黄土区降水降尘输入农田土壤中的氮素评估

随着人类活动引起大气活性氮的急剧增加,大气氮沉降亦明显增加,由此引发的各生态系统的响应也逐渐表现出来.研究黄土区氮沉降,对农业生态系统的氮素循环与平衡提供一定的数据支持,同时为农民科学合理施肥提供依据,为研究氮沉降的环境生态效应和生物有效性提供科学支撑.用APS-2A型降水降尘自动采样器对陕西杨凌和洛川地区2006～2007年的降水降尘输入氮总量、月动态变化及各形态N的贡献率进行了监测与分析.结果显示杨凌点2006年总降雨量为507.8 mm,总N沉降通量为20.6 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为19.1 kg/(hm2·a),占93%;降尘输入的N通量为1.5 kg/(hm2·a),占7%.总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为7.3 kg/(hm2·a),占36%.洛川点2006年6月～2007年5月总降雨量为579.5 mm,总N沉降通量为12.7 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为11.4 kg/(hm2·a),占90%;降尘输入N的通量为1.2 kg/(hm2·a),占10% .总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为8.7kg/(hm2·a),占69%.两个点N沉降通量和氮素形态的差异在很大程度上反映了活性N主要来自人为活动,即农业生产排放的活性N.     

山西北部农村区域大气活性氮沉降特征

利用DELTA系统、被动采样器和雨量器在山西省北部生态脆弱区朔州的一个监测点通过一整年的监测试验,研究了该地区农村区域大气氮素干湿沉降的月际变化。结果表明:2011年该地区大气氮素湿沉降为12.43kgN hm~(-2)a~(-1),远低于华北平原大气氮素混合沉降的平均值28.0kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和有机氮平均分别为1.24 mg N/L、1.27 mg N/L、1.26mg N/L。大气氮素湿沉降的年内分布不均,60%的沉降集中在降水较丰沛的4-10月份。试验区干沉降以氧化态氮(HNO_3NO_2和pNO_3~-)的沉降为主,氧化态氮的干沉降量是还原态氮(NH_3和pNH_4~+)的1.37倍,大气氮素干沉降总量为35.43 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。总体来看,作为典型的干旱区,该地区氮的干沉降是湿沉降的3倍,氮素干湿沉降总量达到47.86kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。此外,硝态氮和铵态氮在雨水中呈线性相关,而在PM_(10)颗粒物中乘幂正相关;雨水中总碳和总氮呈线性正相关,而PM_(10)颗粒物中二者呈二次多项式关系。鉴于朔州地区古城镇较高的氮沉降数量,应该对该地区输入农田的氮素环境养分引起足够重视。     

鄂西北丹江口库区大气氮沉降

利用雨量器在鄂西北丹江口库区连续3a采集降雨样品,研究了大气氮沉降的变化动态。结果表明:2009—2011年月均总氮(TN)浓度为3.70—10.36 mg/L,与当月降雨量呈极显著线性负相关(R=-0.592**,n=32),季均TN浓度为冬季(8.21 mg/L)春季(3.94 mg/L)秋季(3.23 mg/L)夏季(2.70 mg/L),年均TN浓度为3.70 mg/L。大气氮素年均干湿总沉降量为26.53 kg/hm2,其中干沉降为7.80 kg/hm2,占总沉降量的29.4%;湿沉降为18.73 kg/hm2,占总沉降量的70.6%。干沉降中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、可溶性有机氮(DON)和颗粒态氮(PN)分别占TN的22.1%、16.8%、37.2%和23.9%,湿沉降中它们分别为TN的36.6%、34.4%、12.9%和16.1%。     

藏东南大气氮湿沉降动态变化——以林芝观测点为例

利用量雨器和湿沉降收集仪在藏东南通过2a的试验, 研究了该区大气氮素沉降的浓度、沉降量以及季节变化规律.结果表明:藏东南大气氮素湿沉降(无机氮)为1.33～3.05 kg/ (hm2·a),平均值为2.36 kg/ (hm2·a),降水中铵态氮和硝态氮的平均浓度分别为0.36 mg/L和0.10 mg/L ,NH+4-N/ NO-3-N接近4 .各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性,其中NH+4-N月均浓度动态变化明显,5、6、7月份浓度较高(＞0.5 mg/L),NO-3-N 12月份浓度(0.49 mg/L)为全年最高;氮浓度的季节变化,以春冬较高,夏秋季较低,离散程度以春季最大.降水量与各形态氮沉降呈一定幂型负相关,相关系数为0.705,0.641,分别达到0.006 (NH+4-N)和0.019(NO-3-N)的显著水平.氮月沉降以5～6月份最高,占全年的32.3%;氮季沉降以夏季所占比例最高,约占50%,冬季最低(2%～3%).     

中国东部地区无机氮湿沉降: 南-北不同类型监测点的比较

中国被认为是全球氮沉降热点地区之一,东部地区作为经济发达和人口密集区域,更是人为活性氮大气排放和沉降的高发区,但针对我国整个东部不同生态系统的氮沉降及其南北区域特征差异的报导较少.2011—2013年,选择在我国东部的12个监测点(南北各6个,均包括城市、农村和背景点3种类型)利用传统雨量器(型号SDM6A)进行连续3年的氮素湿沉降观测.结果表明: 监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮沉降浓度波动范围分别为0.62～2.76、0.54～2.50和1.25～4.92 mg N·L^-1,平均浓度分别为1.4、1.5和2.9 mg N·L^-1,北方监测点的雨水中各活性氮浓度均高于南方监测点.12个监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮的湿沉降量的波动范围分别为7.0～18.3、6.9～18.9和14.9～32.6 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,平均值分别为11.5、12.2和23.7 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1.北方不同类型监测点间存在显著差异,表现为:城市监测点(26.3±6.4 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)>农村监测点(21.8±3.5 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)>背景点(15.5±1.3 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1);与之相反,南方各监测点氮素湿沉降无显著差异,城市、农村和背景点的湿沉降量分别为(26.8±2.7)、(25.5±2.9)和(20.5±2.4) kg N·hm^-2·a^-1.除城市监测点外,南方的农村和背景点的氮素湿沉降量均高于北方相应类型的监测点.表明我国东部的南北各区域(包括背景地区)均面临较高水平的大气氮沉降,其引发的生态环境风险问题应加以重视.     

我国雷州半岛典型农田大气氮沉降

近一个半世纪以来,粮食和能源需求导致活性氮创造的急剧增加,从而导致各种活性氮的排放及其沉降的增加。氮沉降引起土壤酸化,水体富营养化,及敏感生态系统植物多样性的丧失等不良生态效应。因此定量不同生态系统氮沉降量对于确定该地区生态系统安全及氮循环有重要意义。南方地区氮沉降已有较多研究,主要集中于湿沉降的研究,选取雷州半岛地区典型农田综合研究了大气氮素的干湿沉降。结果表明:大气活性氮浓度NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4和pNO-3浓度分别为5.62、0.88、3.16、3.30、2.02μg N/m3。采用欧洲氮沉降监测网的氮干沉降速率估算了大气氮干沉降量为17.6 kg N hm-2a-1。大气降雨NO-3-N浓度为(0.86±0.36)mg N/L,NH+4-N浓度为(1.11±0.68)mg N/L,大气降雨无机氮含量冬季最高,夏季最低。大气无机氮年湿沉降总量为25.3 kg N/hm2。湿沉降NH+4-N和NO-3-N,干沉降NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4、pNO-3分别占沉降量的30.8%、28.0%、23.7%、5.4%、2.8%、3.9%、5.4%。湿沉降NH+4和干沉降NH3在氮沉降中占主导地位显示氮肥施用导致的NH3挥发对大气活性氮浓度及氮沉降的显著贡献。鉴于研究可观的氮沉降量(总沉降量42.9 kg N hm-2a-1),其向农田的养分的输入不容忽视;氮沉降对该地区水体,自然生态系统的环境影响需要受到重视。     

中国东部地区无机氮湿沉降:南-北不同类型监测点的比较

中国被认为是全球氮沉降热点地区之一,东部地区作为经济发达和人口密集区域,更是人为活性氮大气排放和沉降的高发区,但针对我国整个东部不同生态系统的氮沉降及其南北区域特征差异的报导较少.2011—2013年,选择在我国东部的12个监测点(南北各6个,均包括城市、农村和背景点3种类型)利用传统雨量器(型号SDM6A)进行连续3年的氮素湿沉降观测.结果表明:监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮沉降浓度波动范围分别为0.62~2.76、0.54~2.50和1.25~4.92 mg N·L~(-1),平均浓度分别为1.4、1.5和2.9 mg N·L~(-1),北方监测点的雨水中各活性氮浓度均高于南方监测点.12个监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮的湿沉降量的波动范围分别为7.0~18.3、6.9~18.9和14.9~32.6 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),平均值分别为11.5、12.2和23.7 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).北方不同类型监测点间存在显著差异,表现为:城市监测点(26.3±6.4 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))农村监测点(21.8±3.5 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))背景点(15.5±1.3 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1));与之相反,南方各监测点氮素湿沉降无显著差异,城市、农村和背景点的湿沉降量分别为(26.8±2.7)、(25.5±2.9)和(20.5±2.4)kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).除城市监测点外,南方的农村和背景点的氮素湿沉降量均高于北方相应类型的监测点.表明我国东部的南北各区域(包括背景地区)均面临较高水平的大气氮沉降,其引发的生态环境风险问题应加以重视.     

九龙江流域大气氮干沉降

对九龙江流域10个站位的大气氮干沉降量进行为期1a的连续观测。利用专用降尘缸湿法收集大气沉降氮,在获取各月氮组分浓度和相应水样体积后,求得各月氮沉降速率,再将各月数值相加得到全年的大气氮干沉降量。结果表明,九龙江流域大气氮干沉降表现出一定的时空差异性,总氮沉降量为3·41~7·63kgN/(hm2·a),铵氮为1·02~3·00kgN/(hm2·a),硝氮为0·76~1·76kgN/(hm2·a)。干沉降中氮的3种主要形态铵氮、硝氮与有机氮分别占总沉降量的31%、24%和45%。中游漳州地区的大气氮干沉降总量较大。上游龙岩地区与中游漳州地区具有较高的铵氮沉降量,硝态氮在上下游间无明显变化,而有机氮沉降量在中下游地区较高。在时间尺度上,大气氮干沉降呈现出夏秋两季比春冬两季略高的总体趋势,季节性差异显著(p<0·05)。大气氮干沉降时空差异主要与氮排放量和气象条件有关。     

天山中部巴音布鲁克高寒草原大气无机氮沉降

随着我国经济的不断发展,人为活动导致的大气氮沉降显著升高,并已影响到偏远地区的生态系统.为了系统评价天山中部巴音布鲁克高寒草原的大气氮沉降现状,2010年5月至2011年12月对研究区域的氮素干、湿沉降进行观测分析.结果表明:研究区气态HNO3、NH3和NO2的年沉降通量分别为1.47、0.68和0.13 kg N·hm-2,颗粒物中铵态氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO3-)的年通量分别为0.23、0.25 kg N·hm-2;降水中NH4+-N和NO3--N的年沉降通量分别为2.47和1.59 kg N·hm-2.巴音布鲁克高寒草原的大气氮沉降通量为6.82kg N·hm-2.其中,湿沉降为4.06 kg N·hm-2·a-1,干沉降为2.76 kg N·hm-2·a-1.研究区氮沉降具有明显的季节变化特征:干沉降主要集中在春、夏季,占干沉降总量的72.1%;湿沉降主要集中在夏、秋季,占湿沉降总量的78.3%.     

陕西省不同生态区大气氮素干湿沉降的时空变异

为研究陕西省不同生态区大气氮素干湿沉降的时空变化规律,于2009年11月至2010年10月对4个生态区5个监测点的干湿沉降输入量进行为期1a的观测。结果表明:监测期内,榆林、洛川、西安、杨凌和安康地区总N沉降量分别为4.7、11.9、25.8、31.9和19.2 kg/hm2,其中N湿沉降量分别为2.9、10.4、24.8、27.7和16.3 kg/hm2,占总沉降的62%—96%,N干沉降量分别为1.8、1.5、1.0、4.1和2.9 kg/hm2,占4%—38%,且湿沉降与降雨量之间呈正相关关系,干沉降与之相反;各地区NH+4-N沉降量分别为2.0、6.4、17.0、17.2和11.9 kg/hm2,占总沉降的44%—66%,NO-3-N沉降量分别为2.6、5.5、8.8、14.7和7.3 kg/hm2,占34%—56%,除榆林地区外,其他地区以NH+4-N沉降为主。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.