotransferase activity, with glutamate and ornithine being the most active substrates.
• 5 α-Ketoisocaproate and α-ketoisovalerate accepted amino groups primarily from the branched-chain amino acids. Except for glutamate, activity with other amino acids was low or not detectable.
• 6 A comparison of aminotransferase activity in the newborn brain with that in the adult brain showed that the greatest change in activity occurred for glutamate with pyruvate or for alanine with α-ketoglutarate, these activities increasing about 10-fold from birth to adulthood; during this time activities with most other amino acids increased two- to threefold. Amino transfers from the branched-chain amino acids showed no increase with maturation, and some reactions, such as that with methionine and a number of keto acids, decreased from birth to adulthood.
• 7 Our results correspond in general to previous studies of aminotransferase activity in brain and in liver. However, our study also indicates a possible second aminotransferase acting on the branched-chain amino acids, the presence of aminotransferase activity for methionine and asparagine, and relatively high aminotransferase activity for glutamine or ornithine when incubated with glyoxylic acid rather than other keto acids. Moreover, phenylpyruvate and glyoxylate are active in amino transfers and may serve as substrates for a number of aminotransferases.

     

THE EFFECT OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF HISTIDINE ON THE LEVEL OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS IN PLASMA AND BRAIN OF THE MATURE RAT

—Changes in plasma and brain amino acids have been observed in adult rats 1 h after intraperitoneal injections of histidine and in others maintained on high histidine diets for 8 days. In the injection studies the compounds most consistently affected were the aromatic and branched chain amino acids and methionine. Reductions in their concentrations in the brain were explained by a competition with histidine for uptake into the tissue. There was little change in plasma amino acid levels. In the animals fed the highest concentration of histidine there was a generalized increase in brain, and a reduction in plasma, amino acid concentrations. A decrease in protein synthesis is postulated to explain this effect in brain.     

脱共生作用对黑豆蚜氨基酸代谢的影响(英文)

为了解共生菌对黑豆蚜蛋白质、氨基酸代谢的影响 ,用利福平处理黑豆蚜以除去其细胞内共生细菌 ,产生脱共生蚜虫。结果表明 ,被脱去共生菌的蚜虫与未经抗生素处理的正常蚜虫相比 ,7日龄时 ,脱共生蚜虫每毫克鲜重的总蛋白含量降低了 2 9% ,每毫克鲜重的游离氨基酸含量提高了 17%。对黑豆蚜取食的蚕豆苗韧皮部组织中必需氨基酸所占的比例进行分析后发现 ,蚕豆苗韧皮部组织中的必需氨基酸含量仅占 2 0 % ,而有共生菌的黑豆蚜组织中必需氨基酸已达到 4 4% ,脱共生后降低到 37% ,这些结果证明了黑豆蚜的胞内共生菌为其寄主提供了部分必需氨基酸。通过对游离氨基酸组成的分析发现 ,在测定的 17种氨基酸中 ,必需氨基酸中的苏氨酸在共生蚜虫中所占的比例为 2 1 6 % ,在脱共生蚜虫中仅为 16 7%。同样 ,非必需氨基酸中的酪氨酸和丝氨酸 ,在共生蚜虫中分别占总游离氨基酸的 8 9%和 5 6 % ,而在脱共生蚜虫中却分别升高到 2 1 1%和 13 6 %。这些结果表明 ,各种氨基酸比例的失调 ,造成了脱共生蚜虫蛋白质合成受阻和部分游离氨基酸的积累 ,并因此导致蚜虫发育和繁殖的失调。     

THE EFFECTS OF AMINO ACIDS UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXCISED FLORAL BUDS OF AQUILEGIA

Young excised floral buds of Aquilegia were grown on a chemically defined medium containing various concentrations of single amino acids or mixtures of amino acids. γ-Amino butyric acid significantly promoted floral development through the initiation and differentiation of carpels. These floral organs were generally absent on the basal medium. Alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid had no effect upon floral development. All other amino acids were either ineffective at lower concentrations and inhibitory at higher concentrations or were inhibitory at all concentrations. Casein hydrolysate and a mixture of amino acids found in coconut milk were ineffective. The addition of both γ-amino butyric acid and alanine to the basal medium promoted development approaching that achieved on the coconut-milk medium. However, further growth factors appear to be required before development on coconut-milk medium is equalled or exceeded.     

BIOSYNTHESIS OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN THE BRAIN OF JIMPY MICE

—The metabolism of free amino acids: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, glycine and glutathione has been studied. The labelling of these free amino acids in normal and in myelin-deficient brains of Jimpy mice was followed after intraperitoneal injection of ¹⁴C-labelled glucose precursor. The quantitative distribution of these amino acids in the two kinds of mouse brain has been compared. A higher level of GABA and a faster labelling of the amino acids in Jimpy than in normal mouse brain was observed.     

AN EXAMINATION OF THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL AMINOTRANSFERASES IN BRAIN AND LIVER BY MEANS OF AN IMPROVED RADIOMETRIC ASSAY WITH DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE

Abstract— The assay of aminotransferases, performed by solvent extraction of keto acids formed from labelled amino acids, has been modified to enhance the recovery of both aliphatic and aromatic keto acid products. The keto acids are first converted to their respective dinitrophenylhydrazones which are more completely extracted into less polar organic solvents. By this manoeuvre, both keto acid extraction is increased and the extraction of the precursor amino acid is reduced. Employing this technique, the kinetics of brain-stem γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), tryptophan, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) aminotransferases and brain-stem and liver tyrosine aminotransferases were examined. Brain-stem aminotransferases, particularly the aromatic amino acid transferases, have a higher affinity for both the amino acid and the keto acid when the aromatic keto acid, phenylpyruvate (0·8 mM), is employed as amino group acceptor, whereas maximal velocities for aminotransferase reactions are much greater when α-ketoglutarate (0·8 m m ) is the amino group acceptor. Brain-stem tyrosine aminotransferase exhibits a much lower affinity for tyrosine in the presence of either 0·8m m -α-ketoglutarate or 0·8 m m -phenylpyruvate than does liver tyrosine aminotransferase. p -Chlorophenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate exhibit similar properties as amino group acceptors for brain-stem tryptophan aminotransferase. Cysteine inhibits tryptophan aminotransferase when phenylpyruvate is the amino group acceptor, in a manner which is competitive with the amino acid. Benzoylformate inhibits both tryptophan and DOPA aminotransferases when phenylpyruvate is the amino group acceptor, but this inhibition does not appear to be competitive with phenylpyruvate.     

甜茶蛋白质成分的研究

对甜茶的蛋白质和氨基酸进行了试验,从甜茶水解产物中检出了18种氨基酸,其中8种为必需氨基酸。